09万学海文英语春季基础班翻译讲义(徐.pdf

万学 海文考研英语春季班翻译讲义 第 1 页 共 20 页 万学海文 万学海文 2009 考研英语 2009 考研英语 翻译讲义 翻译讲义 万学海文考研英语项目组万学海文考研英语项目组 徐锋徐锋 2009 年年 4 月月 万学 海文考研英语春季班翻译讲义 第 2 页 共 20 页 目录目录 Part One 考研翻译总论考研翻译总论 一 考研翻译简介一 考研翻译简介 1 考研翻译试题的题材范围 1 考研翻译试题的题材范围 2 考研翻译及其与阅读写作的区别 2 考研翻译及其与阅读写作的区别 3 考研翻译考察什么 3 考研翻译考察什么 4 考研翻译的做题时间 4 考研翻译的做题时间 二 翻译的方法和标准二 翻译的方法和标准 三 翻译的困境与对策三 翻译的困境与对策 四 学员的英文基本功的提升四 学员的英文基本功的提升 五 考研翻译考点解析五 考研翻译考点解析 六 翻译的解题思路和步骤六 翻译的解题思路和步骤 Part Two 翻译分类精讲及最新真题翻译分类精讲及最新真题 Part Three 2003 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语 试卷评分执行细则 2003 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语 试卷评分执行细则 万学 海文考研英语春季班翻译讲义 第 3 页 共 20 页 Part One 考研翻译总论考研翻译总论 一 考研翻译总论一 考研翻译总论 1 英译汉试题的题材范围 英译汉试题的题材范围 1990 年 个性形成的教育 434 词 1991 年 能源与农业 444 词 1992 年 智力评估的科学性 406 词 1993 年 科学研究方法 443 词 1994 年 天才 技术与科学发展的关系 308 词 1995 年 标准化教育与心理评估 364 词 1996 年 科学发展的动力 331 词 1997 年 动物的权利 417 词 1998 年 宇宙起源 376 词 1999 年 史学研究方法 326 词 2000 年 科学家与政府 381 词 2001 年 计算机与未来生活展望 405 词 2002 年 行为科学发展的困难 339 词 2003 年 人类学简介 371 词 2004 年 语言与思维 357 词 2005 年 大众传媒 405 词 法律教育的重要性 408 词 替换试题 2006 年 美国社会中知识分子的定位问题 413 词 2007 年 法律知识的学习 416 词 2008 年 达尔文的科学地位 408 词 平均值 短文词数 373 词 要求翻译的词数 162 词 2 认识考研翻译及其与阅读写作的区别 认识考研翻译及其与阅读写作的区别 翻译除了是一种重要的考试题型也是提高我们英文实力的一个非常重要的方法 所以我们要记住 讲翻译之前 的一个中心问题我称之为我们要以实力提高为中心要以实力提高为中心 1 绝对不可以放弃 10 分 理由 1 分段评分 理由 2 考点固定 理由 3 技巧有限 2 翻译与阅读 写作相得益彰 互相促进 翻译和阅读的关系 阅读是被动的技能 翻译是主动的技能 翻译的实力要求是大于阅读理解的 翻译 的词汇深度远大于阅读 因为阅读不需要你全部理解所有的单词短语句型 可以在阅读中猜测词汇的意思 但是 翻译要求你全部理解并且用贴切的汉语表达出来 翻译和写作的关系 翻译是英文转换成为汉语 而我们的写作其实主要是把头脑里想到的汉语转换成英文 所以翻译和写作是一个相反的过程 这个过程中我们可以加深对两种语言的对照和对比 通过对英文句子的拆解 再按汉语的习惯转化为中文的语序和句子 过程中我们肯定会体会到中英文除了相似的地方外 还存在不少相异 万学 海文考研英语春季班翻译讲义 第 4 页 共 20 页 之处 这样就能在我们写作的过程中加强我们的句型使用能力 另外 我们考研翻译的句子都是比较复杂比较经 典的句型结构 如果我们善于使用 这样我们的写作也会取得比较好的语言质量分 所以说翻译是使用英语的平台 我们要记住 翻译是要以提高实力为中心的 3 考研翻译考察什么 考研翻译考察什么 我们可以称之为考研翻译考察两个基本点考察两个基本点 1 考英文理解理解 先大后小 先抓住核心结构和核心意思 再抓住全句的大意 最后才是领会原句各部分意 义和全句意义总和 翻译就是 理解 2 考汉语表达表达 先小后大 一个意群一个意群的翻译 慢慢 拼凑 出一句译文来 使其意义等于或者接 近于原文的意义 理解阶段表现出来的 大 就是核心结构和核心思想 原句的核心意义或大意离不开核心结构这个载体 因 此 理顺原句的结构是理解大意的关键 4 考研翻译的做题时间 考研翻译的做题时间 翻译的时间在正式的考试中用时 20 25 分钟 不要超过 30 分钟 在有限的时间里可以关注文章的第一句话 原文不需要全部通读 只有两种情况可以上下看看原文 一是 当翻译中出现指示代词的时候 一是 当翻译中出现指示代词的时候 要看这一句的前一句或几句话 实在不行 采取放弃策略 二是 当要翻译的句 子中存在生词时 二是 当要翻译的句 子中存在生词时 可以看看上下文中是否有特殊符号的提示 比如括号 1998 年 Big Bang 2001 年 millennium 引号 2003 年 anthropologist 破折号 二 翻译的标准二 翻译的标准 考研大纲规定 准确 完整 通顺准确 完整 通顺 六字方针 翻译如女人 忠实的不大漂亮 漂亮的不大忠实 好之不如知之 知之不如乐之 文章千古事 得失寸心知 A piece of writing lasts a thousand years The gain and loss are known to the authors heart Good writings may long long remain who knows the authors joy and pain Good writings may last a thousand years who knows the authors smiles and tears 严复 信达雅 信 faithfulness 忠实于原文 达 expressiveness 词能达意 雅 gracefulness 文字优雅 翻译的标准 忠实 通顺忠实 通顺 Reading makes a full man Conference a ready man Writing an exact man 阅读使人充实 讨论使人机智 笔记使人精确 王佐良 信 达 雅 三 翻译的困境与对策三 翻译的困境与对策 2007 年平均分 年平均分 4 27 2006 年平均分 年平均分 3 60 2005 年平均分 年平均分 5 17 2004 年平均分 年平均分 5 32 2003 年平均分 年平均分 5 20 1 很少学 加以重视 2 很少考 抓住考点 3 很少练 注意英汉差异 4 很少不出错 多多实践 万学 海文考研英语春季班翻译讲义 第 5 页 共 20 页 同学们存在的两大问题 1 英语理解 句子的解读 由大到小 2001 年 71 题 谓语动词的判定 There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend 2 汉语表达 句子的翻译 由小到大 Anyone not putting the litter into this basket will be liable to a fine of 5 Pounds 四 学员的英文基本功的提升四 学员的英文基本功的提升 1 英文理解不够好 1 词汇深度不够 背单词 Each word when used in a new context is a new word J R Firth1890 1960 2 语法 句法 问题 2 中文表达不够好 全盘西化 How do you do 如何做你做 It is evident that he lied 这是很明显的 他说了谎 It is a fact that he lives here 这是一个事实 他住在这里 其实他就住在此地 To stick a pole into the ground 插了一根棍棒在地上 在地上插了一跟棍棒 I will come and see you tomorrow 我明天将来看你 明天我来看你 I forced myself to read 我迫使我自己读书 我逼自己读书 The horrible smell makes this house nearly uninhabitable 这可怕的味道使这所房屋接近不可居住的程度 那股味道难闻极了 差不多叫人没法住在这间屋里 五 考研翻译考点五 考研翻译考点 1 各类词汇考点 各类词汇考点 专有名词考点 人名 地名 国家名称 学科名称 术语 the Greeks Galileo 习惯用法考点 subject to trace to be obliged to at the expense of 一词多义考点 school work consequent 生词考点 underprivileged dispassioned 2 常用技巧考点 常用技巧考点 To preserve the content of the message the form must be changed 1 重译法 定语从句中的主语 2 增译法 英语省略的翻译 无中生有 3 减译法 英语句型太罗嗦 视而不见 4 词性转换法 介词 名词等的转译 5 词序调整法 名词和修饰词等 6 正反翻译法 加不加否定词汇 7 分译法 对长难句进行切分 8 语态转换法 被动语态和过去分词的翻译 3 具体句法考点 具体句法考点 14 点 点 定语从句 状语从句 万学 海文考研英语春季班翻译讲义 第 6 页 共 20 页 名词从句 现在分词 过去分词 不定式 代词指代 平行结构 被动语态 比较结构 插入结构 倒装结构 形式主语 There be 考点 六 翻译的解题思路和步骤六 翻译的解题思路和步骤 1 常规翻译方法 常规翻译方法 音译 coca cola UFO 直译 hotline 意译 师傅领进门 修行看个人 2 三步搞定考研翻译 三步搞定考研翻译 第一步 拆句子 抓主干第一步 拆句子 抓主干 看清英文句子的语法结构和逻辑结构 找出主谓结构 第二步 明意群 定词义第二步 明意群 定词义 明确定语 状语的结构 确定词汇在句中的确切含义 第三步 重组合 再增删第三步 重组合 再增删 重新排列英语句子结构的顺序 按汉语习惯适当增删 必备工具必备工具 笔者在教课时曾反复的强调 初学者一定要好好的掌握我提出的两种符号 一是 它用于切割大的从句结构和语法结构 二是 它主要是用于分割小的语法结构和短语 实例分析实例分析 First the object of our study pleads for definition What is an intellectual 46 I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic 苏格拉底 way about moral problems 2006 年考研英语翻译 46 题 解题步骤 第一步 拆句子 抓主干第一步 拆句子 抓主干 看清英文句子的语法结构和逻辑结构 找出主谓结构 1 I shall define him1 I shall define him 2 as an individual 3 who has elected3 who has elected 4 as his primary duty and pleasure 5 in life 6 the activitythe activity 7 of thinking 8 in a Socratic way 9 about moral problems 当然 如果基础比较好的同学可以不用划的象上面这样细 I shall define himI shall define him as an individualas an individual who has electedwho has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activitythe activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems 第二步 明意群 定词义第二步 明意群 定词义 明确定语 状语的结构 确定词汇在句中的确切含义 1 I shall define him1 I shall define him 其实在 2003 年 64 题就考到过 define as 我将他定义 注意要思考一下 him 指谁 him intellectual 万学 海文考研英语春季班翻译讲义 第 7 页 共 20 页 2 as an individual 作为 一个个体 3 who has electedwho has elected 他已经选择 4 as his primary duty and pleasure 作为他的主要的任务和快乐 5 in life 在生命当中 6 the activity6 the activity 这个活动 7 of thinking 思考 8 in a Socratic way 用一种 苏格拉底的方式 9 about moral problems 关于 道德问题 第三步 重组合 再增删第三步 重组合 再增删 重新排列英语句子结构的顺序 按汉语习惯适当增删 原来句子的顺序 1 我将他定义 2 作为 一个个体 3 他已经选择 4 作为他的主要的任务和快乐 5 在生命 当中 6 6 这个活动 7 思考 8 用一种苏格拉底的方式 9 关于道德问题 重新组合的顺序 1 我将他定义 2 作为 一个个体 3 他已经选择 8 用一种苏格拉底的方式 7 思考 9 关于道德问题 6 6 这个活动 4 作为他 5 在生命 当中 的主要的任务和快乐 按汉语习惯增删 我把知识分子我把知识分子定义为这样的一种人 他已选择把用一种苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题的活动作为他生命 当中的 主要任务和快乐 定义为这样的一种人 他已选择把用一种苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题的活动作为他生命 当中的 主要任务和快乐 希望考生朋友们在复习过程中 静下心来学习和体会本文提出的方法和策略 我也希望同学们在翻译的过程中能 感受到汉英两种语言的差异和不同 每天坚持翻译三到五个句子 这样的复习备考带给你的将会是真正的英语水 平的提升 Part Two 翻译分类精讲及最新真题翻译分类精讲及最新真题 一 定语从句考点 一 定语从句考点 前置翻译法 前置翻译法 2003 年 61 1998 年 71 1996 年 72 1995 年 72 Furthermore humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies But even more important it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago This trend began during the Second World War when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail 万学 海文考研英语春季班翻译讲义 第 8 页 共 20 页 How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted 后置翻译法 后置翻译法 1994 年 72 1997 年 71 2001 年 71 2001 年 73 2003 年 62 In short a leader of the new school contends the scientific revolution as we call it was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions Actually it isn t because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights which is something the world does not have There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned orderly systematic and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena 二 状语从句考点 二 状语从句考点 1995 年 71 1995 年 74 1996 年 75 1997 年 74 1998 年 74 2001 年 75 2002 年 65 2004 年 61 2004 年 62 2004 年 63 2004 年 64 The target is wrong for in attacking the tests critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill informed or incompetent users In general the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past giving rise to new standards of elegance Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice If the small hot spots look as expected that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage 万学 海文考研英语春季班翻译讲义 第 9 页 共 20 页 Until these issues are resolved a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Being interested in the relationship of language and thought Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society 三 名词从句考点 三 名词从句考点 2002 年 61 2005 年 48 One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind feelings traits of character human nature and so on This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50 took a loss in 1989 现在分词 现在分词 1998 年 73 2000 年 75 Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures and may report their findings soon Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport 现在分词做状语 现在分词做状语 1996 年 71 Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self accelerating 动名词做主语 动名词做主语 2005 年 49 Creating a European identity that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice 过去分词 过去分词 2003 年 63 2003 年 64 The emphasis on data gathered first hand combined with a cross cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science 万学 海文考研英语春季班翻译讲义 第 10 页 共 20 页 Tylor defined culture as that complex whole which includes belief art morals law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society 不定式 不定式 1994 年 74 1995 年 74 2003 年 61 Galileo s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth In general the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined Furthermore humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies 介词短语 介词短语 1997 年 72 2000 年 71 2001 年 72 Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements Under modern conditions this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips computers with in built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools relaxation will be in front of smell television and digital age will have arrived 形容词短语 形容词短语 1999 年 74 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry 代词用法考点 代词用法考点 1997 年 71 1997 年 75 Actually it isn t because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights which is something the world does not have When that happens it is not a mistake it is mankind s instinct for moral reasoning in action an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at 并列结构考点 并列结构考点 1995 年 73 1996 年 73 1996 年 75 1999 年 75 2002 年 64 2004 年 65 Whether to use tests other kinds of information or both in a particular situation depends therefore upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future 万学 海文考研英语春季班翻译讲义 第 11 页 共 20 页 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past giving rise to new standards of elegance It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques They are the possessions of the autonomous self governing man of traditional theory and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which in its strongest form states that language imprisons the mind and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far reaching consequences for the culture of a society 被动语态考点 被动语态考点 1994 年 73 1994 年 75 1996 年 74 1997 年 73 1997 年 75 1999 年 73 2000 年 73 2002 年 62 2002 年 63 Over the years tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force However the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world s more fascinating and delightful aspects It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans or with no consideration at all When that happens it is not a mistake it is mankind s instinct for moral reasoning in action an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at During this transfer traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find 万学 海文考研英语春季班翻译讲义 第 12 页 共 20 页 The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied 比较结构考点 比较结构考点 1994 年 71 1999 年 71 1999 年 72 Science moves forward they say not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves 插入结构考点 插入结构考点 1994 年 71 1998 年 72 2000 年 74 2001 年 74 2003 年 65 Science moves forward they say not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang first put forward in the 1920s to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed was spread over nearly a century whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so But that Pearson points out is only the start of man machine integration It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a ful