Morphology的上课笔记.doc

CH 5 Morphology的上課筆記1. What is morphology?2. How to use it? Who is it for?3. When to use it?4. Are there rules in it?5. Is there an infix in English?6. The use/ significance of the morphology.比較 中國學生很少在課堂上發問。因為來上課，只是為了來聽老師講 課。 做筆記，死背老師的所教授的一切 讀死書。 外國學生課堂上常發問及討論。因為來上課之前，是為了討論。 已經讀了很多資料，也已經理解其內容，所以不用死背，而課 堂上的發問，是為了解決自己的問題泛讀，讀活書。要培養尋找問題以及解決困難的能力。 Morphology (構詞學) is (1) the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs), and the way they combine in word formation, i.e., the English word unfriendly is formed from friend, the adjective-forming suffix -ly and the negative prefix un-. (2) a morphemic system(詞素系統).Morphology helps people recognize possible words.有沒有新字的出現？例子1：Bug a possible wordBog a possible wordSog not a possible word例子2：可能是日語漢字，因為符合日語造字原則。不太可能是漢字，因為不符合中文文字結構原則。木神 Morphology對人的幫助因人而異( it depends on people)。例子3：(1) 昨晚我的痛得睡不著。 從這句話大概知道句子要表達意思：某人遭受疼痛之苦， 但不是能清楚知道每個字(individual words)的意思。在訓練聽力時，是訓練學生get the main concept (idea) in the context/ dialogue.(2) 我的手臂上長了一個，很癢。 可能是瘤或青春痘。(3) 我的腳上長了一個，不舒服。 可能是皮膚病。(1)(2)(3)：從不同的context，慢慢會懂“”的意義，但還是有點模糊。 直到你看到實物的那一天，才能真正了解其意義。 因為文字本身就是抽象的，所以如果用文字去表達一個抽象的概念， 會很難懂；但若是用具體的實物來講解，會比較容易明白。 教單字可以把圖片運用在單字教學上。Morphology可以幫助學習新單字。例子4：A: Have you seen “wuggles” before?B: What are “wuggles” ? A: They are four-legged animals.B: What do they look like? Dogs, cats, rabbits, or horses?A: No, they look like spiders.B: They are six-legged insects.因為“wuggles”(a possible word)符合造字原則，所以B會問What are “wuggles” ?例子5：憩陶=休閒旅遊辶日：白天遊走的意思 迌：晚上遊走的意思 辶人 =辶日迌人(一個字代表三個音) 鑫淼森焱垚 (三者為多) 囚(chiu)：指一個人被困在四面牆中。Superordinate Affix(附加詞綴)Suffix詞後Infix內崁 Prefix詞首Hyponym (superordinate是上層關係；hyponym是附屬在下面的詞)例子6：Infix = Pa Present tensePast tenseJumpTulukTupalukJumpedEatchimoChipamoAte例子7：m+ infix +nsh_paeee ee/ /i/i+/例子8：happinesshappy -ness binary cuts = string of sounds: each part must have meanings.Two morphemeshealthi nesshealthi ness morpheme = the smallest meaningful unit in a languageThree morphemeshealth (最小有意義的單位)morpheme 是不是等於 word ？ depend on situations例子9： Cat = Cat one morpheme Cat+ -s = Cats two morphemes Proantiestablishmentalisms = pro + -anti + establish + -ment + -al + -ism + -s Seven morphemes Against Root PluralAllomorph同位詞素：Any of the different forms of a morpheme.(1)聲音相同或不同( the same or different sounds )(2)拼音相同或不同(the same or different spelling)(3)意義一定相同(with the same meaning)例子10： HyponymAllomorphSuperordinateDogs Cats Churches Oxen pl Plural meanings of N例子11：因為意思不同，所以不叫作“Allomorph”-erNThe same spellingsDifferent meaningsTeacher 名詞詞尾。-erAdj.Bigger 比較級詞尾。例子12：V + er NAgentive morphemes-er-or-ant-istAllomorph四者都屬於Agentive morphemesDifferent soundsDifferent spellingsBut the same meaningsTeach + er TeacherAct +or ActorAssist +ant AssistantArt +ist Artist比較分析可以用來教單字創意教學。傳統教法學生記憶、模仿老師所教的。老師講的口沫橫飛，但學生卻昏昏欲睡。學生只是不斷重複同樣的東西。學生並沒有思考。How do students learn/acquire the meanings of words?老師要叫學生自己去找字的意義。學生要分析，才能真正習得字義。學以致用，而不是靠記憶。創意教學找一段文章，同時有中英翻譯(左右對照或上下對照)，而且有些英文字常重複的。分析單字(1)把英文單字列出來，要學生從中文去尋找字義。(2)把中文字義列出來，要學生從英文文章去尋找英文單字。為什麼學生無法把兩、三音節的英文單字背起來？(1) 因為中文字是單音節。(2) 讓學生把單字內化成自己的知識。如果是單字一個一個教，量會太多。如何分類詞素？(若是用function來分：(1)grammatical morphemes (2) lexical morphemes.)(1) Free morphemes：A form which can be used on its own. (可單獨出現，本身具有意義)(2) Bound morphemes： A linguistic form which is never used alone but must be used with another morpheme, e.g. as an affix or combining form. (不可單獨出現) Base morpheme (root)Suffix Infix Prefix (3) Inflectional morphemes: Adding an affix to a word or changing it according to the rules of the grammar of a language.(4) Derivational morphemes: Adding affixes to other words or morphemes.The difference of Inflectional morphemes and Derivational morphemes:(1) (a) Inflectional morphemes never change the part of speech, i.e., work works(b)Derivational morphemes can change the part of speech, i.e., wind windy(2)(a) You can not add any other suffix in final Inflectional morphemes, which can not be followed any suffix. For example, workings = working + s (b) You can add any other suffix after Derivational morphemes, which can continue to add and can be followed any suffix. For instance, healthiness=health + -y + -ness 製作單字教材 (科目：新聞英文；對象：高中)作法一： Find out Chinese meanings of the underlined vocabulary or phrases.Britons may not be the worlds greatest linguists but an opera companys decision to introduce surtitles to its performances has raised eyebrows - as it only sings in English.The move by the English National Opera (ENO) that is based in central London prompted some ridicule. “I think it is a contradiction in terms.this is the thin end of the wedge,” John Allison, editor of Opera magazine, told BBC Radio. The trend to install surtitles above or next to stages has been growing since the 1980s in a bid to make operas traditionally sung in Italian and German intelligible to non-native speakers.英國人也許不是世界上最偉大的語言家，但一家劇團決定在演出歌劇時，打上英文字幕，著實令人感到驚訝 因為該劇團只演唱英文歌劇。總部設在倫敦中區的英國國家歌劇劇團的這項舉動，招致若干嘲弄。 我覺得，就某方面來說，此舉很矛盾這可是一項非同小可的改變，歌 劇雜誌編輯約翰艾利森這樣告訴英國廣播公司的電台。 在舞台上方或旁邊裝設字幕的潮流從一九八年代日益興盛，是為了讓非母語人士也能聽懂 傳統上以義大利語或德語 演唱的歌劇。作法二： Find out English vocabulary or phrases of the underlined Chinese meanings.Britons may not be the worlds greatest linguists but an opera companys decision to introduce surtitles to its performances has raised eyebrows - as it only sings in English.The move by the English National Opera (ENO) that is based in central London prompted some ridicule. “I think it is a contradiction in terms.this is the thin end of the wedge,” John Allison, editor of Opera magazine, told BBC Radio. The trend to install surtitles above or next to stages has been growing since the 1980s in a bid to make operas traditionally sung in Italian and German intelligible to non-native speakers.英國人也許不是世界上最偉大的語言家，但一家劇團決定在演出歌劇時，打上英文字幕，著實令人感到驚訝 因為該劇團只演唱英文歌劇。總部設在倫敦中區的英國國家歌劇劇團的這項舉動，招致若干嘲弄。 我覺得，就某方面來說，此舉很矛盾這可是一項非同小可的改變，歌 劇雜誌編輯約翰艾利森這樣告訴英國廣播公司的電台。 在舞台上方或旁邊裝設字幕的潮流從一九八年代日益興盛，是為了讓非母語人士也能聽懂 傳統上以義大利語或德語 演唱的歌劇。Surtitle表演歌劇時，投射在舞臺螢幕上方（字首sur-）的字幕。 sur-字首有super-（在之上）的意思。打在電影或電視螢幕下方的字幕，則是subtitle（字首sub-）。Raise eyebrows字面解釋為抬眉毛或揚眉，驚奇或懷疑之意。（因為驚奇或懷疑時，會抬眉毛）。而raise an eyebrow是抬單邊的眉毛。Prompt(n.)提示。例：take a prompt 是演員按照提示行動或念台詞。(v.)招致，激勵。例：His curiosity prompted him to ask questions.他的好奇心驅使他發問。 (adj.)迅速，即時。例：Prompt delivery是限時專送。(adv.)準時地;正(指時間)。 例：They started at 7 oclock prompt. 他們在七點鐘準時出發。Thin end of the wedge非同小可的改變，看似輕微卻會引起大變化的事物。Wedge：楔或楔形物，如高爾夫球中楔形頭的球桿，pitching wedge（挖起桿）與sand wedge（沙坑桿）。Homework 2 製作單字教材 (科目：新聞英文；對象：大學生)作法一： Find out Chinese meanings of the underlined vocabulary or phrases.Here Comes the Martian Language! Orz! An exam question using the “Martian language” caused quite a stir in this years college scholastic exam and triggered a heated debate. Many believe that this sort of test question not only proves that there is a serious “urban-rural gap” in Taiwan; it also encourages the proliferation of the already-widespread Martian language! What exactly is the Martian language? According to the Martian themselves, it is a hybrid writing system which incorporates Chinese, English, Taiwanese, numbers, Mandarin phonetic symbols, and special computer symbols. Originally, this term was used to accommodate “netizens” in their online chatting sessions. Later, the term became part of the daily writing vocabulary of our youth. Language is, in essence evolving. Modern language variations usually come and go swiftly, so we need not worry that Taiwan will be consumed by these Martian words. Besides, if we look at this issue from another perspective, the young people who are proficient in the Martian language might one day be able to create a coded language that would be impossible to comprehend from the outside. Eventually, these young people may become Taiwans foremost intelligence agents! But one thing that is on everyones mind now is that if even the adults at the Ministry of Education make mistakes writing elegiac couplets, then Taiwans language education is truly in big trouble!火星文來了！Orz！ 今年大學學測出現了令人爭議的火星文考題，引發熱烈討論。 許多人認為這種題目不只證明了台灣有嚴重的城鄉差距，更助長了已經氾濫的火星文。 火星文到底是啥？據火星人自己說，這是一種結合中文、英文、台語、數字、注音符號、及特殊電腦符號而成的混合字。這種東西原本是為了順應網路族線上聊天方便之用，後來變成年輕人平日書寫時的用詞。 其實語言本來就會演變；新時代語言的變體通常來得快、去得也快，因此大人不用太擔心火星文會大舉佔領台灣。而且換個角度想，這些擅長火星文的年輕人未來還可以創造出無人能懂的語言密碼，成為台灣最厲害的情治人員呢！不過現在大家比較擔心的是，如果連教育部裡面的大人都會寫錯輓聯，台灣的語文教育可能真的出了大問題。作法二： Find out English vocabulary or phrases of the underlined Chinese meanings.Here Comes the Martian Language! Orz! An exam question using the “Martian language” caused quite a stir in this years college scholastic exam and triggered a heated debate. Many believe that this sort of test question not only proves that there is a serious “urban-rural gap” in Taiwan; it also encourages the proliferation of the already-widespread Martian language! What exactly is the Martian language? According to the Martian themselves, it is a hybrid writing system which incorporates Chinese, English, Taiwanese, numbers, Mandarin phonetic symbols, and special computer symbols. Originally, this term was used to accommodate “netizens” in their online chatting sessions. Later, the term became part of the daily writing vocabulary of our youth. Language is, in essence evolving. Modern language variations usually come and go swiftly, so we need not worry that Taiwan will be consumed by these Martian words. Besides, if we look at this issue from another perspective, the young people who are proficient in the Martian language might one day be able to create a coded language that would be impossible to comprehend from the outside. Eventually, these young people may become Taiwans foremost intelligence agents! But one thing that is on everyones mind now is that if even the adults at the Ministry of Education make mistakes writing elegiac couplets, then Taiwans language education is truly in big trouble!火星文來了！Orz！ 今年大學學測出現了令人爭議的火星文考題，引發熱烈