11 Part 2 Unit 1.doc

11 Part 2 Unit 1.A: The World of ControlIntroductionThe word control is usually taken to mean.regulate, direct, or command.regulate rejuleitvt.管理, 控制; 使遵守规章使有条理, 使整齐调节(温度、速度等); 调整, 校准 (机器、钟表等)direct direkt,dairektadj.径直的; 直接的; 最近的直的; 直系的直率的; 坦白的恰好的; 全然的 指挥command km:ndvt.命令统帅， 指挥把握， 支配， 管理， 控制， 操作远望； 俯视博得， 得到（同情等）控制一词通常是指管理、指挥或控制。Control systems abound in our environment. abound baundvi.(物产)丰富, 盛产; 富有, 充满我们周围有很多控制系统。In the most abstract sense it is possible to consider every physical object as a control system.从最抽象的意义上讲，可以每个物理对象都作为一个控制系统。abstract bstrktadj.抽象的; 理论上的, 不现实的深奥的, 难以了解的Control systems designed by humans are used to extend their physical capabilities, to compensate for their physical limitations, to relieve them of routine or tedious tasks, or to save money.人们设计控制系统来拓展他们的身体功能，补偿他们的生理限制，以减轻他们的日常或单调乏味的工作，或节省资金。compensate kmpnseitvt.补偿， 偿还 酬报（for） In a modern aircraft, for example, the power boost controls amplify the force applied by the pilot to move the control surfaces against large aerodynamic forces.例如，在现代飞机上，飞行员利用控制系统来推动飞机，以抵消空气巨大的反作用力。boost bu:stvt.推; 升, 提美俚加强速, 增加高; 促进; 提高; 支援美俚吹捧(候选人等); 宣传【电】升增压; 放大amplify mplifaivt.扩大; 放大; 展开扩充; 详述增强(电压、电源等); 推广pilot pailtn.飞行员, 飞机驾驶员领港员, 领航员, 引水员; 舵手; 航海指南aerodynamic rudainmikadj.空气动力学的, 气体动力学的The reaction time of a human pilot is too slow to enable him or her to fly an aircraft with a lightly damped Dutch roll mode without the addition of a yaw damper system.飞行员的反应速度太慢，如果不附加阻尼偏航系统，飞行员就无法通过轻微阻尼的侧倾转向方式来驾驶飞机。damped 阻尼的;衰减的;阻尼的Dutch dtadj.荷兰(人)的; 荷兰语的; 荷兰制的; 荷兰式的美方、口德国人的; 条顿民族的roll rulvt.使滚转动使(烟、尘)滚滚而上升, 滚滚推进(浪、水等)mode mudn.方式, 方法样式, 款模式, 体裁; 习惯种类风尚, 流行; 时髦【语】(=mood)语气【音】(古希腊的)旋法调, (近代的)调式最频值, 出现频率最大值; 众数, 众值, 密集数, 范数yaw j:n.(船、飞机等)偏航(角), 侧滑(角)damper dmpn.令人扫兴的人事, 起抑制作用的因素(火炉等的)节气阀【电】阻尼器; 减震器, 减摆器, 消音器, 制动减速器【音】(钢琴 的)制音器美俚现金记录机, 银行推力调整器; 调节板; 风档; (调节)风门An autopilot (flight control system) relives the pilot of the task of continuously operating the controls to maintain the desired heading, altitude, and attitude.maintain menteinvt.保持; 维持; 继续供养; 扶养维修, 保养(机器、道路等)坚持, 维护; 主张, 拥护运用转, 开动, 操作heading hedin.标题; 题目(足球中的)顶球斩首; (鱼)去头; (植物的)打尖, 摘心【航空】(飞行)方向,【航海】艏向, 航向; 方向; 磁向altitude ltitju:dn.地球表面上的高度; 海拔高度地平纬度attitude titju:dn.姿势态度, 看法【军】飞行姿态 舞蹈姿势 层态 偏位角自动驾驶仪（飞行控制系统）将飞行员从不断操作控制中解放出来，这些控制有：保持理想的航向; 高度和角度。 Freed of this routine task, the pilot can perform other tasks, such as navigation and/or communications, thus reducing the number of crew required and consequently the operating cost of the aircraft.navigation nvieinn.航行; 航海; 航空航行学; 航海航空术导航, 领航communication kmju:nikeinn.通讯； 交流（思想）； 交换（情报）传染疾病传达的信息， 消息， 信件consequently knskwntladv., conj.所以，因此从这些日常工作中解放出来后，飞行员可以完成其它工作，如：导航和/或通讯；这样可以减少工作人员的数量，因而，飞行的运行成本也可以降下来。In many cases, the design of control system is based on some theory rather than intuition or trail-and-error. intuition intju(:)inn.直感, 直觉知识事物, 直觉力trail treiln.痕迹, 足迹; 踏成的路, 小径流星的尾; (飞机在空中的)雾化尾迹; 余波, 余线一串, 一系列trail-and-error经验和错误在很多情况下，控制系统的设计是基于一些理论而不是直观感觉或经验和错误。Control theory is used for dealing with the dynamic response of a system to commands, regulations, or disturbances.disturbancedist:bnsn.动乱, 骚乱打扰, 不安; (身心等方面的)障碍, 失调【无】干扰;【气】扰动; 【地质】(地壳的)局部运动控制理论用在处理一个系统的动态响应：命令，调整或扰动。 The application of control theory has essentially two phasesdynamic analysis and control system design.phase feizn.阶段局面, 方面, 侧面, 状态, 形势控制系统有两个主要的应用阶段：动态分析与控制系统设计。The analysis phase is concerned with determination of the response of a plant (the controlled object) to commands, disturbances, and changes in the plant parameters.disturbance dist:bnsn.动乱, 骚乱打扰, 不安; (身心等方面的)障碍, 失调parameter prmitn.【数】参数量, 项, 词; 变数, 特性; 补助变数(结晶体的)标轴; 半晶轴(根据基底时间, 劳动力, 工具, 管理等)工业生产预测法在动态分析阶段，与决定飞机（被控制物）对命令、扰动和飞机参数的改变等响应有关。 If the dynamic response is satisfactory, there need be no second phase.如果动态响应满足要求，则不需要进行第二阶段。 If the response is unsatisfactory and modification of the plant is unacceptable, a design phase is necessary to select the control elements (the controller) needed to improve the dynamic performance to acceptable levels.modification mdifikeinn.变更, 修正; 改进; 缓和; 限制; 修改; 减轻如果动态响应不能满足需求，飞机无法修正，则需要进行设计阶段，以选择控制元件（控制器），从而将动态响应提高到可以接受的程度。Control theory itself has two categories; Classical and modern. Classical control theory, which had its start during World War II, can be characterized by the transfer function concept with analysis and design principally in the Lap lace and frequency domains. Modern control theory has arisen with the advent of high-speed digital computers and can be characterized by the state variable concept with emphasis on matrix algebra and with analysis and design principally in the time domain. As might be expected, each approach has its advantages and disadvantages as well as its proponents and detractors.Control System Engineering Design ProblemControl system engineer