六级写作讲义.doc

六级写作部分一、 六级写作体特征1. 六级写作以议论文为主2000年至2006年的六级写作题考试时间考题类型2000年1月How I Finance My College Education 议论文2000年6月Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? 议论文2001年1月How to Succeed in a Job Interview议论文2001年6月2. A Letter to a Schoolmate 建议信2002年1月A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus 投诉信2002年6月Student Use of Computers图表描述+议论2003年1月It Pays to Be Honest议论文2003年6月Changes in the Ownership of Houses图表描述+议论2003年9月美国大学图书馆的图书流动量图表描述2004年1月Reduce Waste on Campus 议论文2004年6月A Letter to the Editor of a Newspaper投诉信2005年1月Your Help Needed请求信2005年6月3. Say No to Pirated Products 议论文2006年1月A Letter Declining a Job Offer感谢信+道歉信2006年6月Number of people in City X traveling abroad in 1995, 2000 and 2005 图表描述+议论2006年12月The Importance of Reading Classics议论文从上述图表可以看出，在2000年到2006年的16道六级写作题中，议论文占到了44%；写信类题目占到近31%，图表描述类文章占25%并且每道题在描述图表的同时要求考生对话题发表自己的意见或分析。因此在复习过程中要着重议论文的写作。2. 六级写作的出题特点及复习重点六级考试的写作题一般都在题干部分给出一个中文的段落框架，告诉学生每一段的大致写作重点。根据这一特点，学生在审题时主要应注意以下几点。1) 抓住要求讨论的话题。2) 确定是否要明确给出自己的观点，决定文章的中心。3) 找出每个段落的主题，针对主题做合理的展开。举例：如何审题 (2006年6月考题)1. 阅读经典书籍对人的成长至关重要2. 现在愿意阅读经典的人越来越少，原因是3. 我们大学生应该怎么做1) 讨论的话题：阅读经典书籍。2) 观点：这篇文章要求考生说明阅读经典书籍的重要性并分析目前经典书籍很少有人阅读的现状，文章结尾还要求考生提出自己的建议。3) 每段主题：第一段：陈述阅读经典书籍非常重要，引出话题。第二段：罗列目前很少有人阅读经典书籍的几大原因。第三段：建议大学生应该做些什么来改变现状。从上述例题可以看出六级考试写作的重点已转化为段落的写作，学生在复习中应当着重以下三点：1) 如何找到idea来展开段落。2) 如何将idea表达成准确的句子。3) 如何将句子有条理地组织成段落。二、 段落的特征1. 统一性：每个段落只有一个主题，段落内的各个句子都应围绕主题展开。练习：语段分析：阅读下列语段，找出语段的主题并分析下文是如何围绕主题展开的。Some people applaud university merger as an important step that universities take to build world-class universities. They argue that only through merging can universities give full play to their own advantages and make up for their disadvantages. Take the merger between Fu Dan University and The First Shanghai Medical University as an example. The latters strength in medical fields complements the former, while the formers strength in the field of high technology complements the latter. They also point out that university mergers will increase the competitive power of Chinese universities in the world.语段主题：_段落展开：_ _ _ _语段主题：applaud university merger段落展开：the first reason: 各高校合并后可以优势互补 + 举例说明 the second reason: 高校合并可提高中国高校的国际竞争力从上述语段可以看出语段展开的四句话都围绕applaud university merger展开,有条理地分析了作者赞成高校合并的理由，与主题紧密相关。仅供教师参考，可用于上课板书。2. 完整性：段落的主题应该被充分展开并在段落结尾对主题作总结，这样作者可以将自己的观点具体清晰地展现给读者。如何展开主题: 一般学生找到一个主题后往往不知道如何展开，建议不妨可以针对主题适当提一些wh-的问题。练习：现在有这样一个主题句要求学生展开There are several reasons why online education is so popular within such a short period of time.从这个主题句显而易见，下面的句子都应围绕网络教育流行的原因展开讨论，但考生往往觉得可以找到convenient, flexible, development of the Internet, many people use the Internet等众多理由但在写作过程中却不知道如何将现有的idea有条理地结合后展开。其实，我们可以从两大方面去考虑这个主题句。Topic: several reasons why online education is so popular within such a short period of timeMany students prefer this form of learning.Many schools provide online education. 针对上一层idea提问Why do they prefer online education? (because they want to study but do not have enough time) 1. Why do they provide online education? (because many students need it; because of the increasing number of Internet users)2. How do they provide the programs in such a short period of time? (because of the development of the Internet)针对上一层idea提问Why do they want to study when they are busy? (because the society develops very quickly and they want to learn something updated.)由上述对idea的梳理，我们大致可以得出两个直接导致online education迅速发展的原因，从而写出一个比较完整的outline1) 社会发展快a) 人们想不断学习提高b) 网络学习的模式为想学习而没时间的人提供了机会2) 网络发展快a) 导致学校有技术条件提供网络教育b) 为网络教育带来了大批学生3. 连贯性：段落的句子应该自然地衔接和过渡，不能够杂乱无章地拼凑在一起。句子在意义上应该有内在的逻辑性和关联性，在形式上应该由一些表示不同逻辑关系的连接词连接。练习：下面的句子是考生针对上述outline education写出的一个语段，但句子之间的逻辑性不强，试将其中的部分句子用适当的词连接，使语段变得比较连贯。 There are several reasons why online education is so popular within such a short period of time. The great pace of modern society urges everyone to study. People who are employed need to update their knowledge or upgrade their skills. They dont have enough time. Online education provides an opportunity for them to study on a flexible basis. More and more employed people prefer to choose this form of learning. The development of the Internet leads to the growing popularity of online education. With the Internet technology, schools are well-equipped to provide programs online. The growing number of the Internet users results in the increasing enrollment of many online programs. There are several reasons why online education is so popular within such a short period of time. Firstly, the great pace of modern society urges everyone to study. For example, people who are employed need to update their knowledge or upgrade their skills but they dont have enough time. And online education provides an opportunity for them to study on a flexible basis. Therefore, more and more employed people prefer to choose this form of learning. In addition, the development of the Internet also leads to the growing popularity of online education. On the one hand, with the Internet technology, schools are well-equipped to provide programs online. On the other hand, the growing number of the Internet users results in the increasing enrollment of many online programs. 仅供教师参考三、 文章开头的写作1. 文章开头段的结构及中心句1) 开头段的特点 开头段的作用是自然地引出要论述的中心 开头段的重要部分是中心句2) 开头段的结构六级考试的开头段落一般包括以下两个部分 比较宽泛地谈论和文章话题相关的概念，引出话题 点出文章的中心或给出主体段落的大纲3) 中心句 中心句表明全文讨论的焦点 中心句也可以指明文章主体段落讨论的几大主题 对六级考试的作文，中心句一般位于开头段落的最后一句练习：以下是题为Advantages of Part-time Job一文的开头段，试对1）到4）句所讨论内容做一分析。At present, more and more university students are doing part-time jobs. （1）They work as shop assistants, salespersons, waiters and so on. （2）Like everything else, having a part-time has both favorable and unfavorable aspects. （3）Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows. （4）开头段结构示意1）3）4）2)开头段结构示意1）university students doing part-time jobs （所谈内容比较宽泛，引出本文讨论的话题）3）favorable and unfavorable aspects （向本文的中心advantages of part-time job靠近）4）advantages can be listed as follows （引出本文的中心：讨论做兼职的advantages）2)different part-time jobs （将话题范围缩小）参考板书2. 开头写作的几种常见方法：1) 社会现象式开头：以介绍某一社会现象或热点引出文章中心如：1998年1月六级考题My View on Fake Commodities第一段要求考生介绍“假冒伪劣商品猖獗”这一社会现象。It is indeed the case that our society has seen an increase in fake commodities. Statistics shows that 90 percent of those who were questioned admitted to having been tricked into purchasing fake products. What harm do they do to us and what action can we take to prevent further increase.在这类开头中的常用表达：a) With结构With the rapid improvement in more and more/sth. have/has done.With the growing awareness of e.g. With the advent of information technology and its universal popularity around the world, peoples ways of entertainment have been greatly transformed. b) 用表示近期的时间状语开头 Recently, sth./the problem ofhas been brought to attention/has become the focus of public concern.e.g. Recently, the problem of unemployment has become the chief concern of countries around the world.练习：套用这一模式为2004年1月六级考题写开头段Reduce Waste on Campus (CET6 2004.1)1. 有些大学校园浪费现象日益严重2. 浪费的危害 3. 杜绝浪费, 从我做起It is indeed the case that the problem of waste on campus is becoming increasingly serious. Food is discarded just because it does not taste good and the table in the dining hall is often heaped with unfinished dishes. It seems some college students no longer cherish the virtue of thrift today.参考答案2) 个人观点式开头：以某一种观点或以两种对立的观点引出文章中心如：1996年1月六级考题Why I Take the College English Test Band 6 第一段要求学生阐述“有人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试”。There arises a controversial topic as to whether it is necessary for a college student to take CET-6. Views on the issue in question vary widely. Quite a few students think it unnecessary to take CET-6. They hold this view because CET-6 is not compulsory and they can get a degree so long as they pass CET-4. However, I think it necessary and beneficial to take CET-6. The reasons for this can be addressed as follows.在这类开头中的常用表达：a) Although /While结构Although some people claim that, I believe e.g. Although some people claim that information technology will make people less creative, I believe that whether the Internet will enhance or impair peoples creativity depends totally on how they use it.b) However连接两种不同观点的结构 e.g. Many people are excited about space exploration. However, others feel it is a massive waste of money. This essay will look at some of the arguments for and against space exploration.练习：套用这一模式为1997年6月六级考题写开头段My View on Job-Hopping (CET6 97.6)1. 有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作, 因为2. 有些人喜欢经常更换工作, 因为3. 我的看法。When it comes to job-hopping, peoples attitudes vary from person to person. Some tend to think that job hopping is a reflection of incompetence and lack of loyalty. Unless they are forced to quit their job, they would stick to the same post for a considerable length of time and take great pride in their faithfulness. They are convinced that long service in an institution ensures everything, ranging from salary, benefits, promotion and training参考答案. 3) 图表数据描述式开头：对考题给定的图表进行描述引出文章话题和中心如：2002年6月六级考题要求学生对给定表格描述某校大学生使用计算机的情况Student Use of Computers (CET4&6 2002.6)(Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week) The chart shows a rapid increase in the average number of hours a student spent on a computer per week in a university between 1990 and 2000. In l990, a student spent only about 2 hours a week on a computer while in l995 this figure rose to 4 hours. In 2000, however, the average number of hours spent by a student soared to 20 hours. 在这类开头中的常用表达：a) 图表写作开头句写作公式Type of ChartAppropriate VerbDescriptionTheillustrationgraphpie chartbar charttableshowsillustratespresentscomparesrepresentsthe number of the proportion of information on data on the percentage of b) 图表写作数据变化趋势的两大句型 There be 结构There was a + adj. + trend (n.) in + 变化的内容There was a slight growth in car ownership over the past three years.主谓结构变化内容+trend (v.)+ adv.The number of university graduates decreased sharply from 1960 to 1970.常见变化趋势的词汇练习：套用这一模式为2006年6月六级考题写开头段Student Use of Computers (CET4&6 2002.6)Number of people in City X traveling abroad in 1995, 2000 and 2005 (CET6 2006.6)0200004000060000800001000001200001400001995200020051. 近十年来X市有越来越多的人选择出境旅游2. 出现这种现象的原因3. 这种现象可能产生的影响The period 19952005 witnessed a rapid increase in the number of people in City X traveling abroad. As can be seen, in 1995, only about 10,000 people in this city went overseas while in 1995 this number quickly rose to 40,000. In 2005, however the number of overseas traveler surged to over 120,000, which is more than 10 times as many as that of 1995. 参考答案4) 自问自答式开头：以设问句引起读者注意，引出中心如：1991年1月六级考题Bicycle-An Important Means of Transport in China 要求学生在开头段讨论为什么自行车在中国这样普及Why is a bicycle so popular in China? There are several reasons. First, it is not expensive and almost every family can afford it. Second, it is more convenient to go to work by bicycle than by bus. Buses are nowadays so crowded during the rush hour that you may waste a lot of time. Going by bike saves you time and also it is easy for you to control your time. Besides, it takes less space to park it. Whats more, riding a bicycle is a good sport to exercise your body. 练习：套用这一模式为问题写开头段Can Money Buy Happiness?1) 有人认为金钱是幸福之本( source of happiness )2) 也有人认为金钱是万恶之源( root of evil )3) 我的看法Can money buy happiness? Different people have different answers. Some people think that money is all powerful. With money, they can buy whatever they want. With money, they can do whatever they like. So, in their minds, money is the source of happiness.参考答案5) 引用名人名言或谚语的开头如：2003年1月的六级考题It Pays to Be Honest要求学生讨论“当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象” “Honesty is the best policy”, as an old English saying goes. Being a lofty virtue, it is supposed to be cherished by people from all walks of life. However, there are a lot of cases of dishonesty in a wide range of circles in our daily life. In business, for instance, some world famous corporations have committed some immoral blunders and cheated their employees and stockholders. In political circle, some officials abuse their power to get illegal money. And at college, some dishonest students cheat on exams for higher scores. All these have brought about a negative effect on social morality.练习：套用这一模式为1997年1月六级考题写开头段Haste Makes Waste (CET6 97.1)1. 为什么 “欲速则不达”?2. 举例说明。 There is a popular saying, “haste makes waste”, which suggests that the faster one tries to finish, the longer it seems to take him. Indeed, undue priority to speed will, more often than not, lead to undesirable consequences. 参考答案 四、 段落的展开1. 主题句的写作主题句的作用及特点 主题句通常是段落开头第一句话，明确所在段落要讨论的主要内容。 主题句只能包含一个主题，段落中的其他句子都必须围绕这一主题展开。 主题句不能过于宽泛也不能过于具体。如：以下是两个不同段落的主题句：l People all think that college experience is the happiest period in ones life.l I value my college life because I enjoy the valuable friendship resulting from the life at college.这里两个句子的共同点是：都和college life相关，但是每个段落所描写的却是college life的不同方面。第一句话所在段落会着重于介绍人们为什么会觉得college experience is the happiest period in ones life而第二句所在段落则侧重于life at college中的valuable friendship. 如果我们用I like my college life来做这两个段落的主题句，那么就会显得比较宽泛；如果我们用Many friends helped me in college来做这两个段落的主题又太过具体。练习：为下列语段选择一个合适的主题句 A few days in the home of a friendly family can help the student make the change to a new environment. A host family can help the student learn about American customs and family life and social and cultural activities in the community. Most importantly, the host family can be friends in the community which the student may turn to in the difficult period of cultural adjustment. Topic Sentencesc) Arriving in a foreign country can be a confusing experience for a new student from abroad.d) Because being a new foreign student can be a lonely and difficult experience, staying with a host family is helpful and comforting.e) A host family can learn a great deal about foreign people and their cultures by offering hospitality to a foreign student.答案：b2. 几种段落展开的方式1) 罗列法：把所要包含的写作内容要点罗列起来，逐一论述。A. 常用于罗列的过渡词语和可供参考的句型to begin with firstly, secondly, etc., at firstFirst second thenin the first / second (etc.) placelastly, finally, at lastThe first thing to be considered isThe first thing we have to consider isB. 用罗列法展开的段落There are various ways for a student to pay his tuition and fees. To begin with, if the student is quite excellent in his studies, he can apply for scholarship. Secondly, especially in China, he can always depends on his parents for all kinds of expenditure, including living allowances. Besides, he can choose to turn to the bank for a loan to pay his way through university, which he can repay after graduation. If he finds all the above not desirable, he still has another road to take - to do a part-time job and work his way through.2) 举例法: 在段落中作者运用实际的例子来证明自己观点的方法。A. 常用于举例的过渡词语和可供参考的句型for examplefor instancesuch (as)Another example I remember iscan serve as an exampleB. 用举例法展开的段落Fake commodities do harm to individual consumers as well as our society in many ways. They can bring about great loss in both properties and lives. A case in point is that if a consumer buys some fake medicines, the medicines wont cure him of his illness but probably kill him instead. What is more, the production of fake commodities is a great danger to our society. So every one of us has the duty to fight against fake commodities for our society and for ourselves. 3) 因果法：A. 常用于因果法的过渡词语和可供参考的句型The cause of / reason for is .One consequence / One result / The effect ofisAs a consequence, / As a result, / Because of this, / Consequently, / For this reason, / Therefore, / Thus, B. 用因果法展开的段落The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests sever as role models for other women. 4) 比较法和对比法：比较法（comparison）和对比法（contrast）既有类似之处又有不同之处。比较法的主题是指出两件事物的相同点，对比法的主题则是指出两件事物的不同点A. 常用于比较和对比的过渡词语和可供参考的句型表示相同的词语有：表示不同的词语有:likewisesimilarlybothneither.norA and B are alike(exactly) the same ashoweveron the other handin contrast toon the contrarydifferent fromnot as.asUnlike A, . WhileWhereasbutA and B are dissimilar in that. The main difference/ Another difference/ One of the differences between A and B is that., With regard to., A is.than B.B. 用比较或对比展开的段落There is no doubt that those poor manners have a negative impact on library users. On the one hand, mobile phones are a distraction for those who use mobile phones, for they can hardly focus on reading. On the other hand, such behaviors cause disturbance to other users. Its very important for users to maintain a quiet atmosphere since the Library is a place for study and research.五、 结尾段落的写作1. 结尾段的作用：总结全文的讨论，得出作者的结论，再现或强调文章的主题。六、 两种六级考试常见的结尾段落的写作方法1) 给开头段中提出的问题提供答案或解决方法如：2005年6月六级写作题Say No to Pirated Products1. 目前盗版现象比较严重2. 造成这种现象的原因及危害3. 我们应该怎么做（开头段）Nowadays the problem of piracy has become increasingly prevalent. Pirated VCD discs, pirated