伦敦2012奥运会_赛后可持续性_杰夫_布尔克.pdf

92 WA 2013 08 北京奥运赛后利用策略研究 众所周知 任何一个成功的奥运会赛后策略都 需提前数年开始制定 至于伦敦奥运会 早在它成 功的投标文件里就已涵盖了这种可持续性的遗产策 略 伦敦的办会原则之一 即决不建造没有赛后可 持续经营计划的永久场馆 用谚语说就是 不要白 象 华而不实 历史上很多城市都曾有意建造大型场馆 然而 由于不能制定有效的方案 妥善处置赛后留下的无 用而昂贵的遗产建筑 这些想法终被搁置 因此从一开始 伦敦就计划使用现有场馆和临 时场馆来满足赛会场地的要求 虽然游泳中心是一 座新建的永久场馆 但其中临时性的楼段赛后即被 拆除 如今 这个建筑被改造成一座世界级的国际 中心 并对公众开放 在奥运会之前 伦敦并没 有类似的建筑设施 此举使它成为一个将永久性 新建筑与临时建筑良好结合 以实现可持续性的 成功案例 ESG 顾问公司因其参与策划的两座大型临时场 馆而自豪不已 水球馆和皇家炮兵营 射击馆 两座场馆都是临时性建筑 现已完全从场地中拆除 皇家炮兵营的场地已回归公有 而水球馆所在地块 已可供开发 建造这两座世界级场馆的所有配件都已收纳入 库 并随时可投放于其他工程 1 临时性 可持续性与遗产 为什么采用临时性建筑 人们可以通过世界级标准的建筑设计和施工 在所需地点建造赛会临时场馆 赛后即拆除 在场 馆基址的选择范围上 这种方式为赛会组织者提供 了更大的自由度 即可在格林威治公园和皇家骑兵 卫队阅兵场这样不可能兴建永久性场馆的地标点 建造赛会用房 这两个地标建筑历史性地向全世界 展现了独一无二而又活力四射的伦敦 倘若不使用 临时性方案 这是不可能实现的 组织者在举办任何规模的活动时 都需考虑建 筑的可持续性这一关键因素 临时性建筑独具整体 可持续性 它的使用往往会使活动更加圆满 临时 场馆基本上都由市场中租赁的配件建造而成 因此 组织者可以按赛会所需时间租用 之后再予以归还 这些配件随后即可以投放到其他工程中 由于这些 配件持久耐用 数年中可多次使用 伦敦所有的临 时场馆采用的都是构件装配式做法 场馆拆解后 配件归还各家租赁公司 临时场馆还可通过另一种途径成为永久性建 筑 尽管临时建筑存在时间有限 但它们也需满足 较高的使用要求 数以千计的人将在这短短的一段 时间里 高频率地使用这座建筑 因此它们需要提 供给使用者与永久建筑同等的安全感和舒适感 然 而某个特定的城市空间往往并不需要一座这样的永 久建筑 它只是奥运会所必须的 因此模数化设 计的方法就可帮助实现 临时 建筑从奥运会场向 赛后更为 永久 的地点的成功迁移 射击馆的两 座建筑就是此方法的最佳诠释 组合区和 25m 区如 今都已拆解完毕 并将在英国国内其他地方组装成 永久建筑 此做法最终的结果既具有可持续性 又 兼具很大的遗产价值 伦敦奥运会对于临时场馆的广泛使用 堪称真 正意义上的赛会创新之处 也为奥运场馆的可持续 建设树立了标准 供其他国家和城市借鉴 对于现 有场馆加以使用的策略 的确能使小城市和欠发达 国家同样拥有申办和举办重大赛会的机会 同时大 幅降低了赛会成本 这一想法可谓是伦敦方案的自然延伸 因为模 数体系可以运用于全球各类体育场馆 不只是奥运 会 还包括所有重大赛会的会场 国际足联 英联 邦运动会 欧洲运动会 泛美运动会完全均可采用 临时建筑方案 以期更快 更经济地建造赛会的基 础设施 2 成本 使用临时建筑更合算么 如果通盘考虑永久场馆的全周期成本 而且又 没有赛后经营方案所带来的经济回报 那么 临时 建筑显然更为合算 在第一个案例中 临时场馆的实际建造成本与 营建永久建筑相差无几 不过当临时建筑迁往别处 继续使用后 成本就大幅降低了 此外 租赁配件的广泛使用也能降低成本 组 织者可以根据赛期租用配件 赛后归还 赛后这些 临时建筑一经拆解 既可回归入库 也可异地复建 而临时建筑迁移的目的地既可是另一个会场 也可 以是永久的遗产归属地 3 不只是体育场馆的遗产 不同寻常的是 伦敦奥运会永恒的遗产是它并 没有留下什么 在赛会的规划阶段 每一座伦敦奥 运会场馆都有可持续的经营方案 伦敦现在拥有世 界级的室内自行车赛馆和水上运动中心 在漫长的 协商之后 该奥林匹克体育馆将作为英超赛场投入 伦敦2012奥运会 赛后可持续性 Post Event Sustainability London 2012 Olympics 杰夫 布尔克 Jeff Burke 尚晋 译 Translated by SHANG Jin 作者单位 ESG顾问公司 ES Global Ltd 收稿日期 2013 07 05 1 WA 2013 08 93 Post Olympic Reuse Beijing 使用 并同时保持其多功能性 当然 这些经验也 可以从体育馆的遗产规划中率先获得 可以这样说 千年穹今日的闻名遐迩正是因为 O2 堪称今天世界 上最成功的运动场 4 结论 奥运遗产远远超出了赛后留下的场馆建筑本 身 伦敦赛会留下的巨大遗产是整个东伦敦的复 兴 这足以改善了数百万人的日常生活 诚然 若没有奥运会的催化作用 一切变革是不可能不 日而成的 事实上 赛会场馆的全周期成本 必须在规划 过程中就给予充分考虑 组织者假如无法为场馆制 定一个可持续的赛后经营方案 那就不应建造它 当这座建筑在赛后被废弃时 后续维护和最终拆除 的成本将远远超过规划详尽的临时建筑 世界范围内现有的技术和专业水平 足以创 造出高成本收益的世界级可持续性临时场馆 未 来 这将使得各国城市皆有能力举办经济 可持 续的体育赛会 一旦避免了废弃闲置 定位错误 选址不当的场馆所带来的公共资金浪费 人们即 能投入更多的资源去造就真正永久可持续的建筑 遗产 Of course any successful post Olympic strategy has to start to be planned many years in advance In London s case these sustainability and legacy strategies were enshrined in the successful bid documents One of the key event delivery principles in London was not to build permanent venues that would be left behind after the Games without a future sustainable business plan no white elephants Many cities in the past have had similar aspirations but have been unable to deliver a solution without leaving a negative legacy of unused expensive buildings behind after the event From the outset existing and temporary venues were planned to be used in London In the case of the Aquatics Centre a new permanent venue was built with temporary wings that have now been removed and the building is being transformed into a world class international centre that is open to the 2 3 1 3 水球馆 Water Polo 摄影 Photo Rob Brown Photography 94 WA 2013 08 北京奥运赛后利用策略研究 general public London did not have a similar facility before the Games So in this instance a combination of new build and temporary structures was used to provide a successful and sustainable solution ES Global is proud to have been involved in the delivery of two major temporary venues Water Polo and Royal Artillery Barracks Shooting Both venues were totally temporary and have now been completely removed from site The Royal Artillery Barracks site has now been returned to its former public ownership and the water polo site is now ready for future development All of the equipment used to build these two world class venues has now been returned to stock and is ready to be used on other projects 1 Temporary Sustainability and Legacy Why temporary Venues can be architecturally designed and built to a world class standard and be located exactly were the venue is needed It is then removed after the event Th e ability to do this opens up the opportunity for event organisers to temporarily place structures in iconic sites that would be impossible to use with permanent structures i e Greenwich Park and Horse Guards Parade Both iconic and historical sites and both showcased London to the wider world in a unique and positive light This would have been impossible to achieve without using temporary solutions Sustainability is a key consideration when delivering any event however big The use of temporary solutions enhances the success of an event in terms of its overall sustainability Temporary venues are largely built from equipment available in the rental market place and can therefore be hired for the required period and then returned The equipment is then re used on other projects Due to the durability of the equipment this can happen many times over a number of years This has been the case with all of the temporary venues in London they have been dismantled and the equipment has been returned to the respective 4 5 4 射击馆 Shooting Venue 摄影 Photo J L Diehl 5 射击馆2 Shooting Venue 2 摄影 Photo ODA WA 2013 08 95 Post Olympic Reuse Beijing rental companies Th ere is another angle to the use of temporary venues where temporary can be turned into permanent Even though temporary structures are used for a short period of time they still have to be highly specifi ed Many thousands of people will use the structure over this short life span and they need to do so safely and with the same level of comfort associated with permanent structures However a permanent structure is very often not required in the location it s needed for the Olympics so an option using temporary modular design is to move the temporary structures from their Olympic site to a more permanent site after the Games Th is is happening to two of the buildings from the Shooting Venue The combined range and 25m range have been dismantled and removed and will be re erected in diff erent parts of the country on a permanent build basis giving a fi nal solution that is both sustainable and has great legacy value Th e London Olympics were a real game changer in their use of temporary venues and have set a standard for the sustainable delivery of Olympic venues which has to be transferred to other cites and countries Indeed the use of existing venues could give smaller cities and less well developed countries the opportunity of bidding and delivering a major Games and a much reduced price point This idea is the natural development of the London solution in that modular systems can be developed to deliver arenas and stadia around the world not just to Olympic Games but to all major Games Th ere is no reason why FIFA Commonwealth Games European Games Pan American Games could not adopt a temporary strategy to deliver an event infrastructure faster and more cost eff ectively 2 Cost Is it more cost effective to use temporary structures If the whole life cost of a permanent venue is taken into account and there is no future business plan in place for the building then temporary will certainly be more cost eff ective Th e actual build costs of a temporary venue in the first instance could be very similar to that of permanent construction however when the building is relocated to another site then the costs reduce dramatically Cost can also be mitigated by the use of rental equipment The components can be hired for the period and the returned after use Post event these structures can either be returned to stock or dismantled and re used on another site This relocation could be to another event or to a permanent legacy site 3 It s not really about sports venue legacy Unusually one of the lasting legacies of the London Games is what has NOT been left behind Th ere is not a single Olympic venue left in London without a sustainable business plan London now has a world class Velodrome and Aquatics Centre After some protracted negotiations the Olympic Stadium will be a Premiership football ground whilst still maintaining it s multi use status Of course lessons could have been learnt in the legacy planning of the Stadium however the same could have been said of the Millennium Dome which now as the O2 is the most successful arena in the world 4 Conclusion Olympic legacy is about so much more than the venues that are left behind after the Games In London the overriding legacy is the redevelopment of the whole of East London improving millions of peoples lives on a daily basis Something that would not have happened on the timescale if the Olympic Games had not been the catalyst Whole life venue costs have to be taken into consideration as part of the planning process If a sustainable business plan cannot be written for venue use after the Games then don t build it Th e building will be doomed to failure and the on going maintenance and eventual demolition costs will far exceed a pre planned temporary solution Th e technology and expertise exists to create world class venues in a temporary cost effective and sustainable way This will allow cities and countries to deliver events in a more cost eff ective and sustainable way in the future Without the burden of underused wrongly specified and poorly located venues wasting public funds in the future releasing funds to deliver real lasting and sustainable legacy 6 6 射击馆3 Shooting Venue 3 摄影 Photo Rob Brown Photography Contributors WA 2013 08 129 B 1974 黑龙江 哈尔滨工业大学学士 北京国家游泳中心有限责任公司 主管工程师 副总经理 B 1974 Heilongjiang B Arch Harbin Institute of Technology Principal Engineer and Vice General Manager Beijing National Aquatic Center Co Ltd 杨奇勇 YANG Qiyong B 1957 北京 天津大学硕士 中国工程院院士 国家勘察设计大师 中国建筑设计研究院 集团 副院长 总建筑师 崔愷建筑工作室主持人 B 1957 Beijing M Arch Tianjin University Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering National Design Master Vice President and Chief Architect China Architecture Design Research Group Principal Cuikai Architecture Studio 崔愷 CUI Kai B 1990 北京 清华大学学士 清华大学硕士研究生 B 1990 Beijing B Arch Tsinghua University Master Candidate Tsinghua University 李明扬 LI Mingyang B 1962 上海 清华大学博士 清华大学建筑设计研究院院长 院总建筑师 清华大学建筑学院院长 教授 博导 国际建协职业实践委员会联席主席 B 1962 Shanghai PHD Tsinghua University Dean and Chief Architect Architectural Design and Research In