定语从句的讲解及习题.doc

定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种 . 概念: (1) 定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。 (2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。 (3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系词的作用: 1) 引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词; 2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语) 常用的关系代词: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as 、but (文语, 置于否定词之后=that/whonot, 没有不, 在从句中作主语,宾语) 常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语): when、why、 where 定语从句三步: 第一找出先行词; 第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语); 第三选择合适的关系词。 . 几个关系代词的基本用法: that: 可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。(指人时,相当于who或 whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如: 1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主语) 2. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now? 3. You can take anything ( that) you like. (宾语) 4. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about? 5. Here is the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see. 6. Shes no longer the girl ( that) she used to be before.(表语) 7. Our hometown is no longer the one (that) it used to be. = Our hometown is not the same as it used to be. = Our hometown is different from what it used to be。 = Our hometown is not what it used to be. which: 指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。如: who, whom, whose: who: 主格, 在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人 whom: 宾格,在从句中作宾语; 只可指人 whose: 属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。 I like the students who/that work hard. (主语) 关系代词作介词宾语: 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末.) This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for. Do you know the person with whom I shook hands?= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with? = . 关系副词引导的定语从句: When 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词(如:time, day, week, tear, month, etc.) He came last night when I was out. We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better. 注意:先行词为时间名词,可用when引导定语从句,when在定语从句中作状语;还可以用which或that 引导,which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。 比较: I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.(作状语) Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner. I still remember the days which/that we spent together. (作宾语) Next winter which/that youll spend in Harbin, Im sure, will be exciting. I shall never forget the day when Shen Zhou was launched, which has a great effect on my life. There are occasions when joking is not permissible. Where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词,如:place, school, factory, room, etc. This is the place where I was born. I live in the room where /in which he used to live. 注意:先行词是地点名词,定语从句可用where引导,还可用which或that引导,which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。 比较: This is the factory where /in which he worked last year. (作状语) The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely. Why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时,可用for which指代;当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that 引导。如: The reason why / for which / (that) he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill. 当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that, in which,或how引导,that常可以省略。 way后的定语从句 的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语 时,则用which或that 引导。如: This is the way (that) /in which I do such things. 比较: Please do the experiment in the way (that/which)I have shown you. . 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别: 1. 形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。 2. 语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that. 3. 语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。 This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。 引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,指人时用who, whom, whose , 指物时用which , whose; 关系副词when,where, why, etc. 1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.II. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别：1、限定性定语从句必须和主句紧紧连在一起，不可分开；非限定性定语从句一般用逗号与主句隔开。2、限定性定语从句的关系代词做宾语时，有时可以省略，而非限定性定语从句的关系代词不可以省略。eg: This is the girl (whom) I met yesterday. She sang a song, which we liked very much.3、非限定性定语从句中的关系代词可以代表一个单词、词组或整个句子。My brother lives in zhongshan, which is only two hours drive from here.The English party , which was held in our school, was good.He lost his bike, which made him unhappy.III. 定语从句的基本结构：先行词+ 关系词 + 从句关系代词有：who whom that whose which 关系副词有： when where whyIV. 修饰物体时关系代词that和 which的区分?使用that的情况：1、当先行词是nothing, something, anything, all, each等不定代词时。eg. Do you have anything that is important to tell me?2、当先行词被all, any, some, no, not, every, each等修饰时。 eg. I have some books that are very good.3、当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时。 eg. This is the first book that I bought myself. The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.4、当先行词被the very, the last, the next, the only 等词修饰时。 eg. This is the very book that I lost yesterday.5、当先行词又有人又有物时。 eg. I wont forget the things and the persons that I saw.只能使用which的情况。1、非限制性定语从句中。 eg. Mary has a book, which is very precious.2、在介词之后。 eg. This is a house in which lives an old man.3、当主句中的主语被that修饰时。 eg. That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary.Fill in the blanks with suitable relative pronouns (which / that).1. This is the only book _ I got last year. 2. Is this the book in _ you are interested?3. This is the largest animal _ Tom saw in the zoo.4. Rose still remembers the trees and teachers_ exist (存在)in the mother school.5. All the desks _ are bought look really wonderful. 6. Do you have any money _is used to build the factory?7. Tom has a toy, _ was given by his father. 8. This is the second watch _ my father bought for me. V. 修饰人时关系代词that 和who, whom的区分。? 先行词是one, ones, anyone, those时，宜用who; ? 在There be开头的句字中，宜用 who；? 先行词指人，且关系代词前有介词时，只用whom; She is the girl with whom I went there.whose是代词的所有格，可指人也可指物。 I saw a woman whose hag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red.Fill in the blanks with suitable relative pronouns (who / that).1. Look at that lady _ name is Polly. A. who B. whose C. that2. The girl _ could sing well went to Europe. A. who B. whose C. whom3. Tom is the first boy _ left the room. A. who B. that C. which4. Those _ want to go to the Great Wall sign your name here. A. that B. whose C. who5. There is an old man _ wants to see you. A. who B. that C. whomVI.关系副词when, where, why 和介词+which之间的关系。关系副词when, where, why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。如：when=in/on/at+which, where=in/on/at+which, why=for+which介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。eg. 1. I wont forget the date when( on which) I was born.? 2. This is the room where (in which) I lived. = This is the room which I lived in.? 3. I dont know the reason why (for which) he havent come today.? 4. Tom still remembers the days when (in which) they lived in Tianjin. Fill in blanks with why, where ,when.1. The reason _ Im calling you is to invite you to a party .2. This is the house _ I worked two years ago.3. Ill never forget the day _ I joined the army.4. That was the year _ I went to America.5. This is the reason _ I come here. 定语从句讲解 2Fill in blanks:1. He is the famous scientist _ will give us a lecture next week.2. A good teacher is one _ students not only respect but also love.3. Have you found the little boy _ you have been looking for these days?4. On my way home I met the girl about _ you told me yesterday.5. At last the policeman found the man _ wallet was stolen on the bus.6. The papers _ they are searching for have been discovered here.7. New York is the first city to _ she has ever been in her life.8. The house is not the one _ it was when we lived in it.9. They finally arrived at an island _ name was very strange to them.10. Is there anything interesting in this book _ is worth reading?11. The first runner _ reached the finishing line was my classmate.12. The only thing _ we can do for the man was to give him some money.13. October 1st was the day _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded.14. Do you know the years _ the great scientists was born and died?15. I have never been to the village _ my mother worked as a teacher.16. Can you take us to the square _ the important meeting was being held?17. I know the reason _ the factory didnt carry out the production plan.18. In the park she met an old friend, _ invited her to his house for a visit.19. Our teacher, _ wife fell ill yesterday, cannot come to work today.20. His medicine, _ was kept in a broken bottle, was all spoiled(坏了).21. He died of hunger during the war, _ we all suffered for lack of food.22. The new car, for_ I have paid several thousand pounds, isnt run well.23. Last Monday I went to Beijing, _ I attend an important meeting.24. My dog, _ temper is very bad, often barks at my family.25. Jack drove too fast and, whats more, very carelessly, _ worried her very much.Exercise:1. TOEFL is a test for students _ native language is not English. A. whose B. that C. of whom D. for who2. Much _ I have read has been of little help to the problem. A. what B. that C. which D. as3. I still remember the garden _ my son could not tear himself away. A. which B. where C. to which D. from which4. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _she could turn for help. A. to whom B. who C. from whom D. that5. She heard a terrible notice, _ brought her heart into his mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that6. I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life.A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who7. Alice received an invitation from his boss, _ came as a surprise. A. It B. that C. which D. he8. Next week he will visit the airbase _ he worked 25 years ago. A. when B. as C. where D. which9. Mr. White took us to a small town, _ he set up his first factory. A. where B. here C. which D. that10. August 15,1999 is one of the greatest days in his life _ he was accepted by a university.A. while B. that C. which D. when11. I wonder if