名词,代词讲义.docx

名词,代词 讲义一. 教学内容1. 名词,代词的定义.2. 名词,代词的用法.3. 专项题型训练.3. 2014 中考必备试题(P1-6)名词1. 名词的数（1） 可数名词 一般是个体名词，如a boy(一个男孩)，集体名词a family(一个家庭)，可数名词在句子中必须有头或是有尾，头就是a，one，an或物主代词；尾就是复数形式。规则复数变化形式： 情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s清辅音后读/s/，浊辅音或原音后读/z/bookbookskeykeys以o结尾的表示有生命的名词加-es读/z/tomatotomatoespotatopotatoes以s，sh，ch，x等结尾的名词加-es读/iz/busbuseswatchwatchesboxboxes以ce，se，ze，（d）ge等结尾的名词加-s读/iz/casecasesorangeoranges以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词变y为i，再加-es读/z/familyfamiliespartyparties以f或fe结尾的名词变f或fe为v，再加-es读/z/knifeknivesleafleaves 不规则复数变化形式：变内部元音字母foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth- teeth, man-men词尾加enchild-children, ox-oxen单复数同形fish, sheep, deer, means, Chinese, yuan, jin, li特殊的复数形式:1）集体名词：集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰，下面的集体名词，不能用a，one，two等修饰，只能在其前加the表示“全体”。the police警察(指全体警察) the English英国人(指全体英国人) the French法国人(指全体法国人) 2）复合名词a woman teacherwomen teachers女教师 an EnglishmanEnglishmen英国男子a grown-upgrown-ups成人 a brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law内兄、内弟、小叔、大伯（2） 不可数名词 专有名词：NBA全美篮球协会 Michael Jackson 迈克杰克逊 the West Lake西湖物质名词：液体：milk water tea coffee juice oil(油)肉类：beef chicken mutton pork天气：weather rain snow wind light 光其他：news(新闻，消息) bread(面包)抽象名词：fun love luck duty kindness善良happiness幸福progress进步【注意】有些不可数的物质名词有复数形式，但表达不同意义。tea different kinds of teas 不同种类的茶food 食品 all kinds of foods 各种各样的食品fruit 水果 all kinds of fruits 各种各样的水果glass 玻璃 a glass 一个玻璃杯 glasses 眼镜、玻璃杯【名词的格】1)表示有生命的东西的名词所有格。一般在单数或复数名词后加s。如：Toms chair； the childrens bedroom以s结尾的复数名词后直接加“”。如：the students reading room并列名词 表示各自所属时，在两个名词之后都加s；w表示共同所属时。在最后一个名词后加s。如：Tom and Mikes father 汤姆和迈克的父亲(俩人共有的父亲) Toms and Mikes fathers 汤姆的父亲和迈克的父亲（俩人各自的父亲）表示店铺，某人的家，私人开的诊所、餐馆等，其所有格后的名词(如shop等)可以省略。如： at Toms 在汤姆家里 at the tailors在裁缝店 at a chemists在药店 2)表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格，常常用“of+名词”的形式。如：the covers of the book(s)书的封面 a photo of my family一张我家的全家福注意：表示有生命东西的名词，如果名词较长或名词的定语较长也可用“of+名词”的形式。如：the works of Lu Xun, Lao She and Mao Dun the founding of the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国的成立表示时间、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构及某些惯用语中的名词，可用s。如：yesterdays newspaper昨天的报纸 five minutes drive开车五分钟的路程of短语所表示的是修饰名词的具体内容或材料。如： a map of the world 世界地图 a ring of gold 金戒指 某些习惯用法中of短语不能替换s结构。如： teachers office 教师办公室 childrens book 儿童读物代词：英语中代词有人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词。人称代词：人 称单 数复 数主 格宾 格主 格宾 格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hesheithimherittheythem通 称oneones物主代词：人 称单 数复 数形容词性名词性形容词性名词性第一人称mymineourours第二人称youryoursyouryours第三人称his her itshis hers itstheirtheirs通 称ones反身代词：人 称单 数复 数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himselfherselfitselfthemselves通 称oneself不定代词：常见的有some，any，all，none，both，either，each， other，another，much，many，few，little，one等指示代词：this，that，these，those疑问代词:Whowhomwhosewhichwhat谁（主格） 谁（宾格）谁的哪个，哪些什么1、 典型例题（ B）1. How many _ were lost in the fire!Alife Blives Clifes（ B ）2. We will have a _ holiday, What about going to West Lake?Atwo dayBtwo-day Ctwo-daysDtwo days（ C ）3. I have _ to do this evening.Aa lot of works Bmany work Ca lot of workDsome works（ A ）4.There is good_ for you. Ive found your lost watch. A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughts（ B ）5.My uncle will come to my house for dinnerI want to buy some _to make a vegetable salad for him Ameat Btomatoes Capple juice（ D ）6.The teacher said we needed to choose three for the school concert. A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers （ B）7. exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam. A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the （ C ）9. Miss Brown will teach _ English next term. A. us B. we C. our D. ours（ C）10._ are League members. A. He and me B. I and he C. He and I D. Me and he（ D）11.We are in a hurry, so we cant look after _. A. they B. their C. theirs D. them（ C）12.“Look at that bike,” he said to his brother. “Isnt it one of _?” A. ours B. ours C. ours D. our（ D）13. Would you please give _? A him it B it him C to him it D it to him（ C ）14. She always thinks of _ more than _. A others, her B the others, she C others, herself D the others, herself（ D）15. -Which sweater do you prefer, the yellow one or the pink one?- _. I like a light blue one.A. Either B. Both C. Any D. Neither二、课后练习（ C ）1-How far is your cousins home from here? -Its about two _ drive.A. hours B. hours C. hours D. hour（ ）2- Good morning, madam. Can I help you? -Sure, Id like _ for cooking vegetables. A. two cups of tea B. three pieces of bread C. five kilos of oil（ ）3-Would you like some drinks, boys? -Yes, _ , please. A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolate C. some cakes D. two boxes of cola（ ）4-Look! Do you know _man under the tree? -Sorry .Its too far to see _clearly.A. this; himB. that; hisC. this; herD. that; him（ ）5-Which of the caps will you take? -Ill take _,one for my father ,the other for my brother.A. neitherB. bothC. all（ ）6-Who helped you clean the classroom yesterday? -_.I cleaned it all by myself.A. SomebodyB. NobodyC. Everybody（ ）7-Excuse me .I want to buy some stamps. Where can I find a post office? -I know _not far from here. You can easily find _.A. that; itB. it; oneC. one; it（ ）8_of the hats suited him, so Jack had to try on the third one.A. NeitherB. EitherC. Both（ ）9-Have you got _ready for the sports meeting? -Not yet. We still have _to do.A. anything; nothingB. something; everythingC. everything; something（ ）10. All of us find _ necessary to take exercise every day.A. this B. that C. it D. them（ ）11. -Linda, help _ to some fruits. -Thank you!A. you B. yours C. yourself D. yourselves （ ）12. She is a student and _ name is Kate.A. she B. her C. hers（ ）13This English newspaper is very easy for the students because there are _ new words in it. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few（ ）14. Today is September 10th. Its_ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers （ ）15 .He had something to write down and asked me for_, A. a paper B. some papers C some pieces papers D. a piece of paper（ ）16. The _ now is that we have lots of _ to ask, A. problem; questions B. question; problems C question; problem D. problem; question （ ）17. - Can I just have a try? -Sure. It doesnt if you give a wrong answer. A. matter B. trouble C. mind D. care （ ）18. - Could you move over a little and make some_ for me? - Sure. Please. A. place B. seat C. room D. ground （ ）19. -What would you like to drink, girls? -_, please. A. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffees C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cup of coffees （ ）20. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs far _. A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks （ ）