江西省新余市高考英语 阅读理解、完形填空专题训练（9）.doc

新余市2014高考英语阅读理解、完形填空专题训练（9）附答案 you would like to take good photographs of real-life situations but you have few ideas for pictures. i suggest you look a- round you. the everyday world is full of scenes being played by an ever-changing group of actors. you probably passed a dozen picture situations without noticing on your way to work this morning. the realistic approach (态度) to photograph has been perfected in the past by such masters as henri cartier-bresson and bill brand. but while you can learn a great deal from looking at the works of others, any success you can hope to achieve in this field has to come from developing an individual approach. the main requirement for any photographer has little to do with technical matters. you must develop an awareness (观察) of the world around you and the people who live in it, and you should learn to notice when a situation may develop to a point where you will be able to take a good picture. those who have reached this happy state will be prepared when that moment comes, and will simply raise their camera quickly and shoot. others who are not so aware will be struggling with the camera cases and lens (镜头) caps. film manufactures must be delighted at thethought of the inexperienced photographer setting out in search of the right situation and the right moment. many miles of costly material have passed through thousands of cameras as this endless search continues. but although this waste must be put down to inexperience, youll find that even the professionals have to use a lot of film when they are out shooting. not every shot is going to be a winner. if you look at the works of even the best photographers, youll notice dozens of pictures have had to be taken only because they lead up to the successful shot of a situation that the photographer has obviously been observing through the lens. you may find that you have taken one or two pictures after the right moment has pas- sed as well there is seldom more than one shot which stands out. there is just one point where it all comes together, and often you have to waste film to catch that precious moment. 1. according to the passage, one can become a better real-life photographer by_. a. watching the photographers at work b. learning about famous photographers c. just taking a great many photographs d. developing skills and ideas for yourself 答案：d 指导：从文中的描写可以获知，作者谈到如何才能成为一个好的摄影师，谈到要注意身边的素材、观察周围的世界、还要注意摄影技巧，因此选d.2. the writer thinks that a photographer is required to_. a. be able to tell when a good situation might come b. go out and search for unusual situations c. be highly skilled in camerea techniques d. have a camera which is easy and quick to use 答案：a 指导：文中作者谈到生活中处处有picturesituations(b错)，第三段的首句告诉我们c不对，最后一句表示不在于照相机好不好用，在于摄影师对生活的aware(d错)，从该段中间的讲述可知a对，文中有will be prepared when that moment comes3. most likely, to catch the right moment, one must _. a. take pictures without too much preparation b. take a whole series of similar pictures c. take great care to set up the situation d. take one picture just at the right moment 答案：b 指导：从文中最后两段的讲述可知，即使是专业人士，他们为了捕捉瞬间往往要浪费很多胶卷，“dozens。f pictures have had to be taken for the successful shot，”因此选b.4. the passage is _. a. an introduction to photography b. an advertisement for film c. a history of photography d. part of a book of camera instruction 答案：a 指导：全文讲述摄影师必须注意观察生活，捕捉real-life situations，不要担心浪费胶卷，为了捕捉that precious moment，often you have to waste film,不难看出其写作宗旨是a.*结束阅读理解for many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner. like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries: where is the line between what i control and what you do?both sides want peace, but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict. in part, this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. from the parents point of view, the only cause of their fight is their adolescents complete unreasonableness. and of course, the teens see it in exactly the same way, except oppositely. both feel trappedin this article, ill describe three no-win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap. the first no-win situation is quarrels over unimportant things. examples include the color of the teens hair, the cleanliness of the bedroom, the preferred style of clothing, the childs failure to eat a good breakfast before school, or his tendency to sleep until noon on the weekends. second, blaming. the goal of a blaming battle is to make the other admit that his bad attitude is the reason why everything goes wrong. third, needing to be right. it doesnt matter what the topic is-politics, the laws of physics, or the proper way to break an egg-the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authority-someone who actually knows something - and therefore to command respect. unfortunately, as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other, theyll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress. 67. why does the author compare the parent-teen war to a border conflict?a. both can continue for generations.b. both are about where to draw the line. c. neither has any clear winner. d. neither can be put to an end. 68. what does the underlined part in paragraph 2 mean?a. the teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.b. the teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict. c. the teens accuse their parents of misleading them. d. the teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents. 69. parents and teens want to be right because they want to _.a. give orders to the other b. know more than the other c. gain respect from the other d. get the other to behave properly70. what will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?a. causes for the parent-teen conflicts. b. examples of the parent-teen war. c. future of the parent-teen relationship. d. solutions for the parent-teen problems.参考答案 67. b 68. a 69. c 70. d*结束i look in the mirror, and im not happy with what i seei dont have a perfect facei look in the magazines and all i see are girls with fair hair, blue eyes, and, of course, a-pretty little nosetheyre on the outside of the buses that i take home, the television programs i watch, and the billboards i walk underalmost every advertisement i see shows this human physical perfectionthese billboards not only tell me what to drink, but also how to lookour society tends to place more importance on a persons physical beauty, rather than their ability, honesty and characterwe have influenced women to go through painful surgeries and starve themselves to become this society constructed physical modelto be a beautiful woman in the 21st century doesnt mean that you are a brilliant doctor or caring motherit means you have the perfect jaw structure, eyes and lipsit means that you can be six feet tall and weigh one hundred and ten poundsbut what about the women who are starting to leave their youth? instead of looking at aging as a sign of wisdom, we attempt to prevent the aging processits a kind of funny thing to want to look eighteen when fiftyfifty is a relaxed age, where you can step back and look at all youve achievedit is when your hard work pays offunfortunately, our society just sees you as oldto stop the aging process, women buy wrinkle creams, do eye lifts and face liftsthey spend thousands of dollars to win the hopeless battle against agei remember when i was about thirteen years old and going through teens, i had oily hair, and a half developed bodyi hated the way i lookedi used to cry to my mother all the time, but she would just laugh and tell me that you dont want anyone to like your appearanceits your heart that matters, because beauty fades” i knew that she was rightif you work on your heart enough, people will start to see the beauty in you, which lasts and remains on even after you die44the main idea of the first paragraph is that _ _athe author doesnt have a perfect facebwomen have to look beautifulcphotos of beautiful girls can be seen everywheredthere are too many beauties in daily life45whats the authors attitude towards being old?aits a pity that people have to get oldbits a fruitful and wise timecits stupid to try to stay youngdits a pity that society looks down upon the old46it is _ _ that regard（s） the physical beauty as more importantawomen themselvesbthe authors parentscnewspapers and magazinesdsociety47whats the authors opinion about beauty?athe author doesnt like the beauties our society valuesbit is not important whether a person looks beautiful or notcit is a persons inner qualities that matter rather than the physical beautydthe author feels appearance is important to a person*结束一、阅读理解考查的能力1理解事实、辨认细节的能力。2理解主旨大意、综合事实的能力。3理解字面意思、表层含义以及深层含义的能力。4猜测词义的能力。因此，我们要让学生学会判断题目所属的类型以及它们常见的形式，掌握每种类型的解题方法，理顺思路，这样才能有利于他们在训练中及时反馈，提高解题的针对性，真正提高解题的能力。二、阅读理解题的构成高考的阅读理解题一般由三部分构成：原文、题目和选项(一个正确项与三个非正确项)。阅读理解试题是通过一定的文章内容，针对高考对考生能力测试的要求设计题干和选项的，因此，考生只有弄清楚以上几者之间的相互关系才能真正解决问题。考生要通过题干的桥梁作用，从选项中找出与原文意义完全相符的一项。尤其是细节题，命题者比较喜欢采用同义、近义复述或重复的方法来设计阅读理解题的正确答案，即选项与原文的意思相同，只不过表达不一样罢了。可见，阅读理解的语言解码关键在于解读试卷中不同的语言表达。而像推理题等考查深层含义的试题主要考查考生的思维模式是否与作者写作时的思维相吻合。实际上，作者是按照一定的思维模式去写作的，而命题者则根据作者的写作语言特点和高考测试能力的要求来设置试题的题干和选项 考生要以原文语言为依据，尽可能利用文章中的有用信息，使自己的思路与作者写作时的思路相吻合。因此，要想做好阅读理解题，必须让学生学会合理地处理好题干、选项与原文的关系。若题于是细节题，不妨采取以下步骤：(1)确定题目关键词，也就是明确出题点。(2)查找文章对应处，寻找题目关键词的对应词(一般是同义词或近义词)，因为对应词周围就是前后测试点，找到对应词也就找到了解题的依据。(3)回到题目，逐一核对选项，挑出与出题点内容一致的选项，即答案。对于深层理解题，由于不能直接从文章中获得答案，因此第(2)个步骤应该改为跳读文章，从文章诸多的信息中梳理出最有用的信息。如果考生的思路与文章作者相一致，就很容易把握文章的主旨大意、结构脉络，作者的语气态度，人物的性格特征等等，顺利解题也就水到渠成了。三、正确选项与干扰选项之间的关系分析许多基础不错的学生在做阅读理解题时都有这样的感觉：文章并不难读得懂，也能找到解题的依据，但正确率并不高。究其原因，是因为有些阅读理解题，特别是高考阅读试题干扰项的编制水平非常高，命题者深知干扰项只有涉及语篇内容才能发现。干扰项往往与原文某几个词或语句形式、结构上很相似；有些干扰项似乎合情合理，从意义上一时难以区分，在视觉和思维的双重干扰下，由于考生对阅读理解的命题规律一无所知，往往会落人命题者设置的“陷阱”。因此，教师要指导学生分析、研究阅读理解题的选项，把握其命题和解题规律，理顺解题思路，这样才能提高解题的正确率。可以说，逐一核对选项、排除干扰项的过程是不可缺少的，常用的方法如下：1正与误看干扰项与文章的内容是否矛盾，有明显矛盾的可轻松排除，这时正确选项与干扰项之间为正与误的关系。还要特别注意以下几种常见的干扰项设置形式：f1)干扰项是以假乱真、无中生有类的错误。此类干扰项出现频率较高，也较易排除。命题者常用文章中出现的一些词或某个句子结构来伪造信息。(2)干扰项是张冠李戴、偷换概念的错误，即把文章里a的情况说成是b的情况。有时，命题者把文章中作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或问的是文章中他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。(3)干扰项是扩大或缩小范围的错误。也就是说，在选项里增加或减少其修饰成分，使得选项的意义过分扩大或缩小，从而产生偏差。2虚与实假如干扰项与文章的内容不矛盾，看上去似乎有一定的道理。这时干扰项与正确答案为虚与实的关系，就要看干扰项在原文中有无相关的信息支持点，有没有文字依据。有些看起来似乎合情合理但脱离原文的干扰项，充其量只是“似是而非”。3偏与正如干扰项与文章的内容相符，而且在文章中可找到依据，这时干扰项之所以不成立是因为客观存在在某种程度上偏离了题目的要求，它与最佳答案之间成了偏与正的关系。这种“以偏概全”类的错误在概括题与推理题中出现得特别多，难度也最大。产生这类错误的原因是考生受思维定势的影响或考虑不周，由事物局部得出关于事物整体的结论，即通常所说的“以点代面”。常见的有：主与次的混淆以及绝对与相对的混淆等，其具体表现经常是合理关联与不合理关联、准确概括与不准确概括之间的错位，即考生的思维未能与作者的思维相一致，造成理解偏差。排除干扰项是解题中颇为关键的环节。我们可以遵循这样的三级思考过程：(1)如干扰项明显与文章相矛盾的，可直接排除，这时只要我们认真、细致地把选项与原文对号入座，“以假乱真”类的错误就逃不出我们的法眼。(2)如干扰项与文章的内容不矛盾，但在原文中没有依据的，这种脱离原文的“虚”的选项也可排除。(3)如干扰项似乎很有道理，文中也可以找到相关的文字依据，但发现它未能完全满足题目的要求，未能以文章的主题、作者的思维模式作为出发点，未能充分体现它的严谨性和最大的合理性，这种即使不错、但不是最佳答案的“偏”的选项也可以排除。只要我们对选项经过“是否矛盾?”(误否?)“是否有依据?”(虚否?)“是否以偏概全?”(偏否?)的逐级思考过程来分析甄别每一个选项，那么解题的正确率就会得到很大提高。正确利用“排除法”，排除了其中三项而剩下的一项无疑就是正确答案。总之，要想在高考阅读理解这个题型上取得好成绩，考生除了要花大力气提高自己的语言基本功，如熟识考纲中的词汇、词组及习语搭配，掌握必要的语法知识之外，还要多阅读、多做题，尽可能扩充自己的生活经验和文化背景知识。更重要的是，作为老师，应指导学生认真分析高考阅读理解的命题特点，让他们掌握一定的命题规律和解题思路，并由此养成良好的阅读、解题习惯。只有当学生具备了一定的批判性思考及分析的能力，他们的阅读和解题能力才能得到真正的提高，才能在高考阅读理解测试中立于不败之地。*结束完形填空（共20题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从3655各题所给的a、b、c、d四个选项中，选出最佳选项.the word sharp can be_36 to describe many different things in your home,classroom,and place of work.in this chapter(章),the writer 37 sharp pencils,meaning pencils with a very fine 38 .the writer does not like dull pencils.we can also use the word sharp to describe the blades(刀刃)of knives.knives also have points.we can use the word sharp to describe a 39 kind of point, 40 as the sharp points of kitchen and steak knives.scissors have blades,too,and we can describe these blades as sharp or dull.futhermore，the points of scissors are 41 sharp or rounded, 42 on the kind of scissors.some tools,such as saws,scrapers(n.刮刀，削刀),and garden tools,also,have blades.we can use the words sharp and dull to describe the blades of these tools, 43 .sharp knives,scissors,and tools are 44 to use.they cut things easily and quickly,without effort.the word sharp can be used to decribe the edges of furniture and 45 some