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包装机推包机构设计【13张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】

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装机 机构 设计
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摘  要

包装机是一个产品生产和外包的机器的统称,其主要功能是包装各种产品,而包装机推包机构则是给包装机提供包装产品的机构,其主要功能就是从生产线将产品输送到包装机的相应入口,推包机构的运动是一个按一定轨迹的循环往复运动。它推送物品到达指定包装工作台,该机构取代了传统的人工移动物品,改善了工作效率低的缺点。

本文所设计的推包机构,有回程一体的全自动化功能,其主要设计思路来自于对传统工艺的分解,然后按照相应功能的机构部件进行设计,对比,选定,以及优化组合。综合利用凸轮的往复运动,齿轮的传动运动,以及减速器的定值调速比的设定。再利用Auto Cad软件强大绘图功能,和Word的编辑功能,把设计方案图文并茂,栩栩如生的展现出来。在本系统中,用激光感应被包装工件并通过单片机对推包机构进行控制。激光测得被推物体确认到达后,由感光板上发出脉冲,通过89C51单片机及步进电动机驱动芯片ULN2803对步进电动机进行控制。同时被包装工件的件数由LED显示器显示。对推包机构则采用偏置滑块机构与盘形凸轮机构的组合机构相结合。其中,偏置滑块机构控制推头的水平方向上运动,凸轮机构则控制推头垂直方向的运动。在本设计中,在推头回程过程中不影响下一个工件的到来,从而总体来讲提高了效率。


关键词:包装机;推包机构;减速机;齿轮


Abstract

Packing machine is a machine of a production and outsourcing collectively, Its main function is the packaging of various products, However, the packaging machine push package body is the institutions of packaging products, packaging machine, Its main function is to transport products from the production line to the corresponding entry of the packaging machine, the agency's movement is a movement of the cycle by a certain trajectory. The agency push items arrived at the designated packing table, the agency replaces the traditional manual movable objects inefficiency.

I designed the push package institution push package, return one of the fully automated,its main design ideas comes from the decomposition of traditional technology,then designed follow the corresponding function body parts, contrast, selected, and optimized. The use of the cam reciprocates, the movement of the gear drive, and the set value of the speed ratio of the reducer. The use of the powerful drawing features Auto Cad software and Word editing features, design illustrated, lifelike. In this system, laser sensor packaging workpiece to push package institutions controlled by the microcontroller. Laser test object to be driven to confirm arrival, photosensitive plate pulses, stepper motor controlled by the 89C51 microcontroller and stepper motor driver chip ULN2803. The same time, the number of pieces of packaging workpiece by the LED display shows. Push institutions using the combined mechanism of the the bias slider mechanism and disc-shaped cam mechanism, among them, the bias slider mechanism controls the pusher in the horizontal direction movement,and the cam mechanism controls the pusher in the vertical direction movement. In this design,in the return process it does not affect the arrival of the next workpiece, and thus in general, to improve efficiency.


Key words: packing machine; push institution; reducer;gear


目 录

摘  要III

AbstractIV

1 绪论1

1.1 本课题的研究内容和意义1

1.2 国内外的发展概况2

1.3 本课题应达到的要求3

2 机械部分的设计4

2.1 方案的选择4

2.2 凸轮及杆的设计6

2.2.1 设计要求及计算7

2.2.2 校核各杆的压杆稳定性9

2.2.3 校核各杆的强度9

2.2.4 校核凸轮的强度9

2.3 减速器概述10

2.4 电动机的选择11

2.4.1 初步确定负载推力11

2.4.2 电动机选择步骤12

2.4.3 确定传动装置的总传动比及其分配14

2.4.4 计算传动装置的运动及动力参数14

2.5 齿轮的设计14

2.5.1 齿轮传动特点与分类14

2.5.2 齿轮传动的主要参数与基本要求14

2.5.3 齿轮组的设计与强度校核15

2.6 轴的设计19

2.6.1 轴的分类19

2.6.2 轴的材料19

2.6.3 轴的结构设计20

2.6.4 低速轴的设计与计算21

2.6.5 高速轴的设计与计算25

2.6.6 选择和校验键联接26

2.7 轴承的选用26

2.7.1 轴承种类的选择26

2.7.2 深沟球轴承结构26

2.8 联轴器的选择27

2.8.1 联轴器的功用27

2.8.2 联轴器的类型特点27

2.8.3 联轴器的选用28

2.8.4 联轴器材料28

3 控制部分的设计29

3.1 控制系统的功能与设计要求29

3.2 系统总体方案的设计29

3.3 控制原理图32

4 结论与展望33

4.1 结论33

4.2 不足之处及未来展望33

致  谢34

参考文献35



1 绪论

包装机械是指能完成全部或部分包装过程的机器。作用是给有关行业提供必要的技术装备,以完成所要求的产品包装工艺过程。包装机械是使产品包装实现机械化、自动化的根本保证,因此包装机械在现代工业生产中起着相当重要的作用。机械包装的生产能力往往比手工包装提高几倍、十几倍甚至几十倍,无疑这将会更好地适应市场的实际需要,合理安排劳动力,为社会多创造财富。 现代包装机械所能完成的工作已远远超出了简单地模仿人的动作,甚至可以说在很多场合用巧妙的机械方法包装出来的成品,不论在式样、质地或精度等方面,大都是手工操作无法胜任和媲美的。随着商品的多样化,这一点越来越引起了人们的重视。有些产品的卫生要求很严格,如药品、食品等,采用机械包装,避免了人手和药品、食品的直接接触,减少了对产品的污染。同时由于机械包装速度快,食品、药品在空气中停留时间短,从而减少了污染机会,有利于食品和药品的卫生和金属制品的防锈防蚀。 另外,由于包装机械的计量精度高,产品包装的外形美观、整齐、统一、封口严密,从而提高了产品包装的质量,提高了产品销售的竞争力,可获得较高的经济效益。采用真空、换气、无菌等包装机械,可使食品和饮料等流通范围更加广泛,延长食品的保质期。采用自动包装生产线,产品和包装材料的供给是比较集中的,各包装工序安排比较紧凑,节约了包装的场地和仓储面积,并改善了后道包装工序的工艺条件。

包装机械的特点 包装机械即具有一般自动化机械的共性,也具有自身的特性,主要有如下特点:

(1) 大多数包装机械结构复杂,运动速度快,动作精度高。为了满足性能要求,对零部件的刚度和表面质量等都具有较高的要求。

(2) 用于食品和药品的包装机械要便于清洗,与食品和药品接触的部位要用不锈钢或经过化学处理的无毒材料制成。

(3) 进行包装时作用力一般都较小,所以包装机械的电动机功率较小。

(4) 包装机械一般都采用无级变速装置,以便灵活调整包装速度、调节包装机的生产能力。因为影响包装质量很多,诸如包装机的工作状态、包装材料和包装物的质量等。所以,为了便于机器的调整,满足质量和生产能力的需要,往往把包装机设计成无级可调的,即采用无级变速装置。

(5) 包装机械是特殊类型的专业机械,种类繁多,生产数量有限。为便于制造和维修,减少投资设备,在各种包装机的设计中应注意标准化、通用性及多功能性[1]。

1.1 本课题的研究内容和意义

研究内容:(1) 方案设计。并确定传动系统中各机构的运动尺寸和各构件尺寸。

(2) 机械部分设计。确定电动机的功率与转速,并确定其尺寸。

(3) 进行推包及结构设计。绘制其装配图。

意义:迄今,一些科学技术发达的国家,在食品、医药、轻工、化工、纺织、电子、仪表和兵器等工业部门,已经程度不同地形成了由原料处理、中间加工和产品包装三大基本环节所组成的包装连续化和自动化的生产过程,有的还将包装材料加工、包装容器成型及包装成品储存系统都联系起来组成高效率的流水作业线。大量事实表明,实现包装的机械化和自动化,尤其是实现具有高度灵活性(或称柔性)的自动包装线,不仅体现了现代生产的发展方向,同时也可以获得巨大的经济效益[2]。

(1) 能增加花色品种,改善产品质量,加强市场竞争能力

(2) 能改善劳动条件,避免污染危害环境

(3) 能节约原材料,减少浪费,降低成本

(4) 能提高生产效率,加速产品的不断更新

1.2 国内外的发展概况

90年代以来,包装机械工业每年平均以20%~30%的速度增长,发展速度高于整个包装工业平均增长速度的15%~17%,比传统的机械工业平均增长4.7个百分点。包装机械工业已经成为我国国民经济发展中不可缺少的新兴行业。我国目前从事包装机械生产的企业约有1500多家,其中具有一定规模的企业近400家。产品有40类,2700多种,其中有一批既能满足国内市场需要,又能参与国际市场竞争的优质产品。我国包装机械行业近些年取得了相当显著的成绩,但与国外产品相比仍存在20年左右的差距。[3]

国外包装机械水平高的国家主要是美国、日本、德国。美国的包装工业发展较早,门类齐全,基础扎实,水平很高。仅就包装机械制造业而论,实力相当雄厚,其品种与总产值均居世界首位。由于国内已实现了工业现代化,自选市场蓬勃兴起,客观上要求包装机械沿着自动化方向发展,并将电子计算机及其他有关新技术广泛应用于生产过程。日本已建立起独立的包装工业体系,其包装工业总产值约为美国的一半而跃居世界的第二位。日本拥有一批规模不大的包装机械制造厂,侧重于开发中小型、半自动的包装机及配套设备,其技术水平好多已进入国际的先进行列。由政府资助的日本包装技术协会主要搞技术情报交流。另外设有日本包装机械工业协会,它乃是本行业的全部业务活动中心。而德国的包装机械在设计、制造及技术性能等方面则居于领先地位。德国包装机械的77%为出口。中国是德国包装机械的主要出口国。最著名的是克朗斯公司(KRONES),2002年销售额达到20亿欧元,中国知名的啤酒企业都进口过他们的设备[4]。最近几年德国设备表现出如下特点:

(1) 工艺流程自动化程度越来越高。

(2) 提高生产效率,降低工艺流程成本,最大限度地满足生产要求。

(3) 适应产品变化,设计具有好的柔性和灵活性。

(4) 成套供应能力强。

(5) 包装机械设计普遍使用仿真设计技术。

我国包装机械行业存在的问题:研发经费少,技术力量薄弱。低水平重复太多。行业科技力量不足。国际贸易人员匮乏。应变能力不强。

我国包装机械行业发展的新趋势:

(1) 生产效率化。①机械功能多元化。②结构设计标准化、模块化。③控制智能化。

(2) 资源的高利用化

(3) 产品节能化

(4) 新技术实用化

(5) 大力加强科研、开发能力

我国装机械既面临着国外先进产品的挑战和竞争,同时也面临着巨大的国内外市场和较好的发展机遇。进入21世纪,我国国民经济整体水平和综合国力又迈上了一个新的台阶,国际国内的环境都为我国经济的进一步发展提供良好的机遇[5]。

1.3 本课题应达到的要求

运动控制技术在国内的发展特别快,但是在胶带机包装机械行业的发展动力却显得上升乏力。运动控制产品及技术在包装机械上的作用主要是达到精确的位置控制和严格的速度同步的要求,主要用在装卸、输送、打标、码垛、卸垛等工序。运动控制技术是区别高、中、低端胶带机包装机械的关键因素之一,也是中国包装机械升级的技术支撑。因此,需要对包装机的推包机构的运动方式做设计改善。经过考虑现在包装机械的现状及发展趋势后, 为了更好地实现包装机械的自动化控制,改进推包机构的设计以提高生产效率而给定的。

推包机构能够实现推送,回程全自动一体化的一个机构。它由推刨机构,回程机构以及电动机组成。现需要设计某一包装机的推包机构,要求待包装的工件先由输送带送到推包机构的推头的前方,然后由该推头将工件由推至包装工作台,再进行包装。为了提高生产率,希望在推头结束回程时,下一个工件已送到推头的前方。这样推头就可以马上再开始推送工作。这就要求推头在回程时先退出包装工作台,然后再低头,即从台面的下面回程。因而就要求推头实现“平推—水平退回—下降—降位退回—上升复位”的运动。

我的设计是每5-6s包装一个工件,且假定:滑块移动距离L=400mm, 推头在返程阶段到达离最大推程距离S=100mm, 推头回程向下的距离H=50mm。行程速比系数K在1.2-1.5范围内选取,推包机由电动机推动。在推头回程中,除要求推头低位退回外,还要求其回程速度高于工作行程的速度,以便缩短空回程的时间,提高工效。


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存档编码:无无锡锡太太湖湖学学院院 0909 届届毕毕业业作作业业周周次次进进度度计计划划、检检查查落落实实表表 系别:信机系 班级:机械91 学生姓名:周洋课题(设计)名称:包装机推包机构设计 开始日期:2012.11.12周次起止日期工作计划、进度每周主要完成内容存在问题、改进方法指导教师意见并签字备 注132012年11月12日2012年12月02日接受老师下达的毕业设计任务书,收集相关资料,对推包机有一个初步的了解,并撰写开题报告初步明确了设计的任务,收集所需资料。根据相关资料熟悉凸轮及减速机,为毕设做好前期工作通过跟导师的交流和沟通,增加了对课题的了解。4102012年12月03日2013年01月20日指导专业实训对学生指导专业实训专业实训涉及内容指导老师须讲解、解惑11122013年01月21日2013年03月01日指导毕业实习对学生指导毕业实习实习涉及内容指导老师须讲解132013年03月04日2013年03月10日收集资料,深入了解课题对学生进行补充讲解有关毕业设计涉及内容指导老师须讲解142013年03月11日2013年03月17日收集资料,进一步了解课题指导老师为学生解疑,进一步指导和导师积极交流,寻找方法152013年03月18日2013年03月24日熟悉整个推包机的结构及设计参数根据现有资料,熟悉整个推包机的结构及设计参数,为下面的工作做充分准备推包机设计参数多,需要耐心研究162013年03月25日2013年03月31日收集凸轮相关资料根据杆的受力和运动时间,确定凸轮的尺寸查阅资料,研究凸轮及回转机构的特性172013年04月01日2013年04月07日绘制草图根据运动特点和相关参数,完成推包机的总体结构的设计草图绘制草图时要综合考虑多方面因素182013年04月08日2013年04月14日具体设计根据设计参数和要求,完成相关计算(主要包括电机功率计算及选型、齿轮、轴的计算相关的计算等等)这一阶段需要计算的量较大,工作繁重;具体选型方面,需查阅各方面资料,任务重192013年04月15日2013年04月21日装配图的绘制继续上一阶段工作,并根据计算结果确定结构尺寸,完成部分总装图这一段时期的任务比较烦重,是整个设计的重中之重,需要格外细心202013年04月22日2013年04月28日装配图的绘制继续上一阶段工作,并根据计算结果确定结构尺寸,完成部分总装图这一段时期的任务比较烦重,是整个设计的重中之重,需要格外细心212013年04月29日2013年05月05日零件图的绘制完成装配图和重要零部件的部件图或零件图绘制总装图及零件图周次起止日期工作计划、进度每周主要完成内容存在问题、改进方法指导教师意见并签字备 注222013年05月06日2013年05月12日零件图的绘制和控制部分的初步设计完成装配图和重要零部件的部件图或零件图绘制总装图及零件图232013年05月13日2013年05月19日整理说明书整理设计说明书反复检查以前工作中的纰漏,并做修改242013年05月20日2013年05月25日整理资料,准备答辩整理相关资料,完成设计说明书。准备答辩。针对答辩充分准备 说明: 1、“工作计划、进度”、“指导教师意见并签字”由指导教师填写,“每周主要完成内容”,“存在问题、改进方法”由学生填写。 2、本表由各系妥善归档,保存备查。编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计(论文)相关资料题目: 包装机推包机构设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号: 0923018学生姓名: 周 洋 指导教师: 冯鲜(职称:讲师) 2012年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计(论文)开题报告二、毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文(论文)计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计(论文)开题报告题目: 包装机推包机构设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号: 0923018 学生姓名: 周 洋 指导教师: 冯鲜(职称:讲师 ) 2012年11月26日 课题来源 随着科技的发展,包装机的更新换代,也迫使推包机构的革新,输送产品的过程不可轻视,推包机构的运用影响到包装机的效率和质量,因此设计者在设计推包机的同时大多也提供了推包机构的设计,另外也有人专门为各种设备设计推包机构。包装在当今社会相当流行,对于任何产品出厂的最后一步大多是包装,因此包装机的推包机构也是很有市场的。科学依据(包括课题的科学意义;国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势;应用前景等) 科学意义:包装机械是集机、电、光、声、磁、化、生、美为一体的高技术、高智能、高竞争的产品。发展速度快、更新速度快是它的一大特点。世界上一切高技术成果,都会在包装机械产品中得到应用。迄今,一些科学技术发达的国家,在食品、医药、轻工、化工、纺织、电子、仪表和兵器等工业部门,已经程度不同地形成了由原料处理、中间加工和产品包装三大基本环节所组成的包装连续化和自动化的生产过程,有的还将包装材料加工、包装容器成型及包装成品储存系统都联系起来组成高效率的流水作业线。大量事实表明,实现包装的机械化和自动化,尤其是实现具有高度灵活性(或称柔性)的自动包装线,不仅体现了现代生产的发展方向,同时也可以获得巨大的经济效益。 国内外研究概况及发展水平:国外的包装机械近些年有了新特点,主要有:一是生产高效率;二是资源的高利用率,高度的综合利用和发展循环经济;三是产品高度重视节能,重视降低成本;四是高新技术实用化,提高生产效率,产品上水平、上档次;五是科研成果商品化,使包装机械产品向知识密集化、技术综合化、产品智能化等方面发展。目前,世界各国对包装机械发展十分重视,集机、电、气、光、生、磁为一体的高新技术产品不断涌现生产高效率化、资源高利用化、产品节能化、高新技术实用化、科研成果商业化已成为世界各国包装机械发展的趋势这也是我国包装机械业的发展方向对于我国的包装机械生产企业,并不是求大求全,而是应求精求专。美国、日本、意大利的包装机械生产企业大部分规模不大,但专业化程度很高。我国目前产品结构中以低技术含量为主的状况,应该淘汰一批低效高耗的、低档次、低附加值的、劳动密集型的产品。应用前景:综合考虑不足,资源没有充分利用。我国包装机械设计存在着混乱现象,许多机械设计人员对电机拖动同步技术、伺服传动技术不了解,可用简单的电器设备解决的问题却用复杂的机械装置来实现,有的虽然采用了同步电机等装置来控制机构运行,但选取不当。这些情况不仅造成了资源的极大浪费,而且使设计的机械的性能低下。研究内容1、方案设计。并确定传动系统中各机构的运动尺寸和各构件尺寸。 2、机械部分设计。确定电动机的功率与转速、对部分构件如齿轮进行强度计算,并确定其尺寸。 3、进行推包及结构设计。绘制其装配图。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析研究方法:图解法技术路线:偏执滑块机构与盘形凸轮机构组合可行性分析: 在设计过程中利用机械原理的基本理论关系式和其他数学算式,用图解的方法将设计结果确定出来,这样可以清晰的以线图的形式表现在图纸上,一目了然,具有直观、定性简单、检查解析的正确性方便等特点,因此在该设计中我们采用了图解法。图解法的优势就是在解决简单的机械分析与综合是比较方便,比如可以通过量一些尺寸进而分析运动的合理性和可行性,从而避免一些不必要的繁琐的计算,该方法能够培养我们的工程图算能力。本设计主要利用偏置滑块结构与凸轮机构的组合机构。偏置滑块机构与往复移动凸轮机构相组合。在这个方案中,我们的设计思路是利用偏置滑块结构来实现较大的往复直线运动,而且这个过程中具有急回特性,同时利用往复移动来实现推头的小行程低头运动的要求,所以需要对心曲柄滑块机构将转动变换为移动凸轮的往复直线运动。研究计划及预期成果研究计划:2012年11月07日-2012年11月30日:教师下达毕业设计任务,学生初步阅读资料,完成毕业设计开题报告。2012年12月01日-2012年12月18日:完成开题报告,对包装机的推包机构做大体上的结构设计。2012年12月19日-2012年12月31日:对包装机设计数据做出具体计算。2013年01月01日-2013年02月30日:用CAD画出相关图片。2013年03月01日-2013年04月30日:用CAD画出装配图和零件图。2013年05月01日-2013年06月31日:写论文,修改论文。预期成果:1.方案的确定及优化。2.完成机械部分的设计,包括凸轮、杆、电机、齿轮、轴和轴承的设计。3.完成机械整体结构的设计。4.完成控制系统的设计。特色或创新之处凸轮是槽型的凸轮,这样不但能够让从动件与凸轮之间的连接更加紧凑,而且因为采用了滚动从动件,能使减轻凸轮对它的冲击,从而提高了承载能力。而采用的偏置滑块机构能够实现滑块具有急回特性,使其回程速度高于工作行程速度,以便缩短空回程的时间,提高工作效率。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题已具备的条件:有充足的图书资源,可以查找相关手册。凸轮结构的设计,在机械原理一书中已学习过。已初步确定方案,对于结构设计已有详细的步骤。尚需解决的问题:控制部分也是相当重要的环节,还需要详细研习,才能完成设计。指导教师意见 指导教师签名:年 月 日教研室(学科组、研究所)意见 教研室主任签名: 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名: 年 月 日英文原文Design Of Tool Machine Prop Research significanceThe original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool. Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development. Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs. The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.1.System components and control structureThe entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principleTool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component. 1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloid reducer through sprocket drive. 2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditioned, under the same chain-of-conditioning, so that the chain of uniform. 3) Turret and shields the entire total of 14 independent Turret. 13 of them as a socket-Turret, as a drawer-Turret, each Turret back through the pin and, under the conveyor chain link chain plate, installed at the bottom roller, chain driven rotating turret rotation along the track. Outlet-Turret and BT50-BT40 Turret Turret two kinds of forms. To strengthen management, security, landscaping modeling, shelf peripherals and shields. Turret-drawer drawer placed at six other Des Voeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.1.1.2.Electrical Control SystemThis tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing. Control system as shown in Figure 1.图 1 Tool Control System for the1) Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter. 2) Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work; ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system. 3) location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films.1.2.The functions of the knifeknife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knife and capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process.1.3.Common typesThe knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms: (1) the turret knife Including the first level turret vertical turret and the first two, see Figure 2.6 a) and b):(2) the disc cutter Disc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). If the knife storage capacity must be increased to increase the diameter of the knife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Tool number not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitably given the knife from complex institutions, applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity and more occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, more compact layout, the number of certificates corresponding increase knife, apply to small and medium-sized processing center.(3) the chain knife Including single-and multi-ring chain ring chain, chain link can take many forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), the basic structure shown in Figure 2. 8 doFeatures: knife apply to the larger capacity of the occasion, the space of the small number of generally applicable to the tool in the 30-120. Only increase the length of the chain tool will increase the number should not be increased circumferential speed of its moment of inertia of the knife does not increase the disc as large.(4) linear combination knife and the knife library The linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though. Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system.1.4 Tool storage capacityTool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view, generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure is compact.1.5 Tool options(1) choose to order processing tool according to the order, followed Add to the knife every knife in the Block. Each tool change, the order of rotation of a cutter knife on location, and remove the need knives, has been used by the cutter knife can be returned to the original Block, can also order Add Block, a knife. However, as the knife in the tool in different processes can not be repeated use of the knife must increase the capacity and lower utilization rate. (2) most of the arbitrary choice of the current system of using arbitrary NC election knives, divided into Daotao coding, coding and memory-cutter, three. Daotao coding tool code or knives or Daotao need to install the code used to identify, in accordance with the general principle of binary coding coding. Tool knife election coding method uses a special knife handle structure, and each of the coding tool. Each of the tool has its own code, thereby cutting tool can be in different processes repeatedly used, not to replace the tool back at the original knife, the knife capacity can be reduced accordingly. Memory-election this paper knife, in this way can knives and knife in the position corresponding to the Daotao memory of the PLC in the NC system, no matter which tool on the Inner knife, tool information is always there in mind, PLC . On the knife with position detection devices, will be the location of each Daotao. This tool can be removed and sent back to arbitrary. On the knife is also a mechanical origin, every election, the nearest knife selection. 1.6. Control of the knife(1) the knife as a system to control the positioning axis. In the ladder diagram in accordance with the instructions for computing T code comparison of the output angle and speed of instructions to the knife the knife servo drive servo motor. Tool storage capacity, rotation speed, and / deceleration time, and other system parameters can be set in such a manner free from any outside influence positioning accurate and reliable but the cost is higher.(2) knife from the hydraulic motor drives, fast / slow the points, with proximity switches count and positioning. In comparison ladder diagram of the current storage system knife (knife spindle) and goals knife (pre-knife) and computing, then output rotation instructions, judging by the shortest path rotation in place. This approach requires sufficient hydraulic power and electromagnetic valve knife the rotational speed can be adjusted through the throttle. But over time may be oily hydraulic, oil temperature and environmental factors impact the change in velocity and accuracy. Not generally used in large and medium-sized machine tool change frequently.(3) the knife from AC asynchronous motor driven cam mechanism (Markov institutions), with proximity switches count, which means stable operation, and generally accurate and reliable positioning cam used in conjunction with a mechanical hand, ATC fast-positioning.2. ATC, the main types, characteristics, and the scope of application2.1 Auto Rotary ToolRotary Tool automatically on the use of CNC machine tool is a simple installation of automatic tool change, the Quartet and 47.60 Turret Tool various forms, such as rotary turret were installed on four, six or more of the Tool , NC instructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has two vertical and horizontal, relatively simple structure, applicable to economic CNC lathe.Rotary Tool in the structure must have good strength and stiffness, resistance to bear rough Cutting Tool in the cutting force and reduce the role of deformation and improve processing accuracy. Rotating Tool to choose reliable positioning programme structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret.Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; drawbars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, the tool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, standby position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure, the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing centre at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers.2. 2 ATC head-turret installedWith rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows:5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 , ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed.2. 3.Daidao system for the automatic tool changeFigure 2.4 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig. Figure 2.5 shows the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans. At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport. Daidao the knife from the ATC, the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely.Tool Automatic Tool Change the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife. ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can not meet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Change Daidao the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change Daidao device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. Daidao system for the automatic tool change applied to drilling centres and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn Daidao automatic tool change system is the most promising. 3.PLC control of the knife random mode of election3. 1Common methods of automatic election knifeAutomatic control of the knife CNC refers to the system after the implementation of user instructions on the knife library automation process, including the process to find knives and automatic tool change (63,71. CNC Machining Center device (CNC) directive issued by the election knife , a knife, the tool required to take the knife position, said the election automatic knife. automatically elected knife There are two ways: random sequence election knives and knife election method.3.1.1 order election knifeTool Selection order is the process tool according to the sequence of the insert knife, the use of knives in order to take place, used knives back at the original knife, can also order Add Block, a knife. In this way, no need Tool identification devices, and drive control is a relatively simple, reliable and can be used directly from the points of the knife machinery to achieve. But the knives in each of the tool in different processes can not be reused, if the tool is installed in accordance with the order of the knife, there will be serious consequences. The need to increase the number of knives and knife the capacity of the tool and reduce the utilization of the knife.3.1.2Random election knifeRandom election under the knife is arbitrary instructions to select the required tools, then there must be tool identification devices. Tool knife in the library do not have the processing in accordance with the order of the workpiece can be arbitrary storage. Each of the tool (or knife blocks) are for a code, automatic tool change, the rotary cutter, every tool have been the tool identification device acceptable identification. When CNC tool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding. 1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-end packages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two, respectively, said that binary 1 and 0 to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the code, to avoid the cutter knife Block did not confuse the situation. 2. Knife Block coding. On the knife Block coding, coding tool, and tool into line with the number of knives in the Block. ATC knife when the rotation, so that each knife seats followed through knowledge knife, knife found blocks, knives stopped the rotation. At this time there is no knife handle encoding part of the knife handle simplified. 3. Annex coding methods. This style of coding keys, coded cards, coding and coding-disc, which is the most widely used coding keys. First toknives are attached to a tool of the show wrapped coding keys, and when the cutter knife to the store at knife in, so put the number of keys to remember knife Block Road, will be inserted into key to the coding Block next to the key hole in the seat for the knife to the numbers. Conclusion Focused on in todays manufacturing environment tool storage and management of new models and methods, practical application of good results in systems integration and optimization, and other aspects of operations will be further explored, so that it has a higher theoretical and practical level.中文译文机床刀具设计课题研究意义机床原来的刀库控制程序是单独设计的,没有采用刀具管理系统,功能也比较单一,只实现了刀库刀具的找刀、刀库最短路径定位、主轴换刀,而且不支持大型刀具。在刀库自动选刀方面,在计算机记忆式选刀的基础上采用了西门子840D特色功能,使选刀程序更简洁,并完成空刀套的查找。刀库快速换刀利用STEP-7完成编程,并在实际中得到验证。在刀库定位问题上,PLC程序控制采用模块化设计方法,这对今后生产类似机床将十分有利,很容易将其利用到其他机床上。自动换刀系统将以较快的速度增长,缩短换刀时间,提高刀具的定位精度是重要的手段,有利于数控技术的发展。刀具及其元件库存是现代生产管理中的重要环节, 特别是大型车间管理。传统的人工记帐管理方式, 效率低下, 错误率高, 且信息数据不能共享, 刀具的使用状态和寿命周期无法跟踪, 不能适应当前信息化管理需要。结合生产实际, 我们在车间刀具准备间建立刀具贮存立体库系统, 以满足车间刀辅具储存与管理的需要。该系统采用最优化技术, 利用计算机存储的大量库存信息, 能及时、准确、全面地反映刀具库的库存情况。整个系统采用图形界面, 人机对话由中文菜单提示, 可实现各种功能选择和各种信息的输入。管理系统采用在线帮助功能。可通过车间管理层、网络系统实现信息管理和共享。具有自动库存管理、刀具入库管理、刀具出库管理和统计查询功能。1 系统组成及其控制结构整个系统包括机械结构及电气控制系统。1.1.1 机械结构及工作原理刀具库由支架、驱动机构、传动系统、刀架、护罩、电气控制系统等部分组成。支架由立柱、横梁、上下导向环轨、支撑地轨组成。1)驱动机构该系统选用了变频调速的方法。采用锥形制动电机, 带变频调速, 经摆线针轮减速器, 通过链轮传动。2)拖动与传动系统采用变频控制技术。通过变频调速, 可使传动轴转速在正常范围内调节使刀架回转速度控制到 5 30mm in, 2 个传动轴各带上、下2 个链轮通过上、下2 条异形滚子链带动货架转动。链条胀紧机构采用螺纹调节胀紧, 为定期胀紧方式。调节时上、下链条松度调节一致, 使链条受力均匀。3)刀架与防护罩整库共有14 列独立刀架。其中 13 列为插座式刀架, 1 列为抽屉式刀架, 每个刀架背部通过销轴与上、下输送链链板联接, 底部安装滚轮, 链条转动带动刀架沿地轨转动。插座式刀架分BT40 刀架和BT50 刀架 2 种形式。为加强管理, 保证安全, 美化造型, 货架外围加防护罩。抽屉式刀架分 6 个抽屉放置其他刀辅具, 可分类装存一些刀辅具, 如钻头、车刀等。1.1.2 电气控制系统本刀具储存系统的电气控制主要是对其货架进行运行控制和位置控制。运行控制包括运行设备的启动、制动控制。位置控制主要是对货架位置和地址进行检测。控制系统框图如图 1 所示。图1刀具库控制系统图1)电气传动水平旋转刀具储存系统各机械的动作都属于反复短时工作制。而且系统在运行时需要几种速度, 因此传动系统需要调速, 所以该系统选用了变频调速的方法, 可以采用结构简单、运行可靠的变频器和变频电动机。2)控制方式该系统分为手动和自动控制2 种控制方式, 手动控制一般作为调试用和备用的工作方式; 自动控制方式为本系统计算机(IPC)和控制单元(变频器、接触器等)组成的一个自动控制系统。3)位置及定位精度检测本系统中自动认址和位置检测采用了接近开关作为检测元器件, 通过光点隔离继电器板和记数板对接近开关采集的信号进行记数和运算处理, 采用最优路径寻址方式确定货架的当前位置和货架的目的位置。为了使系统定位更准确, 采用了 2 只光电开关, 分别检测2 个货架的2 只检测片。1.2 刀库的功能刀库的作用是储备一定数量的刀具,机械手实现主轴上刀具的互换zsa刀具的类型有盘式刀库、链式刀库等多种形式,刀库的形式和容量要根据机床的工艺范围来确定。1.3 常见类型 刀库是存储刀具的装置,常见的刀库主要有以下几种形式:(1)转塔式刀库包括水平转塔头和垂直转塔头两种,见图2.6a)与b): (2)盘式刀库盘式刀库中刀库呈盘状,刀具沿盘面垂直排列(包括径向取刀和轴向取刀),沿盘面径向排列或成锐角排列的形式的刀库。结构简单、紧凑,应用较多,但刀具单环排列,空间利用率低。见图2.7a)c)。若增加刀库容量必须使刀库的外径增大,那么转动惯量也相应增大,选刀运动时间长。刀具数量一般不多于32把。刀具呈多环排列的刀库的空间利用率高,但必然使得取刀机构复杂,适用于机床空间受限制而刀库容量又较大的场合。双盘式结构是两个较小容量的刀库分置于主轴两侧,布局较紧凑,储刀数量也相应增大,适用于中小型加工中心。(3)链式刀库 包括单环链和多环链,链环形式可有多种变化,见图2.8a)c),基本结构见图2. 8do特点:适用于刀库容量较大的场合,所占的空间小,一般适用于刀具数在30-120把。仅增加链条长度即可增加刀具数,可以不增加圆周速度其转动惯量不像盘式刀库增加的那样大。(4)直线式刀库和组合刀库直线式刀库结构简单如图2. 9,刀具单行排列,刀库容量小,多用于数控车床和钻床上。由于刀库位置固定,换刀动作由主轴完成,无需机械手。组合刀库一般是转塔式刀库的组合、转塔式与盘式刀库的组合及链式刀库的组合。每单个刀库的储刀量较小,换刀速度快。另外还有一些密集型的鼓轮式、弹匣式和格子式刀库,这些密集型刀库虽.占地面积小,但由于结构限制,基本上不用于单机加工中心,多用于FMS的集中供刀系统。1.4 刀库的容量刀库的容量首先要考虑加工工艺的需要,从使用角度出发,一般为1040把刀,刀库的利用率会高,而结构比较紧凑。1.5 刀具的选择方式(1)顺序选择将刀具按加工工序的顺序,依次放入刀库的每一个刀座内。每次换刀时,刀库顺序转动一个刀座位置,并取出所需要的刀具,己经使用过的刀具可以放回原来的刀座内,也可以顺序放入下一个刀座内。但由于刀库中刀具在不同的工序中不能重复使用,必须增加刀库的容量,降低了利用率。(2)任意选择目前大多数的数控系统都采用任意选刀的方式,其分为刀套编码、刀具编码和记忆式等三种。刀具编码或刀套编码需要在刀具或刀套上安装用于识别的编码条,一般都是根据二进制编码的原理进行编码。刀具编码选刀方式采用了一种特殊的刀柄结构,并对每把刀具编码。每把刀具都具有自己的代码,因而刀具可在不同的工序中多次重复使用,换下的刀具不用放回原刀座,刀库的容量也可相应减少。本文采用记忆式选刀,这种方式能将刀具号和刀库中的刀套位置对应地记忆在数控系统的PLC中,无论刀具放在哪个刀套内,刀具信息都始终记存在PLC内。刀库上装有位置检测装置,可获得每个刀套的位置。这样刀具就可以任意取出并送回。刀库上还设有机械原点,使每次选刀时就近选取。1
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