在职硕士十月联考英语保过班强化笔记第1、第3、第4部分.doc

Good evening, ladies and gentlemen! Tonight (or today) lets begin our preparation of English examination officially.今天，我们正式开始考研的准备之旅。课程内容：语法+词汇穿插讲解学习方法：课堂笔记+课后消化。有任何问题要跟专业辅导老师联系请教。今天的内容：structure or grammar （结构或语法）学习语言，先了解结构和规律，再获取其表达的信息。英语是结构性语言；要对其结构的表达和规律进行理解，不宜死记硬背，现阶段要充分利用归纳能力、总结能力、分析能力以及逻辑推理能力等优势。记忆单词方式：课堂讲解吸收+阅读文章积累汉语是意合性语言，结构上要求没有那么明显，表达上比较随意。英语的结构性体现在句型上面，熟练掌握句型方能把握住英语的结构。核心语法四大块：sentence models（句子模式）；noun grammar（名词语法）；verb grammar（动词语法：时态、语气、非谓语）；四种特殊结构（比较、倒装、平行、强调）once and for all 一劳永逸lifelong study 终生学习We are taking English class now. 我们正在上英语课。（时态的体现）语法的概念：rules of language（语言法则）语法学习目的：1）to read sentences（读懂句子,获取信息） 2）to make sentences（造句，传递信息）教室里有许多人在听英语课：There are so many people listening to English class in the classroom.离大运会开幕只有20天：There are 20 days before the Universiade opens/starts.考试主要考查获取信息能力（词汇、语法、阅读等）+传递信息能力（口语交际、翻译、写作）。要求：accuracy(准确性)和speedPractice makes perfect. 熟能生巧辅导解决问题：考什么+怎么准备+如何考通过词汇获取基本信息点，通过语法获取正确信息。Sentence models: Patterns（句型）：基本句型、扩展句型、特殊句型Functions（功能）：Structures（结构）：英语基本句型：5+25个最基本句型：1） 主语+谓语：谓语必须是不及物动词。She comes. Tom has gone.英语动词分类：A 及物和不及物动词B 根据作用分：实意动词、助动词(do, be, have, shall)、情态动词等eg. The new library is being built/constructed in GZ. 广州正在修建新的图书馆。2） 主语+谓语+宾语：谓语动词必须是及物动词。eg. I love you.We love each other. 我们彼此相爱。（注意其中的love为不及物动词，each other为状语修饰love.）3） 主语+be动词+表语（主语补足语）：“主系表”结构。常见的作表语的词有名词、形容词、短语、不定式等。eg. He is my friend. She is beautiful.我的目的是想尽快通过这个考试：My task/purpose/aim is to pass the examination as soon as possible.此结构中，还有几种半系动词同be动词在这里的用法和功能类似，后接表语，同样构成“系表”结构。如：make, get, seem, look等。总结如下：A 变化类：get, come, grow, turnB 感官类：sound, taste, smell, lookC 似乎类：seem, appearD 保持类：keep, remain, stay4） 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补：宾语补足语是对宾语的补充说明。She always makes us happy. 其中的happy是对宾语us的补充说明，即为宾语补足语。我们星期四晚上上英语课：We take English class on Thursday evening.我看到Tom正在打篮球：I saw playing basketball on the ground/court.我看到Tom进了房间：I saw Tom enter/come into the room. 其中enter/come作宾语Tom的补足语，本来是不定式短语to come，但由于前面的谓语动词是saw，故要省略不定式中的to（考点）。5） 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语：直接宾语：动词动作的直接承受对象，通常指物。间接宾语：通常指人。Please show me(间宾) your passport(直宾).Can you tell me how to get to GZ library.直接宾语和间接宾语的语序可以置换，但需要用介词进行衔接，如：Tom lent lots of money to me.Jack repaired/fixed the TV set for Mary. Tom borrowed so much money for me. (帮我借钱)两个特殊句型：1）there be句型A普通句式There are lots of resources in China. 中国有大量的资源There are only 300 students in the classroom.There are so many people taking subway/metro.注意be的单复数：there is a leader and 300 students in the classroom. （就近原则）考点：there be句型里面的非谓语用法。ing表主动和进行；ed(过去分词)表被动和完成；不定式to do表将来或目的。There are many students listening to English class. 有很多学生在上英语课。It is said that there are about 100 students to take part in the postgraduate examination of Beijing University in our class. 据说我们班有100个学生参加北大的研究生考试。There are about 100 thousand people killed in Wenchuan earthquake. 汶川地震中大约有10万人死去了。There are many desks used for class/to take class in the room. 教室里有很多桌子用来上课。 used for students to take class 供学生上课使用Bthere be + 变化 + inThere is a sharp/an obvious increase in the price of pork recently. 近来猪肉价格有急剧/明显的上涨。a piece of cake 小菜一碟 easy jobC包装句：there can be no doubt that *是毫无疑问的2）it句型Ait作代词指代时间、天气、金钱、距离等。It is fine today.It is 8 oclock now.It is 3000 kilometers from GZ to Beijing.B it 作形式主语、形式宾语的句型。it作形式主语：it is + 表语 + that从句/不定式短语（真正的逻辑主语）；结构上为了避免头重脚轻，语义上表达说话者对做某事的态度或评价。如：It is necessary that we take part in a training class. 我们报一个辅导班是很有必要的。That we take part in a training class is necessary. 结构上正确，但主语太长，不符合英文表达习惯。Learning without thinking is vain; thinking without learning is idle. 学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。It is helpful to have 20 minutes walk every day.Its my great honor to meet you.In order to pass the postgraduate examination, It is very necessary for those who have been graduated for many years to attend a training class. 对于那些已经毕业多年的人来说，要想通过研究生考试，参加一个辅导班是很有必要的。It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth. 该句型中的形容词用来修饰后面的不定式时，介词用for；当形容词用来修饰人,描述人性格特点的时候，用of，如：It is necessary for him to do this job.It is so kind/nice of you to lend me so much money.It作形式主语的句型中，表语部分还可以是名词、过去分词等，比如：It is an order that we should get up at 6 oclock every morning. 我们每天早上6点就要起床，这是命令。It is reported/said/estimated that It作形式宾语：真正的逻辑宾语是后面的从句或不定式；结构上仍然避免头重脚轻。比如：We believe/think it (quite) possible to pass the postgraduate examination within only 3 months. 我们认为在短短三个月之内通过研究生考试是(很)有可能的。Metro makes it convenient for us to go to work. 地铁让我们上班很方便。C 强调句型：it is/was (被强调部分) that/who （后面部分照搬，原句的时态、人称、数不作任何改变。）英语中的强调句型通过结构来体现；汉语往往通过副词、重复等方式来体现。It is you who/that I love.It is on Thursday evening that we have to take English class.It is I who love you.注意：该强调句型不能用来强调谓语动词，英语中通常用do来强调谓语动词，如：I do love you.D 虚拟语气It is about/good/high time that 正好/该是做的时候了。注意：从句谓语动词需要用过去时态。eg. It is high time that we _ the postgraduate examination.A. should take part in B. took part in C. take part in D. would take part inIt is high time for sb. to do sth. 用该句型代替同样可以。E it is + 时间 + before从句：还有就It is only 20 days before the 26th Universiade begins in SZ. 第26届世界大学生运动会还有20天就要开始了It is 3 months before we take part in the examination. 我们还有三个月就要上考场了。句子中的修饰语：在所有基本句型之上，加上一些修饰语(modifiers)，可以扩充句子内容。英语中用作修饰语的通常有：words(个体词，如名词、形容词、副词)，phrases(短语)，clause(从句)注意：形容词修饰名词通常放在名词前面，但修饰不定代词的形容词只能后置，如something important, nothing serious；以a开头的形容词修饰名词也只能后置，比如people alive。短语修饰语：全部需要后置介词短语：the professor from Beijing is very humorous. The girl in glasses is my girl friend.现在分词短语：The man sitting in the last row is my brother.不定式短语：The issue to be discussed next time is about vocabulary.过去分词短语：The Olympic Games held in Beijing in 2008 is an exceptional one.形容词短语：Jack is a responsible man. -