六级写作讲义.doc

六级写作讲义周湘一：语言提升A同义替换词1解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle2损害： Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford4培养：Develop, cultivate, foster5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength6 缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness7 使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle8 重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative9 认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced10 保护：Protect, conserve, preserve11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge12 有害的： Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental13 要求 ：Request, demand, needs, requisition14 消除 ：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away15 导致： Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate16 因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this17 增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to， slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to19保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out20 急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably21平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly22 宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim23 发生：Happen, occur, take place24 原因：Reason, factor, cause25 发展：Development, advance, progress26 有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding， advantageous27 影响：Influence, impact, effect28明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose30与相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to31对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely32展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe33 大约：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly34波动：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation35事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that36换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle.37 人：individuals, characters, folks 38 积极的： positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising (有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding39 许多an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of40 一些 a slice of, quite a few , several41 认为harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that, it is well-established that 42 事情 affair ,business ,matter, stuff 43 共同的shared, common。44 收获 reap huge fruits/profits 45 我认为 for my part ,from my perspective47 逐渐，越来越increasing(ly), growing, gradually, step by step 48 客人shopper, client, consumer, purchaser, customer。49 非常exceedingly, extremely, intensely, extraordinarily 50 吸引注意力 capture ones attention51 角度 facet, dimension, sphere, respect, aspect。52 欲望 desire, lust, craving, longing, hunger, thirst53 关注pour attention into 54 铭记 bear in mind that 55 互动 interaction, communication56 反对 be against, disapprove of, disagree withB 黄金句型建议1 插入语2 改变主语类型3 丰富修饰语类型4 倒装句，强调句，名词性从句量力而行5 多写有效的长句，不要为了长而长，少写废话C 六级作文种需要使用的逻辑连接词首先,其次, 然后, 最后: firstly, secondly, thirdly; in the first place, in the second place, in the final place; first and foremost, moreover, additionally, furthermore, eventually, last but by no means least; to start with, to end with, on top of that, in addition to that, added to that, besides, finally, lastly.Initially, plus/also, ultimately. 转折类 However, otherwise, nevertheless, instead, notwithstandingIn contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, despite the fact that, in spite ofBut, yet, although, even though, though强调类Of course, indeed, most important, certainly, in fact, obviously, clearly, surely, in particular, in this case, actually.对比类In comparison, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, identically递进类Furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, additionally, also.因果类原因 because of, owing to, due to, thanks to because, since, for, as, in that结果 therefore, thus, hence, consequently, accordingly as a result, as a consequence so 二： 六级考试的题目特点A 话题特点教育（高效排名，中文学习，艺术班学习，电子图书，阅读经典著作，校园浪费，英语口语考试，上学费用，读书的必要性）科技（数字化产品，盗版，科学技术发展）社会问题（西方节目，出境旅游，房产权，伪劣商品，不良商业广告，燃放鞭炮）永恒性话题精神类品质类（大学生心理健康，做好事，诚实，关于拒绝，机会）莫名其妙话题（名字的重要性）B 话题规律1 和学生相关的话题考的频率最高2 社会话题一定避开热点或过于政治性的命题3 永恒性话题需要注意备考4 莫名其妙的话题就听天由命，词汇用好就好三： 六级考试的得分要点A 看上去像一篇标准的六级写作字数满足要求150180240，作文有身材，字迹清晰整齐（第一印象不差，不至于跌破底线）三段式小大小结构一段见 关键词二段见 逻辑（firstly, secondly)三段 见语言B 可以利用模板，但不要照搬模板，因为给分是global scoring (改卷老师认识什么是模板什么是你自己的语言，用模板不会得0分，不用也不一定会得高分，理性使用模板)C 六级写作和四级写作的区别语言！只有语言！还是语言！什么是语言？用词准确，句式多变，逻辑衔接清晰自然就是好的语言！无视内容的高深和观点的犀利，不需要！真心不需要，只要合理即可！四 六级写作攻略1 破题的方法和思路的建立破题确定论证的思路避重就轻避论证和语言难点，讲通识普适道理首段：谈现象（模板，句式的替换，关键词，思路）中间段落：析原因利弊（万能句式，逻辑，思路和素材，词汇的选择）结尾段落：给结果建议（常用的建议和结果类词汇，漂亮的句型，观点总结）2 开头段的写法谈现象，不给观点hook + phenomenon 方法：a 重要性，严重性，普遍性（essential, critical, deeply-rooted, deeply-ingrained, widely-accepted)-教育，精神品质 -It is deeply-ingrained that .is exceedingly essential in s life, especially ins. Everyone, me included, has no way to avoid or ignore it. If required to voice my own opinion on the reason/result/suggestion/influence/effect of , I firmly/clearly will elaborate my argument as follows. Demo of issue topic in 2008It is deeply ingrained that the mental health is exceedingly essential in a persons life, especially in university students. Everyone, me included, has no way to avoid or ignore the its importance. If asked to voice my own opinion/put forward/set forth on the suggestions for university students keeping mentally healthy, I clearly will elaborate my argument as follows.b 争论性（争论内容，争论态度，争论方法，attitude and approach, controversial, divergent, disputable)社会话题/social issues, 科技话题Undoubtedly, has entered/penetrated peoples lives and aroused much attention among the general public as well as the government divisions. Actually/unfortunately, it is disputable to reach an agreement/concord on the issue of/whether., because this issue involves many different/complicated factors./because this issue is a matter of opinions. /because people at different stands hold different. As for me, the argument on this issue will be elaborated as follows. c 衔接第一段和第二段（probe into the reasons/involving factors/benefits/drawbacks/effects/consequence)When probing into/scrutinizing the reasons/result/benefits/drawbacks for/of the issue of /phenomenon that., people, especially students, may have their own/personal viewpoint, attitude, and way of behavior. For my own part, this issue, which is being discussed/disputed/argued/debated in a public forum, can be perceived as follows.d 对比法 (while, admittedly, concededly, whereas)Admittedly it is a deeply-rooted opinion that. Unfortunately, I, personally, hold a thoroughly divergent point that. The reason why I state in this way can be elaborated as follows.数据类的开头1 点题As shown in the graph, .趋势/特点. 2 When analyzing the figures/statistics offered here, we can easily find that3 Actually, this graph aims to call peoples attention to the issue of.3 中间论证的写法A. 中间部分的逻辑衔接词B. 中间部分的构思和展开1）原因分析：Factors/Reasons involved in/contributing to/ushering to/associated with the phenomenon thatare fairly varied/kaleidscopic and complicated/convoluted/tanglesome. To be brief, the major/rudimentary/fundamental ones are listed here. Initially, Plus, Ultimately,2) 原因思路 经济类原因：economyin the economic sphere/field/facet/dimension 从经济角度看归结于归因于：be attributed to, be owed to, be due to缺少：be lack of, be short of, .is in short supply, is insufficient 过度消耗/高估低估: overly consume, exploit, take much advantage of, use up, render extinct, overestimate, underestimate 忽视: dismiss, overlook, neglect, pour litter attention, despise增加: add up, pile up, raise 经济支持投资投入 economic support, investment, input, funding 资源资金人力时间 resources, funding, human resources, time 重要性必要性可持续发展性稳定性公平性 importance, necessity, sustainability, stability, fairness 关注管理投入监管成本收入 concern, management, input, supervision, cost, revenue 对象：market, consumer, business groups, government practice: 中国该不该鼓励公民开私家车？私家车给社会带来不良影响的原因？私家车是否是城市交通的一个问题？Initially, more ownership of private cars in china can be attributed to the lack in the governments supervision of the market, manufacturing, and sales. 为什么政府需要管制文化知识产权？Initially, governments management on the intellectual properties can be attributed to the consumers neglecting in the fairness, importance and sustainability of the fair trade. 汉译英练习作业 出国学习的主要原因是，从经济的角度看，可以增加自己未来的收入。不能出国学习的主要原因是，从经济的角度来看，过低估计了国外生活的成本和投入。从经济角度来看，出国移民的政策得到了鼓励归结于它会增加政府的收入，促进当地经济的稳定性和可持续发展性。从经济角度来看，假冒伪劣产品进入市场可以归结于政府对于市场的管理，监督不足。 文化类原因: culture 社会类原因: society/community/neighbor利弊分析：例子支撑：4 结尾的写法给结果：给建议：5 语言的优化范文赏析1Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Graduate School or Work? You should write at least 150 words following the instructions given below：While increasingly large numbers of students choose to further their study in graduate schoolimmediately after graduation, I plan to go to work after college. This does not mean I do not like learning or I do not want to learn. Rather, I choose to work first so that I can understand better my interests and strength before coming back to graduate school for a targeted learning.Professional experience is an indispensable part in ones life in that it helps to bridge the gap betweenwhat one has been learning and what one plans to do. Although learning is an important preparation for ones success, one can achieve nothing unless what has been learned is put into practice. After all, the world outside universities is different from and more colorful than that inside. One may have plans that are mostly based on imagination rather than reality for most students who have been learning for more than 10 years. Thus, to know the world and ones, own interests and strength, work experience will be crucial. Moreover, work experience can also be a valuable asset when one decides to come back for further learningBesides, I believe learning should be goal-oriented. Thus, to pursue further study because of pressure of not being able to find a job, without understanding what one wants to do is not prudent. I plan to go on to graduate study as well, but only after I have several years of working experience. In an ever tighter job market nowadays, great importance has been attached to an interview by both the employer and the applicant.改写：It is a deeply ingrained opinion that great importance has been attached to interview by both employers and job applicants/hunters. Once required to voice my view on the ways/skills/techniques to be successful in a job interview, I will clearly elaborate my own argument as follows. Once you are offered the opportunity of an interview, youd better take good care of the following things. Firstly, you should arrive on time/schedule; unpunctuality is a serious insult. Secondly, you should get dressed properly/decently and neatly. Thirdly, good manners are equally important. Dont be too proud/arrogant, neither too timid. Just be courteous. Fourthly, you should not be nervous, for it may prejudice your performance. Being confident can bring you to success. Last but not the least, being honest about the present situation and never make any boastful statement, for honesty is the best policy.All in all, doing well in a job interview means a good chance of being employed.3Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Private Cars in China. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:With the improvement of peoples living standards, private cars have found their way to ordinaryChineses homes. Remarkable national economic growth provides a strong backing for the increasing trend. Nowadays, more and more citizens are planning to buy cars. And for some better-off families, one may not be enough.People embrace private cars primarily for its convenience, which can free us from the rigid timetable and fixed route of buses and metros. Efficiency is the second attraction, since driving is usually faster than other means of transportation. This advantage becomes obvious especially in the event of emergencies when it is difficult to take a taxi. Despite these merits, contrasting arguments are equally salient. First, efficiency is usually a mirage. Frequent congestions actually render the cities huge parking lots. Second, private cars are responsible for air pollution, as emissions of carbon dioxide and ethane contribute to global warming.Now that there seems no way to stop people from buying cars due to consumers freedom of choice, it is almost certain that the number of private cars in China will continue to rise. If we can improve the road systems, and develop more environment-friendly cars, we may minimize the negative consequences while enjoying the benefits.Useful words and expressions:温室气体排放：greenhouse emission交通堵塞：congestion / traffic jam4Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Measures of Dealing with Trash in Cities. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline given below in Chinese: Due to the inadequate number of public trash receptacles, people are throwing trash away anywhere. Consequently, trash can be seen everywhere in our cities.In view of the severity of the issue, we should adopt immediate measures. First, the government should play a leading role by creating anti-littering regulations, backed by heavy penalties and effective enforcement. Secondly, officials should make full use of mass media to enhance public awareness of protecting the environment. Additionally, scientists should develop more efficient technology to recycle and dispose of trash. While research reveals that half of all garbage can be recycled, it is not enough. Finally, it is essential for schools to attach importance to environmental education, so that every child will develop environmentally friendly habits.Litter is turning our communities into a trash can. It is high time that we took a joint effort to solve the rubbish problem.5Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Technology, a Blessing or a Curse? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:As an important force in the betterment of human life, technological development saves time and labour, reaches unexplored frontiers, and completes many former “impossible missions”. For instance, computers and the Internet have made the world a smaller one. With a click of the mouse, a web cam and a microphone, friends are no longer kept apart by distance. In fact, modern people can hardly manage daily life, let alone a comfortable life, without sophisticated machines, apparatus and gadgets.Unfortunately, for every problem, there is a solution, and for every solution, there is a problem. It is unilateral to regard technology as a sole blessing, because it also exerts negative impacts. Take the automobiles as an example, while offering people convenience, they emit toxic and greenhouse gases. Besides, when walking and cycling become luxuries, the lack of exercises accounts for many health problems among young and middle-aged people. So to some extent, technology is a curse that the human beings spell on themselves. Such is the paradox: technology is a double-edged swordthe proper use is certainly conductive to the productivity of modern life, but once we overuse, misuse or even abuse it, we run the risk of hurting ourselves. So is technology a blessing or a curse? It all depends on how we use it.6Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Pros and Cons of Online Shopping. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:Rapid development of the Internet leads to the rise of online shopping. People first browse through the screen to find wanted articles, then pay with credit or debit cards, and the goods are later delivered to them. Websites such as eBay and Taobao have become burgeoning competitors versus real stores, taking up a considerable market share.Convenience is the major attraction about online shopping. While it usually takes a whole day to wander about the malls, online shopping process is within several clicks of the mouse at home. Since the ordered goods are delivered to your doorsteps, there is no need to lug heavy bags home. Lower price is also an advantage. Online stores have lower overheads, thus reducing the costs. As a result, customers can have real bargains.However, at present, security