名词从句讲解与精练.doc

高中总复习系列资料(语法)名词性从句一、概述名词性从句相当于名词，可作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语，因此可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词按其在从句中所起的作用分为：1）从属连词：that, whether, if2）连接代词：who(-ever), whom(-ever), what(-ever), which(-ever), whose3）连接副词：when, where, why, how 连接代词和连接副词在从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等，而从属连词在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。二、基本用法1主语从句在主句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句，它位于主句的谓语动词之前。但实际使用中常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句移到主句之后。例如： That the earth turns around the sun is known to us.Whether he will come or not is not yet known.Whoever will go there makes no difference.What we need is more practice.When he will leave for America is not yet decided.Where he has been is still a puzzle.Why he failed the English exam wasnt clear. 注：由于主语从句位于句首，句子常显得笨重，因此常把它移至句子后部，句首用引导词it代替作形式主语；但由what, whoever, whatever, whichever引导的主语从句一般不后置。如：It made us happy that she was able to come.Its reported that three people were killed in the traffic accident.It doesnt matter whether he will come or not.It happened that I didnt take any money with me. 2表语从句位于主句中系动词be, look, remain, seem等之后，在主句中充当表语的从句叫表语从句。例如：One advantage of living in the country is that one can get close to nature.It seemed that the night would never end.The question is whether we should ask them for help.Guilin is not what it used to be. This is where Lu Xun used to live.His mother was ill and he had to look after her. That was why he was late.引导表语从句的连接词除前面所列的常用词之外，还可由because, as if/though引出。例如：He was late. That was because he had to look after his sick mother.(=The reason was that he had to look after his sick mother.)It looks as if/though it is going to rain.They looked as if/though they had been friends for many years.3宾语从句在主句中位于及物动词、少数介词之后，充当主句宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句中的从属连词that通常可以省略。例如：I think ( that ) watching TV too much is bad for peoples health.I dont believe ( that ) Tom will keep his promise.Luo Wei told me that he had been to Hong Kong twice.The old woman didnt know ( that ) China is the third largest country in the world. I doubt whether/if he will be against the idea.Can you tell me what school she is studying now?We wonder why she refused our invitation. She will write a book on how young mother should raise their babies.I know nothing about him except that he lives next door.The teacher is pleased with what the boy has answered.当及物动词后跟两个(或两个以上)的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省去，后面从句中的that通常不省去。如：He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.跟在一些表示情感意义的形容词（如afraid, glad, happy, pleased, sorry, anxious, worried, surprised, disappointed等）或确信意义的形容词（如certain, sure 等）后的从句通常也被当作宾语从句对待，其中that也可以省略。例如：Im not sure whether/if I can pass the exam successfully.如果主句的谓语是make, find, feel, believe, think, suppose, consider, see to等常带有宾语补足语的动词，则通常在这些词后用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后，其结构通常是“动词+it+宾补+宾语从句”。例如：He thought it a pity that he missed the film.We find it necessary that we (should) practise spoken English every day.4同位语从句跟在名词后面、进一步说明该名词的具体内容的从句叫同位语从句。可以带同位语从句的名词主要是一些可加进具体内容的、表示信息、思想等概念的抽象名词，如news, fact, idea, hope, belief, truth, promise, thought, fear, doubt, possibility, order, suggestion, proposal等。同位语从句与其前面的名词是同等关系，引导同位语从句最常用的是that，that在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，一般不能省略。例如：We are surprised at the fact that the children did it all on their own.The news that Barack Obama has been elected president of the United States is true.I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Germany again.The question whether we need more time to do the work hasnt been decided.I have no idea when he will be back.that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：The suggestion that the students (should) have plenty of exercise is very good.The suggestion (that/which) he raised at the meeting is very good.对比发现上句中的that只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分， 因此它引导的是同位语从句，其中that不能省略；下句中that不仅起引导作用，同时在从句中还充当了动词raised的宾语，因此它是定语从句，此时that可用which代替，又因其在定语从句中充当宾语，故又可省略。三、名词性从句的难点把握1由whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever引导的名词性从句这些词引导的名词性从句相当于带有定语从句的名词词组：whoever=anyone who“任何的人”；whomever是whoever的宾格形式whatever=anything that “任何的物”whichever=any that “任何的（已知范围内的或上文提到过的）人或物”它们可以用来引导主语从句，例如：Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.=Anyone who leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.Whatever he had was seized by the German soldiers.=Anything that he had was seized by the German soldiers.Whichever of you comes in first will receive a prize.=Any one of you who comes in first will receive a prize.这些词还可以用来引导宾语从句，例如：You can just say whatever comes to your mind.=You can just say anything that comes to your mind.Take whichever seat you like.=Take any seat that you like.You may choose whoever/whomever youd like to go with.=You may choose anyone who youd like to go with.( 注：whoever在主句中作choose的宾语，在从句中又充当go with的宾语，因此可用宾格的whomever来代替 )She would like to make friends with whoever shares her interest.=She would like to make friends with anyone who shares her interest.（注： whoever在主句中作介词with的宾语，但在从句中又充当谓语动词shares的主语，因此不能用whomever代替 ）关于ever等词引导让步状语从句的用法可参阅本章第三节“状语从句”。2名词性从句中的what和thatwhat和that的选用一直是学生学习的一个难点，正确选择的关键是看该从句结构是否相对完整、是否缺少主语、宾语或表语等成分而定。例如：What he said at the meeting surprised everybody present.That he said nothing at the meeting surprised everybody present.The problem is what we should do to protect the earth.The fact is that we should do something to protect the earth.比较上面两组句子，不难发现，what在句中不仅引导从句，同时它本身在从句还充当了宾语的作用；没有了what，从句结构就不完整；而that只起引导从句的作用，本身在从句中不充当任何成分，that引导的是一个结构相对完整的陈述句。3名词性从句中的whether和if在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中遇“是否”句用whether引导而不用if；在宾语从句中whether和if常可换用。例如：Whether the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. (主语从句，不用if)The problem is whether we can finish the task on time. (表语从句，不用if)The problem whether well build another school hasnt been settled. (同位语从句，不用if)I wonder whether/if the news is true.（宾语从句，可以换用）但若有or not紧跟其后，不宜用if；介词后面的宾语从句也不用if引导。例如：I wonder whether/if the news is true or not.（or not 放在句末，可用if）I wonder whether or not the news is true. （or not 紧跟其后，不用if）It depends on whether you want to do it or not. （介词后面的宾语从句，不用if）4名词性从句中的虚拟语气表示“坚持、命令、建议或要求”等词义出现时，不管是在哪一种从句中，常用虚拟语气，从句中的谓语动词形式为（should）+ 动词原形，其中should可省略。常用词有insist, suggest, order, demand等。例如：He suggested that a meeting (should) be held immediately. （宾语从句）It was suggested that a meeting (should) be held immediately. （主语从句）His suggestion was that a meeting (should) be held immediately. （表语从句）He made a suggestion that a meeting (should) be held immediately. （同位语从句）The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days. （宾语从句）It was ordered by the doctor that she (should) stay in bed for a few days. （主语从句）The doctors order was that she (should) stay in bed for a few days. （表语从句）The doctors order that she (should) stay in bed for a few days was reasonable. （同位语从句）四、练习与检测1. _ we need more practice is quite clear.A. When B. What C. That D. / 2. _ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when 3. _ knows the truth about it will tell you.A. Who thatB. That C. Whoever D. That who 4. _ he is doing seems quite difficult.A. HowB. That C. WhichD. What 5. _ certain that his invention will lead to the development of production.A. ThatsB. This is C. Its D. Whats 6. _ that there is another good harvest this year.A. It saysB. It is said C. It was saidD. He was said 7. _ that she has received a doctors degree.A. Its a splendid newsB. This is a splendid newsC. Its splendid newsD. This is splendid news 8. It is strange _.A. that no one should like this book B. that no one liked this bookC. that why no one likes this book D. why no one likes this book 9. It is suggested that the experiment _ under low temperature.A. makes B. is make C. should be madeD. will be made 10. _ still needs to be discussed.A. How is the plan to be carried out B. How the plan is to be carried outC. Why is the plan carried out D. Why the plan carried out 11. _ is unknown to us all.A. Where did she put itB. Where she put itC. That where she put itD. In which she put it 12. _ nothing to do with us.A. What he did isB. What he has done isC. What did he do hasD. What he has done has 13. Thats _ the Party called on us to do.A. whatB. that C. howD. why 14. She looked _ she were ten years younger.A. thatB. like C. asD. as though 15. The reason I have to go is _ if I dont.A. that she will be disappointed B. because she will be disappointedC. on account of her being disappointed D. that she will be disappointing 16. It was _ he worked hard that he succeeded.A. becauseB. since C. asD. for 17. It seemed that the girl _.A. had lost important something B. had lost something importantC. lost important things D. lost something important 18. The fact _ he is an advanced worker is well known.A. whatB. which C. thatD. why 19. The fact _ in the past few years proves that our Partys policy is correct.A. that great achievement was made B. which great achievements were madeC. what have been made D. that great achievements have been made 20. I have no idea _.A. what does the word “infinity” mean B. what the word “infinity” meansC. what the meaning of the word “infinity” D. what the word “infinity” mean 21. His suggestion _