【备战】全国高考英语试题8、9月分类汇编 C单元 阅读理解 C8 科普知识类（含解析）(1).doc

c8 科普知识类【英语卷（解析）2015届云南省玉溪一中高三上学期第一次月考（201409）】c people from east asia tend to have more difficulty than those from europe in distinguishing facial expressions-and a new report published online in current biology explains why.rachael jack, university of glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly across a face as westerners do, easterners fix their attention on the eyes. “we show that easterners and westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions,” jack said. “westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, while easterners favor the eyes and ignore the mouth.” according to jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. as a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used reliably to convey emotion in cross-cultural situations. the researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the facial movements of 13 western people and 13 eastern people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, or angry. they compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies. it turned out that easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than westerners did. “the cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions,” jack said. “our data suggest that while westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.” in short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. from here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, easterners and westerners will find themselves lost in translation.29. the discovery shows that westerners_.a. pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth b. consider facial expressions universally reliablec. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways d. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expression30. what were the people asked to do in the study?a. to make a face at each other b. to get their faces impressivec. to classify some face pictures d. to observe the researchers faces31. what does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 6 refer to?a. the participants in the study b. the researchers of the studyc. the errors made in the study d. the data collected from the study32. in comparison with the westerners, easterners are likely to_. a. do translation more successfully b. study the mouth frequently c. examine the eyes more attentively d. read facial expressions more correctly 【答案】【知识点】c8 科普知识类 【文章综述】本文主要讲述的是东西方人之间是如何表述自己的感情的，经过科研研究，西方方更关注脸部表情，东方人更关注眼睛。【答案解析】29. a。解析：细节题，根据第三段的westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure,判断选a。30 c。解析：推理题，根据第四段的the researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the facial movements of 13 western people and 13 eastern people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, or angry可知在研究中让参加研究的人将那些脸部表情分类，故选c。31. a。解析：推理题。根据短文前文提到的此处they应是代指前面的参加实验研究的easters和westers，故选a。32. c。解析：推断题。根据文章倒数第二段的our data suggest that while westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, easterners use the eyes more and mouth less可知东方人更关注眼睛。故选c。 【英语卷（解析）2015届湖南省师大附中高三第一次月考（201409）】cconventional wisdom says that hardship can make us old before our time. in fact, a new study suggests that violence not only leaves longterm scars on childrens bodies, but also changes their dna, causing changes that are equal to seven to ten years of premature aging.scientists measured this by studying the ends of childrens chromosomes(染色体), called telomeres, says idan shalev, lead author of a study published in molecular psychiatry.telomeres are special dna sequences which prevent the dna in chromosomes from separating. they get shorter each time a cell divides, until a cell cannot divide any more and dies.several factors have been found to shorten telomeres, including smoking, radiation and psychological stresses such as being treated badly when young and taking care of a chronically ill person.in this study, researchers examined whether exposure to violence could make childrens telomeres shorten faster than normal. they interviewed the mothers of 236 children at ages 5, 7 and 10, asking whether the youngsters had been exposed to domestic violence between the mother and her partner; physical maltreatment by an adult; or bullying. researchers measured the childrens telomeresin cells obtained by swabbing the insides of their cheeksat ages 5 and 10.telomeres shortened faster in kids exposed to two or more types of violence, says shalev. unless that pattern changes, the study suggests, these kids could be expected to develop diseases of aging, such as heart attacks or memory loss, seven to 10 years earlier than their peers.shalev says there is hope for these kids. his study found that, in rare cases, telomeres can lengthen. better nutrition, exercise and stress reduction are three things that may be able to lengthen telomeres, he says. the study confirms a smallbutgrowing number of studies suggesting that early childhood adversity imprints itself in our chromosomes, says charles nelson, a professor of pediatrics and neuroscience at harvard medical school.66. the new study found that _.a. hardship has a longterm effect on a childs mindb. violence leaves scars on a childs mindc. violence can speed up a childs agingd. hardship can change a childs aging (b)67. according to the text, telomeres _.a. are at the ends of peoples chromosomesb. can help prevent dna from separatingc. can make a cell die quicklyd. become shorter before they die68. all of the following things can shorten telomeres except _.a. maltreatment b. cell divisionc. smoking d. doing exercise69. which of the following is true, according to the text?a. violence can cause quick cell division in childrens body.b. researchers measured the childrens telomeres from their legs in the study.c. being treated badly will make a childs telomeres shorten faster.d. children who have shorter telomeres may have a heart attack earlier.70. what is the best title for the text?a. violence aging childrens dnab. childrens changing dna patternsc. violence and telomeresd. the function of telomeres【答案】【知识点】c8 科普知识类 【文章综述】本文主要叙述了一些发展中国家女孩受教育的现状以及给社会带来的不利影响，呼吁人们重视最女孩的教育。【答案解析】66.c. 解析:细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“in fact, a new study suggests that violence not only leaves longterm scars on childrens bodies, but also changes their dna, causing changes that are equal to seven to ten years of premature aging.”，可知，c是正确答案。67.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“telomeres are special dna sequences which prevent the dna in chromosomes from separating.”可知，端粒是dna 的序列，可以阻止染色体中的dna 分裂。根据第二段中“.by studying the ends of childrens chromosomes(染色体), called telomeres，”可知a项错误； 根据第三段中“they get shorter each time a cell divides, until a cell cannot divide any more and dies.”可知c、d项错误。68.d解析：细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“several factors have been found to shorten telomeres, including smoking, radiation and psychological stresses such as being treated badly when young and taking care of a chronically ill person.”以及倒数第二段“better nutrition, exercise and stress reduction are three things that may be able to lengthen telomeres, he says.”可以推知，做运动不能使端粒变短反而是变长。69.d。推理判断题。根据文章第五段最后一句“in cells obtained by swabbing the insides of their cheeksat ages 5 and 10”可以推知b是错误项；由第六段“telomeres shortened faster in kids exposed to two or more types of violence”可知c项错误；a项文中未提及。由第六段“the study suggests, these kids could be expected to develop diseases of aging, such as heart attacks or memory loss, seven to 10 years earlier than their peers”可知d项正确。70.a。主旨大意题。 根据全文的内容可知，文章描述了主要说明了暴力会加速dna中端粒的变短而让孩子们提前衰老，而a 项能很好地概括文章的主旨。【英语卷(解析)2015届河南省顶级名校高三入学定位考试（201408）】asince the 1970s, scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. brain-computer interface(bci) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.recently, two researchers, jose milan and michele tavella from the federal polytechnic school in lausanne, switzerland, demonstrated a small robotic wheelchair directed by a persons thoughts.in the laboratory, tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right band. he could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.“our brain has billions of nerve cells. these send signals through the spinal cord （脊髓）to the muscles to give us the ability to move. but spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles,” tavella says. “our system allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices.”the researchers designed a special cap for the user. this head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(头皮) and sends them to a computer. the computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. the wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. they help the computer react to commands from the brain. prof. milan, the team leader, says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple commands. “the practical possibilities that bci technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories: communication, and controlling devices. one example is this wheelchair.”he says his team has set two goals. one is testing with real patients, so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from. and the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time.1. bci is a technology that can _.a. help to update computer systems b. link the human brain with computersc. help the disabled to recover d. control a persons thoughts 2. how did tavella operate the wheelchair in the laboratory? a. by controlling his muscles. b. by talking to the machine. c. by moving his hand. d. by using his mind.3. which of the following shows the path of the signals described in paragraph 5?a. scalpcomputercapwheelchairb. computercapscalpwheelchairc. scalpcapcomputerwheelchaird. capcomputerscalpwheelchair4. the team will test with real patients to _. a. make profits from them b. prove the technology useful to themc. make them live longer d. learn about their physical condition5. which of the following would be the best title for the text?a. switzerland, the bci research centerb. new findings about how the human brain worksc. bci could mean more freedom for the disabledd. robotic vehicles could help to cure brain injuries【答案】【知识点】c8 科普知识类【文章综述】本文主要讲述了电脑与人的大脑和脊椎等之间如何建立联系，以更好地为人类服务。【答案解析】1. b。解析：细节题，根据第一段brain-computer interface(bci) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines可知brain-computer帮助残疾人将大脑的信息传递给电脑，也就是在大脑和电脑之间建立联系。故选b。2. d。解析：细节题，根据第三段in the laboratory, tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right band可知tavella在实验室是用大脑操作轮椅，故选d。3. c。解析：排序题。根据第五段this head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(头皮) and sends them to a computer. the computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair可知c的排序正确。 4. b。解析：细节题。根据最后一段one is testing with real patients, so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.可知用真正的病人验证就是为了证明它们是否对病人有用，故选b5. c。解析：概括题。通读全文，并根据文章关键段第一段判断文章的题目选c。【英语卷(解析)2015届河北省唐山市高三9月模拟考试（201409）word版】b the cuban iguana is a species of lizard（蜥蜴） of the iguana family it is the largest of the west indian rock iguanas, one of the most endangered groups of lizards this species with red eyes and a thick tail is one of the largest lizards in the caribbean the cuban iguana is primarily herbivorous; 95% of its diet consists of the leaves, flowers and fruits from as many as 30 plant species, including the seaside rock bush and various grasses however, cuban iguanas occasionally consume animal matter, and individuals have been observed eating the dead flesh of birds, fish and crabs, the researchers wrote that quite a few people on isla magueyes could have caused this incident the cuban iguana is distributed throughout the rocky southern coastal areas of mainland cuba and its surrounding islands with a wild population booming on isla magueyes, puerto rico it is also found on the cayman islands of little cayman and cayman brac, where a separate subspecies occurs females guard their nest sites and often nest in sites half destroyed by cuban crocodiles to avoid the attack from them, the cuban iguana often makes its home within or near prickly-pear cacti （仙人掌） in general the species is in decline, more quickly on the mainland than on the outlying islands one of the reasons for their decline is habitat destruction caused by the over consuming of farm animals, housing development, and the building of tourist resorts on the beaches where the animals prefer to build their nests although the wild population is in decline, the numbers of iguanas have been sharply increased as a result of captive-breeding（圈养） and other conservation programs25the underlined word herbivorous （paragraph 2） probably means a dangerous b gentle c plant-eating d flesh-eating26why does the cuban iguana build its nest near prickly-pear cacti? a to keep itself cool b to get the food easily c to stay away from people d to avoid crocodiles attack27how many reasons are mentioned for the habitat destruction? a two b three c, four d five28whats the authors purpose of writing the text? a to give us a brief introduction to the cuban iguana b to show he is concerned about the cuban iguana c to explain reasons for the cuban iguanas declined to draw peoples attention to the endangered cuban iguana【答案】【知识点】c8 科普知识类 【文章综述】本文是篇科普类文章介绍是古巴岩鬣蜥的形状，饮食，分布及栖息地被破坏的现状。【答案解析】25.c 词意猜测。根据第二段提到95% of its diet consists of the leaves, flowers and fruits from as many as 30 plant species, including the seaside rock bush and various grasses百分之九十五他的饮食包括叶，花，水果多达30个物种，故食草型动物，故选c项。26.d 细节理解题。根据第三段提到to avoid the attack from them, the cuban iguana often makes its home within or near prickly-pear cacti可知为了避免来自他人的攻击，故选d项。27.b 细节理解题。根据最后一段提到one of the reasons for their decline is habitat destruction caused by the over consuming of farm animals, housing development, and the building of tourist resorts on the beaches where the animals prefer to build their nests可知被破坏原因是农场动物的消费造成的栖息地的破坏,房地产开发和建设旅游度假村，故选b项。28.a 推断题。第一段是对它的所属家庭的介绍，第二段介绍它的饮食，第三段讲它的分布，第四段讲面临灭绝的原因，故选a项。【英语卷(解析)2015届河北省衡水中学高三小一调考试（201408）扫描版】cits illegal for the police to attach a gps unit to your car without your permission, as the u.s. supreme court settled in 2012. but if the police are in hot pursuit of a bank robber or other escaping criminals that threaten public safety, a gps tracker is acceptable. but exactly how can the police gps track a car that is moving fast?the answer to that question comes from starchase, a new police technology being used by a small-but growing number of law enforcement agencies. it allows the police to fire 4.5-inch glue-covered gps bullet-like projectiles (发射体) from an air gun fixed in their police cars. if the gps tracker makes contact with the escaping robbers car, itll stick no matter how fast the vehicle is going. that way, the police will have a constant read on the cars location and heading. aside from simply apprehending (逮捕) criminals, its believed this new technology could help save lives. if the police successfully fire a gps unit at a speeding criminal, they can pull back from a high-risk chase. chases can be incredibly dangerous to all involved, including innocent bystanders and other drivers. once the gps bullet connects, theres no need for the chase any longer.now, predictably, a gps-loaded gun isnt cheap. police departments need to pay about $5,000 per vehicle for the technology, and individual gps bullets cost as much as $250 each. that may sound expensive, but remember: the alternative is often thousands of dollars in property damage, and great human cost in injury and lost life. according to star chase, their gps bullet system has an apprehension rate of 80% without any report of injury or property damage. if youd like to learn more about the starchase system, popular mechanics has just published a good article about it. theres also plenty more information available at the companys website.28. when the gps bullet sticks to the escaping robbers car, the police can_ .a. know the cars condition b. ensure the robbers safetyc. play a fair game with the robber d. know the cars position and direction29.the gps bullets could help save lives mainly becausea. the bullets wont hurt people b. they can make the robbers car stopc. the police can stop the dangerous chasingd. they have more advantages than normal bullets30.from the text we can learn that gps bullets a. are useful for the police b. are widely used in americac. c