高考英语二轮复习 专题1 名词与冠词精品教学案（含解析）.doc

2014年高考英语二轮复习精品教学案：专题1 名词与冠词（解析版）专题1 名词与冠词【2014考纲解读】名词除了独立考查其词义辨析外，还常结合其他项目一起考查，题型以单项填空、短文改错、完形填空及单词拼写等形式出现，考查要点主要包括：1考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外，高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。2考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。 3考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象。这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如：shelter n庇护，避难所vt.保护，躲避，避难； storm n. 暴风雨， 大动荡vi.&vt.横冲直撞， 猛攻； shoulder n. 肩，肩膀，肩部vt.肩负，承担； trail n小径， 痕迹vt.追踪。2014年高考对名词词义辨析以及习惯搭配用法的考查将仍然是重点。 【重点知识梳理】一、名词的单复数1可数名词复数的规则变化可数名词复数的构成，通常是在单数形式后面加s或es，其规则如下：构成方法 例词 一般情况在词尾加s catcatsgirlgirlspagepages 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词在词尾加es busbusesboxboxeswatchwatchesbrushbrushes 但有例外：stomachstomachs 以y结尾的专有名词或“元音字母y”结尾的名词变复数时，直接在词尾加s two marysthree henrysmonkeymonkeys holidayholidays boyboys 以“辅音字母y”结尾的词，把y变成i加es babybabiescitycitiesfactoryfactories storystories 以“辅音字母o”结尾的词，在词尾加es tomatotomatoesheroheroespotatopotatoes 但有例外：photophotos pianopianos 以“元音字母o”结尾的词在词尾加s radioradioszoozoos 以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v加es knifekniveswifewiveshalfhalvesleafleaves但仍有例外： beliefbeliefsroofroofs handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves 【特别提醒】因为汉语中没有名词的单复数形式变化，所以英语中名词的单复数也就成了易错点。如以下两个典型错误：你有词典吗？do you have dictionary? 他悲伤地摇了摇头。he shook head sadly. 一般情况下，英语中的可数名词在句子中出现时，要么用复数形式，要么在其前面加冠词或限定词。因此以上两句可以表达为： do you have a dictionary? he shook his head sadly.单复数形式意义不同的名词：experience经验experiences经历manner方式 manners礼貌custom风俗 customs海关work工作 works著作，工厂wood木材 woods树林sand沙子 sands沙滩paper纸张 papers报纸，论文，试卷glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜2可数名词复数的不规则变化有些名词的复数属于不规则变化，需要考生在平时的学习中逐一记忆：childchildren, footfeet, toothteeth, phenomenonphenomena, oxoxen, mousemice, manmen, womanwomen等。3总是表示复数意义的名词集体名词people, police, cattle总是表示复数意义，不能说a people, a police, a cattle，但可以说a person, a policeman, a head of cattle。the police are searching for the stolen boy.the cattle are feeding on the grassland. 有些名词只用复数形式：trousers, congratulations, thanks, goods, clothes, socks, shoes, belongings, savings。4单复数同形的名词有些名词的复数形式同原形。这些名词有：deer, sheep, fish, chinese, japanese, swiss, li(里), jin(斤), yuan(元), mu(亩), means(方式，方法)等。all possible means have been tried.every possible means has been tried.【点拨】对于单复数同形的名词，一定要从题中找出关键信息(如谓语动词的单复数形式)，来确定其到底是表示单数意义还是复数意义。例1.every possible means _， but it seems that nothing will prevent the situation from getting worse.a. has tried b. have triedc. has been tried d. have been tried 【点拨】 “某国人”的复数形式：以ese结尾的，单复同形，如：chinese, japanese。以man结尾的，变man为men，如：englishmanenglishmen。但“德国人”例外：germangermans。其他的，直接加s，如：russians, canadians, americans。5合成名词的复数把主体名词变成复数，如：lookerson, editorsinchief(总编辑), fathersinlaw(岳父)。没有主体名词时，在词尾加s，如：grownups(成年人), gobetweens(中间人)。二、名词间的相互转化1物质名词转化为可数名词物质名词一般为不可数名词，但有些物质名词可以转化为可数名词。(1)当物质名词转化为个体名词时，是可数的。如：the bridge is made of stone.(不可数)the bridge is made of 20,000 stones.(可数)(2)当物质名词表示份数时，是可数的。如：tea is very good for our health.two teas, please.请来两杯茶。2抽象名词具体化抽象名词一般是不可数名词，但在下列情况下可转化为可数名词：(1)表示具体的人或事。请比较：failure is the mother of success.(success表示抽象概念)the meeting was a great success.(success表示具体的事情)例2.one way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _ good knowledge of basic word formation.a不填 btheca done (2)表示“一种”、“一场”、“一阵”、“(动作)一次”等。请比较：we had plenty of rain last years. 去年我们这个地区雨量丰沛。(rain指“雨水”，不可数)what a heavy rain！多么大的一场雨啊！ 【易错警示】在特定的语境中，有些不可数名词也可以转化为可数名词，这就需要考生区别对待。三、名词作定语名词作定语，即用一个名词修饰另外一个名词，主要用来说明被修饰名词的：1物质构成，如：steel bridge, paper money；2用途，如：coffee cup, fire escape；3时间，如：evening paper；4地点，如：city life, country life, country music；5种类，如：office work；6内容，如：body language, film industry。【特别提醒】名词作定语，第一个名词一般用单数，但也有例外，如：sports shoes运动鞋students reading room学生阅览室 四、名词所有格 英语名词所有格有两种：s所有格和of所有格。1s所有格的构成(1)通常在单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词的词尾加s，如：jacks books, childrens day, the boys bag, mens room, toms dog, joness father, my brothers books, sheeps skin。(2)以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加，如：the students books。(3)作为一个整体的词组，一般在最后一个词的词尾加s，如：an hour and a halfs walk(步行一个半小时的路程)；a month or twos absence(一两个月的缺席)。(4)以and连接的两个名词，表示共同所有时，在最后一个词的词尾加s，如：kate and marys father (kate和mary是姐妹俩)；表示分别所有时，在每个名词后分别加s，如：kates father and marys father (kate和mary不是姐妹俩)。例3.the _shoes were covered with mud, so i asked them to take them off before they got into _car.a. girls; toms b. girls； toms c. girls； toms d. girls; toms 解析：c。句意：这些女孩的鞋子满是泥，所以我让她们把鞋脱下来再上汤姆的车。由句中的them判断girl用复数形式girls，其所有格作定语直接在词尾加“”；专有名词tom的所有格是toms，故选c。【特别提醒】不定代词后接else时，其所有格放在else之后。如：somebody elses bag, somebody elses books。2s所有格的用法(1)常表示有生命的东西。如：toms birthday, the dogs owner。(2)用于表示时间、距离、天体、度量衡与货币价值、国家、城市等。如：时间：a days work(一天的工作)，todays newspaper；距离：twenty minutes ride, five minutes walk, a miles distance；天体：the suns heat, the moons surface；度量衡与货币价值：ten dollars worth, twenty pounds weight；国家、城市等：chinas industry, the citys development, the governments plan, chinas development。(3)表示某人的家或店铺。如：at the doctors在诊所，the tailors裁缝铺，the barbers理发店，at my uncles在我叔叔家。3of所有格的构成the所有物of(this, that，. the, my/their.)无生命之物。4of所有格的用法of所有格主要用于无生命的事物，也可以用于有生命的事物。如：the window of the house; a map of japan; the name of the girl standing at the gate。does anyone know the title of the novel?they have the support of people of the developing countries.【特别提醒】of所有格还可以表示：d. 位关系，如：the city of zhengzhou, the month of may。动宾关系，如：the love of ones country。名词本身带有后置的修饰语或带有“the形容词”(其表示一类人)时，其所有格用of介词短语。如：the housing problem of the poor; the skills of the workers who have been well trained。5双重所有格(1)双重所有格的构成：双重所有格即“ofs结构”。(2)双重所有格的用法：表示整体中的一个或部分，用于修饰of前面的名词。如：a friend of my brothers; this book of the professors; this lovely baby of my aunts。do you know any friend of my husbands?例4.pardon？who will come?_.a. the friend of mr. greensb. a friend of a teachersc. the aunt of toms d. a cousin of my fathers【特别提醒】双重所有格还可以表示赞赏、厌恶等感情色彩，如：1that car of peters is very nice. 彼得的车确实很好。(表示赞赏)2the dog of toms is very fierce. 汤姆的那条狗非常凶。(表示厌恶、不满)五、具体语境中名词的选择具体语境中名词的选择是高考考查的重点之一。解题的关键是利用好关键信息，分析语境，使填入的名词符合语境要求。探究知己知彼，才能百战不殆。要解决好这类问题，必须明确命题思路。高考考查的角度有以下几种：纯语境类：给出语境，让考生判断符合题意的名词。具体语境中名词词义的辨析。利用一词多义来设置题目。具体语境中的词组搭配。六、冠词的泛指与特指冠词的泛指和特指是冠词学习的难点之一，也是高考考查的焦点所在。解题时考生要结合语境分析究竟设空处是表示“泛指”还是表示“特指”：1表泛指(指一类人或事物中的任何一个，而不具体指哪一个)，用不定冠词；2表特指(特指某人、某事、某物，指上文中提到的或正在谈论的人或物，或者是谈话双方都知道的人或事物)，用定冠词。请比较：i have a computer. the computer is a great help to my studies.(a computer属于泛指，the computer属于特指，指的是上文提到的事物)he is a doctor.(a doctor属于泛指，指的是医生中的一个)a nurse is a person who takes care of the sick.(尽管person后有一个限制性定语从句，但结合句义可知，此处是说明护士属于哪一类人，属于类指，因此用不定冠词)【易错警示】有些考生一见到名词有定语修饰，就认为是特指，这是错误的。其实，有时候，名词前有修饰语时，表示“一个什么样的人或事物”，即表示这个人或事物属于哪一类，是类指，而不是特指。如：our teacher is a warmhearted man.he is a person who is ready to help others.解题时一定要结合语境，切莫一刀切。例5.what about _ lecture you attended yesterday?to tell the truth, it was too boring.i cant stand _ lecture like that.a.a; thebthe; acthe; 不填 d.the; the 七、比较级和最高级前冠词的选择“a/an比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比更的一个”，属于泛指；“the比较级”表示“两者中较的一个”。“the最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一个”；“a most形容词”表示“很，非常”。请比较：this one is too small. can you show me a larger one?tom is the older of the two boys.part one is a most difficult part but not the most difficult. 第一部分是非常难的一部分，但不是最难的。【特别警示】只有相比较的人或事物为两个时，才能用“the比较级”。【易错辨析】“a most形容词”不含比较概念，most相当于very；而“the most形容词”表示“最”，句中必须有比较的范围。八、表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前冠词的使用表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词，如：sun, sky, moon, world等前面一般用定冠词，但其前有描绘性的修饰语时，用不定冠词。请比较：as is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.what a bright moon!九、物质名词和抽象名词前冠词的使用1物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词，表示泛指时前面一般不用冠词；但物质名词表示特指时，用定冠词。请比较：man will die without water.(water表示泛指)the water in this well is not fit to drink.(“the water”特指这口井里的水)i know you dont like music very much. but what do you think of the music in the film we saw yesterday?(第一个music表泛指的“音乐”，不用冠词。第二个music指这部电影中的音乐，表示特指，要用定冠词the)the door is made of wood.(wood表示泛指)the wood outside was all wet. 外面的那些木头都湿了。(wood表示特指)2抽象名词属于不可数名词，前面一般不用冠词；但用来表示具体的人或事时，其前用不定冠词。the little boy looked at me in surprise.(surprise在本句中是抽象名词)what a pleasant surprise to see you here！(抽象名词具体化，a surprise指一件令人惊奇的事情)例6.do you think an advertisement is _ help when you look for a college?well, it all depends. anyway, it gives me more of _ chance. a. a; a b. 不填； a c. 不填； the d. a; the 【易错探究】物质名词和抽象名词前冠词的使用是考生容易出错的地方。有些考生已经形成了一种定式思维：物质名词和抽象名词前是不加冠词的。因此一见到物质名词和抽象名词，一概不加冠词。其实，这是不能一概而论的。正确的方法是：结合语境判断名词是泛指还是特指，泛指不加冠词，特指时须加定冠词。某些物质名词，如rain, snow, fog, wind, tea, coffee等，其前有形容词修饰时，形容词前应加不定冠词。如：what a heavy rain!longjing is a famous chinese green tea.抽象名词表示抽象意义，不用冠词；表示具体事物，用不定冠词。十、专有名词以及表示季节、星期、三餐的名词前冠词的使用1专有名词前一般不加冠词，但是以下情况需要用冠词：(1)由普通名词构成的专有名词前应加定冠词。请比较：china, smith, bob(不用冠词)the great wall长城the united states美国(2)表示“一个名叫的人”时，用不定冠词。a mr. smith is waiting for you outside.有位史密斯先生在外面等你。(这里的a表示“某一”)2表示季节、星期的名词前一般不加冠词，如：in summer, on monday，但是以下情况应用冠词：(1)表示季节的名词前有描绘性的形容词时，应加不定冠词；有限制性的定语时(即表示某一年的某个季节时)，应加定冠词。he joined the army in the spring of 1987.we had a very hot summer last year.i will never forget the summer we spent in hawaii.(2)表示“某一个星期几”时，用不定冠词。i happened to meet my classmate jack on a wednesday.3表示一日三餐的名词前一般不加冠词，但其前面有描绘性的修饰语时，应加不定冠词。请比较：have you had supper?yes. we had a wonderful supper.【特别提醒】专有名词以及表示季节、星期、三餐的名词前冠词的使用是近几年高考对冠词考查的焦点之一。考查的角度主要针对考生的定式思维一碰到这类词就认为不应该加冠词。在具体运用中，考生应该打破定式思维，具体情况具体分析。在一些短语中，用与不用冠词意义差别很大：in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里in front of在(外部的)前面/in the front of在 (内部的)前面at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能【知识拓展】常见不用冠词的表达：go by train乘火车去at noon在中午at night在晚上in town在城里in surprise惊奇地at work在工作十一、序数词前冠词的使用表示顺序“第几”时用“the序数词”；表示“又一，再一”时用“不定冠词序数词”。we have finished the first lesson, and now we will learn the second lesson. 我们已经学完了第一课，现在我们学习第二课。 i have three books. i want to buy a fourth one. 我已经有三本书了，我想再买一本。例7.johnson had made up his mind to give it up, but on _ second thought he determined to try _ third time.a. /; a b. the; / c. a; a d. the; a 解析：a。考查冠词。第一空on second thought是固定短语，意为“三思，再三考虑”；第二空序数词前用不定冠词表示“再一，又一”。句意：约翰逊已经下定决心放弃了，但是思虑再三后，他决定再试一次。【高频考点突破】考点一：名词词义辨析例1.(2013辽宁，23)the accident caused some _ to my car, but its nothing serious.aharmbinjurycruin ddamage考点二：名词固定搭配例2.(2013江苏，33)with inspiration from other food cultures, american food culture can take a _ for the better.ashare bchance cturn dlead考点三：抽象名词具体化例3. many childrens attraction to _ video games is _ escape from the pressures of the real world.athe; an bthe; thec/; the d/; an考点四：名词的所有格例4.the _ shoes were covered with mud, so i asked them to take them off before they got into _ car.agirls; toms bgirls; tomscgirls; toms dgirls; toms考点五：考查名词的含义及语境理解。 例5(2013天津卷)while she was in paris，she developed a_ for fine art. way b. relation c. taste d. habit考点六、考查冠词例6（2013新课标全国卷） four and _ half hours of discussion took us up to midnight，and _ break for cheese，chocolate and tea with sugar.aa; a bthe; the c/; the da; /考点七、考查冠词用法例7the early 1950s was still_ time when girls education was always placed_ second to boys.a. the; / ba; theca; / d/; the【经典考题精析】 【2013高考真题精选】（2013浙江）4.as the worlds population continues to grow, the _of food becomes more and more of a concern.a.worth b. supply c. package d. list【答案】b【解析】：（2013浙江）2.mary worked here as a _ secretary and ended up getting a full-time job with the company.a.pessimistic b. temporary c. previous d. cautious【答案】b（2013福建卷)22._ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.a. knownb. having known c. knowingd. being known（2013湖北卷)21. poetry written from the _ of the urban youth tends to reveal their anxiety over a lack of sense of belonging.a. perspective b. priority c. participation d. privilege（2013辽宁卷)23.the accident caused some _ to my car,but it s nothing serious.a.harm b.injury c.ruin d.damage（2013新课标i卷）31. india attained _ independence in 1947, after _ long struggle. a. 不填; a b. the; a c. an; 不填 d. an; the （2013新课标卷)13. four and half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar.a.a;a b. the; the c.不填；the d.a;不填（2013新课标卷)9. it may not be a great suggestion. but before _ is put forward, well make do with it.a. a good one b. a better one c. the best one d. a best one（2013浙江）15.people develop_ preference for a particular style of learning at_ early age and these preferences affect learning. a.a; an b. a;不填 c.不填;the d. the ;an 答案：a（2013大纲卷）33.four and half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar.a.a;a b. the; the c.不填；the d.a;不填答案：a、（2013大纲卷）28. the watch was very good, and he 20 percent down for it.a. a good one b. a better one c. the best one d. a best one答案：b（2013福建卷)21.the chinese dream is _ dream to improve peoples well-being and _ dream of harmony, peace and development.a. the; ab. a; ac. a; thed. the; the（2013江西卷)32.animals are obviously _ lower form of life than _ man.a. a ; / b. the ; thec. a ; thed. / ; /（2013山东卷)22. it was _ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across _ night sky. a. 不填；a b. a; the c. the; a d. the; 不填（2013重庆卷)32. the parents were shocked by_news that their son needed_operation on his knee.a. a; /b. the; /c. the; and. a; an【答案】b。【解析】此句中的news是特指后面同位语从句中提到的内容，故应该用定冠词the；儿子需要在膝盖上做一个手术，非特指，用不定冠词a。【考点定位】本题考查冠词。【2012高考真题精选】【2012山东卷】24. my first _ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man. a. expressionb. attentionc. satisfaction d. impression【2012福建卷】25. 一 why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?一 well, you know, english is my . so it is my best choice.a. strengthb. talentc. abilityd. skill【2012浙江卷】7.youras a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.a. operationb. growthc. performanced. character【2012湖北卷】29. it is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any _.a. symptom b. similarity c. sample d. shadow【2012湖北卷】30. the officer insisted that michael did not follow the correct _ in applying for a visa. a. pattern b. procedure c. program d. perspective【2012江苏卷】21. can i help you with it? i appreciate your, but i can manage it myself.a. adviceb. questionc. offer d. idea【2012江西卷】29youd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future .apurposebreferencecprogressdmemory【答案】b【考点定位】考察词义辨析【解析】你最好写下这个餐馆的号码以便日后参考用。for future reference是一个常用词组搭配，表示“以供日后参考”。【2012四川卷】15. he will come to understand your efforts sooner or later. its just a matter of _.a. luck b. value c. time d. fact【2012全国ii】19. the harry potter books are quite popular; they are in great _ in this city.a. quantity b. progress c. production d. demand【2012全国ii】7. he missed _ gold in the high jump, but will get _ second chance in the long jump.a. the; the b. /; a c. the; a d. a; /【2012四川卷】18. we are said to be living in _ information age, _ time of new discoveries and great changes.a. an; the b. 不填; the c. 不填; a d. the; a 【答案】 d 【2012江西卷】21the smiths dont usually stay at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by _ sea.a/; abthe; thec/; thedthe; a【2012浙江卷】2.the development of industry has been_ gradual process throughout _ human existence, from stone tools to modern technology.a. 不填, theb. the; ac. a; 不填d. a; a【2012安徽卷】21. carl is studying food science at college and hopes to open up meat processing factory of his own one day.a. / ； a b. / ；the c. the ; a d. the ; the 【2012重庆卷】24.sam has been appointed _ manager of the engineering department to take _ place of george. a. /,/ b. the,/ c the the d./, the【考点定位】冠词用法辨析【答案】d【2012辽宁卷】21. i woke up with bad headache, yet by evening the pain had gone. a. the; the b. the; an c. a; the d. a; an【2012全国新课程】22. sarah looked at finished painting with satisfaction.a.不填；a b. a; the c. the; 不填 d. the; a【2012山东卷】29. being able to afford _ drink would be _ comfort in those tough times. a. the; the b. a; a c. a; 不填 d. 不填；a 【2011高考真题精选】（2011山东卷,34theres a _ in our office that when its somebodys birthday, they bring in a cake