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直接引语和间接引语详解引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话,两边用引号“标出,叫做直接引语;用自己的语言转述别人的话,不需要引号这叫做间接引语,实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句(其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外,其转换后是不定式)。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句,转换为间接引语时,句子的结构,人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化,如何变化呢?1、人称的转变1)直接引语中的第一人称,一般转换为第三人称,如:Hesaid,“Iamverysorry.”Hesaidthathewasverysorry.2)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称,如:“Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,”myfathertoldme.MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.3)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对第三人称说的,转换成第三人称。Shesaidtoherson,“Illcheckyourhomeworktonight.”Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.4)人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等,如:Heaskedme,“Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon?”HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon.总之,人称的转换不是固定的,具体情况,具体对待,要符合逻辑。2、时态的转换直接引语改为间接引语时,主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时,从句(即间接引语部分)的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化,变成过去时范畴的各种时态(实际也是宾语从句的时态要求),变化如下:直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时现在进行时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时 例如:“Iamverygladtovisityourschool”,shesaid.Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.Tomsaid,“Wearelisteningtothepopmusic.”Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic.Motherasked,“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV?”MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.Heaskedtheconductor,“WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus?”HeaskedtheconductorwherehewouldgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus.“Whydidsherefusetogothere?”theteacherasked.Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere.Motheraskedme,“HadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedTV?”MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.Tomsaid,“Wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.”Tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore.Hesaid,“Ihaventheardfrommyparentsthesedays.”Hesaidthathehadntheardfromhisparentsthosedays. 3、直接引语变成间接引语时,从句时态无须改变的情况1)当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候,如:Healwayssays,“Iamtiredout.”Healwayssaysthatheistiredout.2)当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候,如:Hewillsay,“Illtrymybesttohelpyou.”Hewillsaythathewilltryhisbesttohelpme.3)当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时,如:Hesaid,“Iwenttocollegein1994.”Hetoldusthathewenttocollegein1994.4)当直接引语中有以when,while引导的从句,表示过去的时间时,如:Hesaid,“WhenIwasachild,Iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.”Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.5)当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时,如:Ourteachersaidtous,“Lighttravelsfasterthansound.”Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.6)当引语是谚语、格言时,如:Hesaid,“Practicemakesperfect.”Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.7)当直接引语中有情态动词should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need时,如:例如:Thedoctorsaid,“Youdbetterdrinkplentyofwater.”ThedoctorsaidIdbetterdrinkplentyofwater.Hesaid,“Shemustbeateacher.”Hesaidthatshemustbeateacher.Hesaid,“Sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.”Hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen.Theteachersaid,“Youneednthandinyourcompositionstoday.”Theteachersaidweneednt/didntneedto/didnthavetohandinourcompositions.Sheasked,“MustItakethemedicine?”Sheaskedifshehadtotakethemedicine.注:此处用hadto代替must更好8)此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定,不能机械照搬,如果当地转述,here不必改为there,动词come不必改为go,如果当天转述yesterday,tomorrow,thisafternoon等均不必改变。如:Teacher:Youmayhavetheballgamethisafternoon.Student:Whatdidtheteachersay,Monitor?Monitor:Hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon.4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化1)时间状语:直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语nowthentomorrowthenext(following)daytodaythatdaynextweekthenext(following)week(month,year)yesterdaythedaybeforetwodaysagotwodaysbeforelastweek(month,year)theweek(month,year)beforethisweekthatweek(month,year)2)指示代词:these变成those3)地点状语:here变成thereShesaid,“Iwontcomehereanymore.”Shesaidthatshewouldntgothereanymore.4)动词:come变成go,bring变成take5、直接引语变成间接引语,句子结构的变化1)陈述句。用连词that引导,that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said,也可用told来代替,注意,可以说saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that,不可直接说toldthat,如:Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.”HesaidtousthathehadbeentotheGreatWall.Hesaid,“IllgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.”HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.(不可说toldthat)此外主句中的谓语还常有:repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think等,又如:Hesaid,“Imlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.”Heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句,第一个连词可以省略,以后的连词一般不省略,以免混乱。Thedoctorsaid,“Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.”Thedoctorsaid(that)IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.2)直接引语为一般疑问句,(也称是否疑问句,)间接引语用连词whether或if引导,原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等),语序是陈述句的语序,这一点非常重要。Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?”Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,arentyou?”HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.3)直接引语为选择疑问句,间接引语用whetheror表达,而不用ifor,也不用eitheror.如:Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?”HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench.Iasked,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain?”Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.4)直接引语为特殊疑问句,改成间接引语时,原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词,主句的谓语动词用ask(sb.)来表达,语序改为陈述句语序。如:Heasked,“Whatsyourname?”Heasked(me)whatmynamewas.Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?”Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.5)直接引语为祈使句时,改为间接引语,用带to的不定式表达,谓语动词常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。如asksb.todo,(由肯定祈使句变成)asksb.nottodo(由否定祈使句转变),并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如:Hesaid,“Beseated,please.”Heaskedustobeseated.“Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.”Hesaid.Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting.“Nevercomehereagain!”saidtheofficernearby.Theofficerorderedthevillagersnevertogothereagain.“Donttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,”theteachersaid.Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission6)有些含有“建议”、“劝告”的祈使句,可用suggest,insist,offer等动词转述,如:Hesaid,“Letshavearest.”Hesuggestedourhavingarest.Hesaid,“Letmehelpyou.”Heofferedtohelpme.7)当直接引语形式上是疑问句,有表示请求,建议意义时,可用asksb.todosth./suggestdoing/advisesb.todosth.等形式转述。如:“Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?”heasked.Heaskedmetoopenthedoor.“Whynotgoingoutforawalk?”heaskedus.Headvisedustogooutforawalk.或Hesuggestedwegooutforawalk.8)直接引语是感叹句时,变间接引语可用what或how引导,也可用that引导,如:Shesaid,“Whatalovelydayitis!”Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.虚拟语气第一部分:语气的定义和种类1语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2语气的种类、陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:Therearetwosidestoeveryquestion.每个问题都有两个方面。Wereyoubusyalldayyesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗?Howgoodateachersheis!她是多好的一位老师啊!、祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如:Neverbelateagain!再也不要迟到了。Dontforgettoturnoffthelight.别忘了关灯。、虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:IfIwereabird,Icouldflyintheair.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。IwishIcouldpasstheexamination.我希望我能通过考试。Mayyousucceed!祝您成功!虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。第二部分:简单句中的虚拟语气一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中。如:.Wouldyoubekindenoughtoshowmethewaytothepostoffice?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗?.Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.你最好别熬夜到很晚。二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。、Maygoodluckbeyours!祝你好运!、Mayyoubehappy!祝你快乐!、Mayyoudoevenbetter!祝你取得更大成就!、Mayyouhaveagoodtime.祝愿你玩的痛快。、Maythefriendshipbetweenuslastlong.祝愿我们的友情天长地久。、Mayyoubehappy.(注意那个be)祝你幸福。2、用动词原形。例如:(1).Longlivethepeople!人民万岁!(2).“Godblessyou,”saidthepriest.牧师说:“愿上帝保佑你!”(3).Haveagoodjourney!祝愿你旅途愉快!三、表示强烈愿望。(该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形,第三人称单数也不加“s”)(1).Godsaveme(2).Heavenhelpus四、表命令1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you),而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。2.句子尾通常加上感叹号:!3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(SimplePresent),如:work,be,go4.否定形式的命令语气,可用助动词do,加上not。(1).Work!(2).Workharder!(3).Bemorealert!(虚拟语气动词Be)(4).Yougoout!(5).Donotworksohard.(donot表示否定的虚拟语气)(6).Dontbeafraid.(口语中常用dont代替donot)五、在一些习惯表达中。如:(1).Youdbettersetoffnow.你最好现在就出发。(2).Idrathernottellyouthesecret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。第三部分:名词性从句中的虚拟语气第一节:宾语从句(SubordinateClasue)中的虚拟语气一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,常省去宾语从句的引导词that。一)、对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反):从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be和were(was),实义动词用过去式。例:1.Iwish(that可省略,下同)Iknewtheanswertothequestion.(wish,动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)2.Iwishitwerespringinmyhometownalltheyeararound.(wish,were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)3.IwishIwereabird.(wish,were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)4.Whenshewasattheparty,shewishedshewereathome.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)5.NowthatheisinChina,hewishesheunderstoodChinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)现在他在中国,他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)6.Whenwebeginthetrip,theywillwishtheywerewithus.(willwish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)二)、对过去情况的虚拟(和过去的事实相反):用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时,或would,could,might+现在完成时。例:1.Iwish(that可省略,下同)Ihadntwastedsomuchtime.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)2.Hewisheshehadntlostthechance.他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)3.Wewishedhehadspokentous.(wished,had+spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)4.Iwishyouhadcalledearlier.(wish,had+called)(事实上已迟了)5.Theywillwishtheyhadlistenedtoussooner.(willwish,had+listened)(事实上并不如此)例题分析:IwishI_longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.A.couldhavesleptB.sleptC.mighthavesleptD.haveslept动词wish后面接从句,表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即用过去式(表示现在发生的动作)或过去完成式(表示过去发生的动作)。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时hadtogetupandcome,所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以,选项A)couldhaveslept是答案三)、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望):从句动词would/should/could/might+动词原形(时间上较后)(请注意:主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例:1.Iwishitwouldstopraining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)2.Iwishyouwouldbequiet.(would+be)我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)3.Youwishedshewouldarrivethenextday.(would+arrive)你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)4.Iwishshewouldchangehermind.(would+change)我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵,女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)5.Hewillwishwewouldjoinhimthefollowingweek.(would+join)(只是希望我们和他在一起,实际上还没在一起)四)、注意:1.如果将wish改为过去式wished,其后that从句中的动词形式不变。例如:IwishedIhadntspentsomuchmoney.我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。2.如果that从句中用would,一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求Iwishhewouldanswermyletter.Iwishpriceswouldcomedown.Iwishyouwouldhelpme.Iwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions.二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见,认为某事应该或不应该怎样,这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气,且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气,但事实上“should”常被省略,故此从句中谓语动词用原形,常用的此类动词有:表示“要求”的:ask,desire,request,demand,require,beg表示“提议、劝告、建议”的:move,prpose,suggest,recommend,advise,vote表示“决定、命令”的:decide,order表示“主张”的:maintain,urge表示“同意、坚持”的:consent,insist例如:1.Thedoctorsuggestedthathe(should)trytolosehisweight.2.Heinsistedthatwe(should)tellhimthenews.3.WhenIsuggestedthathetryshavingcream,hesaid,“Therazorandwaterdothejob.”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时,他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)4.HepursuedvarioustheoriesforseveraldaysuntilIsuggestedwetakethetoyaparttoseehowitdidwork.(他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据,直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)5.OnecansuggestthatstudentsshouldspendtwoorthreeyearsinanEnglishspeakingcountry.(我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍,其结构如:order,suggest,propose,require,demand,request,insist,command,insist+.(should)do6.Isuggestthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.7.Heinsistedthathe(should)besentthere.但注意:在insist后的从句中,如果是坚持自己,用陈述语气,坚持别人做什么事情,用虚拟语气.8.sheinsiststhatsheisright.9.sheinsistedthatIshouldfinishtheworkatonce.或者说,suggest,insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时,即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时,宾语从句用陈述语气。10.Theguardatgateinsistedthateverybodyobeytherules.判断改错:(错)11.Youpalefacesuggeststhatyou(should)beill.(对)12.Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill.(错)13.Iinsistedthatyou(should)bewrong.(对)14.Iinsistedthatyouwerewrong.例题分析:15.Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagementthatradios_after11oclockatnight.A.werenotplayedB.notbeplayedC.nottoplayD.didnotplay全句意思是:“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机”。句中的谓语动词request(请求)所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气,即动词原形或“should动词原形”。本句的主语从句中,主语radio是谓语动词play的客体,谓语应当用被动语态。所以,答案是C)notbeplayed。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气,所以A)不正确。选项B)nottoplay是动词带to的不定式,不能在句中作谓语。选项D)didnotplay也是动词play的过去时形式,同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且,它是主动语态形式,而本题要用被动语态。练习:16).Thechairmanrequestedthat.AthemembersstudiedmorecarefullytheproblemBtheproblemwasmorecarefulnesslystudiedCwithmorecarefulnesstheproblemcouldbestudiedDthemembersstudytheproblemmorecarefully17).Thecommitteerecommendsthatthematteratthenextmeeting.AwouldbediscussedBwillbediscussedCbediscussedDmaybediscussed18).Thedoctorinsistedthathispatient.AthathenotworktoohardforthreemonthsBtakeiteasyforthreemonthsCtakingiteasyinsideofthreemonthsDtotakesomevacationsforthreemonths三、在expect,believe,think,suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在expect,believe,think,suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中,我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)”,表示惊奇,怀疑,不满等。Ineverthoughtthatheshouldbesuchabraveyoungsoldier.我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。 练习:1)thatthetimewillsoonberipeforinterventioninIran,theywouldbefacedbyalargearmy? AItisbelieved BShouldtheybelieve CTheywouldbelieveDIftheywouldbelieve2)IthinkitadvisablethatheforTokyosoon.AwillleaveBmayleaveCleaveDleaves四、wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadrather,would(just)assoon,wouldprefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadrather,would(just)assoon,wouldprefer(希望)也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或对过去做的事的懊悔。(1).Iwouldratherhecametomorrowthantoday.(2).Johnwouldratherthatshehadnotgonetothepartyyesterdayevening.(3).Dontliveintheworld,Iwouldrather(Iwouldjustassoon)youdie.(4).Iwouldratheryougotomorrow.(5).Iwouldrathereverythinghadnthappenedinthepast.(6).Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughterdidnotworkinthesameoffice经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。(7).Tobefrank,Idratheryouwerenotinvolvedinthecase坦率地说,我希望你不要卷入这件事。(8).YoudonthavetobeinsuchahurryIwouldratheryouwentonbusinessfirst你没有必要这么着急,我宁愿你先去上班。(9).Idratheryoudidntmakeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。(10).Franklyspeaking,Idratheryoudidntdoanythingaboutitforthetimebeing坦白地说,我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。(11).Wouldntyouratheryourchildwenttobedearly?为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢?(12).Iwouldjustassoonyouhadreturnedthebookyesterday我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。注:若某人愿自己做某事,wouldrather后用动词原形Iwouldratherstayathometodaywouldratherthan中用动词原形Iwouldratherstayathomethangoouttoday五、“hadhoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气用“hadhoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情,其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。IhadhopedthatshewouldgototheU.S.andstudythere,butshesaidshelikedtostayinChina.我原本希望她到美国去念书,但她说她喜欢留在中国。第二节:主语从句中的虚拟语气一、“Itis(was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that”结构中的虚拟语气在形如“Itis(was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that”结构中,使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形(美国英语中省去should)常用的形容词:*natural(自然的),appropriate(适当的),advisable(合适的),preferable(更可取的),better(更好的)*necessary(必须的),important(重要的),imperative(急需的),urgent(急迫的),essential(本质的),vital(必不可少的)*probable(很可能的),possible(可能的)*desirable(极好的)advisable(合理的),compulsory(必须的),crucial(紧急的),desirable(理想的),essential(必要的),imperative(迫切的),incredible(惊人的),necessary(必要的),possible(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(紧迫的)。常用的过去分词(PastParticiple):*required(需要的),demanded(要求),requested(被请求的),desired(要求)*suggested(建议),recommended(推荐)*orderd(命令)1.Itisnecessarythatwe(should可省略,下同)haveawalknow.(necessary,should+have)(表示有需要去散步)2.Itwasnecessarythatwe(should)makeeverythingreadyaheadoftime.(necessary,should+make)(表示有必要事先做好准备)3.Itisrequiredthatnobody(should)smokehere.(required,should+smoke)(表示要求不要在此抽烟)4.Itisimportantthateverypupil(should)beabletounderstandtheruleofschool.(important,should+be)(表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)5.Itsimportantthatwe(should)takegoodcareofthepatient.(important,should+take)(表示重要的是照顾好病人)6.Itisnaturalthatsheshoulddoso.(形容词natural,should+动词原形do)7.Itisessentialthattheseapplicationformsbesentbackasearlyaspossible这些申请表应尽早地寄回,这是很重要的。8.Itisvitalthatenoughmoneybecollectedtofundtheproject重要的是募集足够的钱,为这个项目提供资金。9.Itisdesiredthatwe(should)geteverythingreadythisevening希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。注:在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中,谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。10.IdontthinkitadvisablethatTombeassignedtothejobsincehehasnoexperience汤姆缺乏经验,指派他

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