城市规划文献翻译7---2500字.docx

Although the urban planning and construction of intelligent city in the global is on the rise, and each city have proposed to create intelligent city , a widely accepted concepts or standards of intelligent city was not formed until now, but it is have been formed a common understanding about the characteristics, function, core technology which like internet of Things, Cloud Computing, Next generation Internet, Wireless Network, Information Fusion, Intelligent Recognition Technology, The sky integration technology and related technologies of Digital City and other aspects of intelligent city . Then as the Multiplier of economic growth, the Converter of the economic development, the “booster” of industrial upgrading, the construction of intelligent city is generally considered effective in improving the quality of urbanization, promoting the integration and development between information technology, industrialization, and urbanization, and advancing the development of strategic emerging industries. Therefore, the construction of intelligent city is an effective gripper to seize the ground of the new round of industrial development, urban construction, and technological innovation.智慧城市的内涵 虽然全球智慧城市规划与建设风生水起，各级城市纷纷提出打造智慧城市，但迄今智慧城市尚没有形成一个被广泛认可的概念或标准，而在智慧城市的特征、作用、核心技术等方面，认识却比较一致。例如，物联网、云计算、下一代互联网、无线网络、信息融合、智能识别技术、天空地一体化技术及数字城市相关技术等被普遍认为是智慧城市发展的核心技术；智慧城市建设被普遍认为能有效提高城镇化质量，推动信息化、工业化、城镇化的融合发展，促进战略性新兴产业发展，作为经济增长的“倍增器”、经济发展方式的“转换器”、产业升级的“助推器”，是抢占新一轮产业发展、城镇建设、技术创新制高点的有效抓手。Abstract: Public policy is action programs or guidelines for action in a particular situation the public authorities, in order to achieve certain goals established. In the public sector, urban planning is a public policy nature, both consistency and similarity basis in reality, philosophical foundation, political characteristics, decision theory, systemic aspects. Combined with the development of Chinas current urban planning, refer to the policy process theoretical model, the urban planning process is defined as the following seven stages: problem determination, establish the agenda, program design, planning and decision-making, planning, implementation, evaluation oversight, modify the end.Preparation of the implementation process from the perspective of public policy research provincial urban system planning, you need to answer three fundamental questions: First, provincial urban system planning what to do, and second, why the preparation of provincial urban system planning, the three provincial urban system planning What effect. The current provincial urban system planning and implementation of policy planning content presence is not strong and the means of implementation is not perfect and other issues, it is recommended through the establishment of a major construction project site management mechanisms to promote the recent action plan as a starting point to improve the implementation and other provincial towns system planning and implementation mechanisms.公共政策视角下的城市规划编制实施机制【摘要】公共政策是社会公共权威在特定情境中，为达到一定目标而制定的行动方案或行动准则。在公共领域，城市规划是具有公共政策性质的，二者在现实基础、哲学基础、政治特性、决策理论、系统性方面具有一致性和相似性。结合我国目前的城市规划制定，参考政策过程理论模型，将城市规划制定过程定义为以下 7 个阶段：问题确认、议程建立、方案设计、规划决策、规划实施、评估监督、修改完结。从公共政策视角研究省域城镇体系规划的编制实施过程，需要回答三个基本问题：一是省域城镇体系规划做了什么，二是为什么编制省域城镇体系规划，三是省域城镇体系规划有什么效果。当前省域城镇体系规划实施存在规划内容的政策性不强和实施手段还不健全等问题， 建议通过建立重大建设项目选址管理机制、以近期行动为抓手推动规划落实等来完善省域城镇体系规划实施机制。 【关键词】公共政策；规划实施；省域城镇体系城市“摊大饼”式空间扩张的经济学动力机制ABSTRACT: From urban land resources and capital resources both demonstrated continuous expansion of urban space to maximize these resources. Ensure the integration of the urban labor market, while the city of transaction cost minimization.One of the tasks of urban policy and planning how to find an optimal solution in an infinite number of urban spatial expansion mode.【摘要】从城市土地资源和资本资源两个方面论证了城市空间连续扩张（摊大饼）最大限度地发挥了这些资源， 又在保证城市劳动力市场整合的同时将城市交易成本（如交通成本）最小化。城市政策和规划的任务之一是如何在无穷多个城市空间扩展模式中寻找到一个最优的方案。【关键词】 城市空间形态；城市交易成本；城市再发展；城市“摊大饼”西方新制度经济学理论在城市规划中的运用和启示Abstract: New Institutional Economics theory in the mid-20th century, the Western capitalist world advocate Keynesian state intervention suffered major economic stagnation under the impact of the gradual rise of a young discipline. Under the system of people and economic activity, social, historical, and environmental context, and the relationship between them is included in the study, so that the new institutional economics theory research method can be applied to different countries, political and economic infrastructure, social history under the contextual background of institutional Analysis. Theoretical analysis of Western New Institutional Economics in the field of urban planning in the use of, and to reveal the rational core revelation of the theory and practice of urban planning, good for exploring the urban planning reform of the challenges of rapid urbanization strategy and effective implementation of theoretical approach to achieving sustainable development goals will have important practical significance and far-reaching historical significance.【摘要】新制度经济学理论是在西方资本主义世界主张国家干预的凯恩斯主义遭受到重大经济滞胀冲击下的20世纪中期逐步兴起的一门年轻的学科。是把人，不同社会、历史、与环境背景下的制度与经济活动，以及它们之间的相互关系纳入研究对象，使新制度经济学的理论研究方法能够适用于不同国度、政治经济基础、社会历史文脉背景下的制度分析。城市规划作为一种政策和制度安排，涉及到社会中的所有利益相关者，也影响到人类赖以生存的环境。分析西方新制度经济学理论在城市规划领域中的运用，揭示其合理内核及其对于我国城市规划理论与实践的启示，有益于探索我国快速城镇化战略挑战下的城市规划体制改革和有效实施的理论途径，对实现可持续发展的目标将具有重要的现实意义和深远的历史意义。【关键词】 新制度经济学；城市规划；利益相关者；交易成本；产权；外部性；有效性1990年代中国城市空间结构的变化及其动力机制Abstract: In the 1990s, many cities expand China occurred changes in the structure of urban space and the city has attracted wide attention of scholars. This paper analyzes the economic, social, cultural, and policy can enjoy dynamic factors, and discussed the role of different development strategies of city planning.【 摘要】1990年代, 中国许多城市所发生的城市空间结构的变化和城市的拓展引起了学者的广泛关注。本文分析了其经济、 社会、 文化、 政策诸项动力因素,并讨论了不同发展战略下城市规划的作用。【 关键词】 城市空间;动力;城市规划;中国制度经济学视角下的城市规划Over the years, the system has been a factor in the field of urban planning can not be normative analysis. Many programs are actually built on the assumption of a zero impact system. Once these ideal plan to enter the reality distortion would be a series of institutional factors. After half a century of development of institutional economics, and gradually develop a standardized method of analysis. These methods can be a factor in understanding the system a useful planning tool. How to learn a new institutional economics progress, pioneering vision of urban planning, urban planning framework to establish institutional analysis is a significant academic direction for future planning theory.【摘要】 长期以来， 制度因素一直是城市规划中无法规范分析的一个领域。 许多规划实际上都是建立在制度影响为零的假设之上的。 一旦这些 “理想” 的规划进入现实， 就会受到一系列制度因素的扭曲。 结果，不是规划完全走味， 就是干脆无法实施。 制度经济学经过半个世纪的发展， 逐渐发展出一套规范分析的方法。 这些方法可以成为理解规划中制度因素的有用工具。 如何借鉴制度经济学的新进展， 开拓城市规划的视野， 建立起城市规划的制度分析框架， 是一个对未来规划理论具有重大意义的学术方向。【关键词】 新制度经济学；城市规划；价格理论；空间分析The current comprehensive aging communities usually have House for the aged, Apartments for the aged and many other types of residence, of which the users are different as well. The House for the aged is usually for the healthy and self-caring aged, while the Apartments for the aged would be available to some of those elderly whom in need of caring and assistance.Different types of residences have business and management model will vary, for example, some sell some rent, occupancy costs paid by the elderly is different. The author of a retirement community in the research found that the restaurant is located in a community older apartment buildings, and apartment dwellers do not want the community to other tenants or dine here Dafan that different property management fees paid by the parties, the other tenants of the apartment occupied public space, which led to many contradictions.Disputes should be so comprehensive retirement community in planning the layout will be different types of live partition settings, and in some public facilities and outdoor environments have also been divided, a certain exclusive and independence, in order to avoid the management and use.目前的综合型养老社区中通常会有老年住宅、老年公寓等多种居住类型，这些居住类型的使用对象各不相同，例如老年住宅通常面向健康、自理的老人，而老年公寓会有一部分提供给需要照料和帮助的老人。不同居住类型的经营和管理模式也会有所差异，例如有的是出租有的是出售，入住老人所缴纳的费用也不同。笔者在调研某养老社区时发现，社区餐厅设在某栋老年公寓里，而公寓住户不希望社区里的其他住户来这里打饭或用餐，认为双方缴纳的物业管理费用不同，其他住户占用了公寓的公共空间，由此引发出许多矛盾。所以综合型养老社区应在规划布局上将不同的居住类型分区设置，并在一些公共设施和室外环境上也有所划分，形成一定的专属和独立性，以避免管理和使用时出现纠纷。避免城市规划过度标准化In the process of globalization , cities in developed countries rationally save his image characteristics, the protection of the citys character and shape are fully taken into account in the Metro construction and the protection of the old city, but the image of the cities in this process gradually lost local characteristics ,the sight of thousands of cities looking like the same has been very prominent. Meanwhile, in the rapid urbanization process, the construction which by object -oriented and aiming for speed , not only cause a decline in the level of urban space caring person , but also led to urban space a serious waste of space resources and money .全球化过程中，发达国家的城市理性地保存了自己的形象特色，在新城建设与旧城保护中都充分地考虑到了城市特色的保护和塑造，而我国普遍的城市形象却在此过程中逐渐失去了地方特色，千城一面的问题已经非常突出。同时，在高速城市化进程中，以物为本和以速度为目标的建设，不但造成了城市空间人本关怀水平的下降，也导致城市空间资源和财力严重浪费。城乡统筹规划从认识中国国情开始_论中国特色城镇化道路从现代城市规划奠基人之一格迪斯提出规划的基本工作方法开始，社会调查始终是城市规划的重要工作内容和基础，其重要性随着20世纪60年代西方社会思潮对城市规划的影响而愈发重要。十分遗憾的是，由于现代规划以城市发展建设为中心，农村社会调查随着规划重心的偏移已经逐渐被规划行业所淡忘，规划从业人员对农村的认知远不及对城市的认知深入。更为关键的是，20世纪70年代之后城市出生的规划从业者基本没有农村生活经历，即使是年长一些的、出生在农村的规划从业人员对农村的认识也日渐模糊，而农村社会相对城市而言有其自然独特性，以城市模式规划农村难免水土不服，这也是很多农村规划缺乏可操作性的根源所在，显然不利于城乡统筹规划工作的开展。美国在城镇化过程中出现了城乡的同质化发展，同样的城市和农村面貌，不但增加了能耗，也失去了欧盟国家那么多的田园风光。而在欧盟的城市中旅游，越过城市边界一步就是美丽的田园风光，城乡之间差别显著、特色鲜明。中国的城市规划不能步美国后尘，不能让乡村和小城镇成为现代化大都市的牺牲品。要保持城乡之间的差异化特色和阴阳互补性，互补才能协调，协调才能确保城乡和谐。这样一来，农村第一产业就可与第三产业齐头并进，从而保证留驻农村的农民也拥有与进城工作生活的农户同等的富裕机会和幸福指数，这比盲目开展农村城市化更加重要、更加靠谱得多。From the beginning of basic working methods of planning of one of the founders of modern urban planning Geddes ,the social survey has always been an important working and basic part of urban planning, and becoming increasingly important on the impact of urban planning thoughts in Western society in the 1960s. Regrettably, social survey in rural land has been forgotten by the planners during the transfer of the center of planning because of that the modern planning is focusing on the urban development . As a result,the planners know less about rural areas than cities. Even more critical is that those planners born after 1970s in cities very few people have had rural living experience, even a few of elder ones which were born in country know little about rural areas as well. While the rural society has natural characteristics comparing with the city, so that its hard to due with the rural problems by urban style methods, thats why most of the rural plans lacking operability, and obviously not good to urban and rural overall planning.城市转型与重构进程中的规划调控纲要Homogenizational development has appeared in the process of urbanization in America ,the same urban and rural landscape , not only increased energy consumption, but also lost so much garden scenery in Europe countries.And while having a trip in those Europe cities,it would be beautiful garden scenery after one step you walk through the boundary of the city.China s urban planning can not step follow the America , or let the countryside and small towns become victims of the modern metropolis. It should be keeping the deference characteristics and complementarity between urban and rural areas to keep the rural and urban harmony .As a result, which is more important and more reliable that rural primary industry and tertiary industry can go hand in hand , and ensure the rural farmers has the same rich opportunities and happiness index with those who get into the city for work and living than blind urbanization in rural areas .美国在城镇化过程中出现了城乡的同质化发展，同样的城市和农村面貌，不但增加了能耗，也失去了欧盟国家那么多的田园风光。而在欧盟的城市中旅游，越过城市边界一步就是美丽的田园风光，城乡之间差别显著、特色鲜明。中国的城市规划不能步美国后尘，不能让乡村和小城镇成为现代化大都市的牺牲品。要保持城乡之间的差异化特色和阴阳互补性，互补才能协调，协调才能确保城乡和谐。这样一来，农村第一产业就可与第三产业齐头并进，从而保证留驻农村的农民也拥有与进城工作生活的农户同等的富裕机会和幸福指数，这比盲目开展农村城市化更加重要、更加靠谱得多。民生视域下我国特大型城市交通拥堵问题研究In recent years, with the economic development and urbanization, Chinas major cities have been caught into a blocking situation, the traffic congestion has become a major problem that troubled the urban development a lot, despite the city governments constructed a increasing number of transportation infrastructures and took a variety of measures, but the traffic get into a dilemma that the more governance, the more blocked, in this case, changing a perspective to re-examine the problem of traffic congestion is particularly necessary.For a long time, Chinas urban development basically followed the spatial development pattern of concentric circles outward spreading, those urban public resources did not achieve balance in the layout with the urban expansion , urban functions did not get rid of the limitations of excessive centralization, those public resources like administrations, business, schools, hospitals and cultural entertainment places are mostly distributed in the down town, the surrounding areas and satellite towns have only basic housing, shopping and recreational functions, job opportunities, employment, youth education, medical treatment, etc. still have to go to the city center.Thus, during the daily morning and evening peak , the working flows, studying flows, medical caring people and other transportation demanding flew toward the down town ,and seriously increased the pressure of the urban transport system.Urban traffic congestion exacerbated the problems of resources, energy and environmental crisis caused by the car society , and also increased the the social time costs, resulting in a huge social cost.While the social thought of the governmenance maker directly related to the solving of the traffic congestion problem. Under the system of government performance evaluation with GDP , the automotive industry, espesially the passenger automobile industry is an important pillar of support for local economic growth, and the automobile consumption also formed a huge consumer chain and also make a direct stimulating effect on the growth of the GDP. .Therefore, there are some situations that the interests of the executive contrary to the actual needs of the community-driven appeared in the process of city transportation policy enacting , as a specific policy-makers and practitioners rarely take into account the enormous social costs of traffic congestion problems for the whole society .Therefore, the automotive industry and consumption regarded as a mean to stimulate the local economic growth, and under the car-oriented system, the public finance investment make an overloaded construction to roads and bridges , which lead into a cycle of vehicle to increase - traffic jams - roads - Vehicles increase - traffic congestion .近年来，随着经济发展和城市化的推进，我国各大城市纷纷陷入“堵局”，交通拥堵已经成为困扰各大城市发展的主要问题，尽管各地为治堵不断加大交通基础设施投入并采取多种措施，但交通却陷入越治越堵的困局，在这种情况下，换一种视角重新审视交通拥堵问题显得尤为必要。长期以来，中国城市发展基本沿用同心圆环状向外蔓延的空间发展模式，城市公共资源并没有随着城市的扩张进行均衡设置，城市功能没有摆脱过度中心化的局限，行政、商务、学校、医院及文化娱乐场所等社会公共资源绝大部分都分布在中心城区，周边地区和卫星城只具备基本的居住、购物和休闲功能，职业机会、就业、子女就学、求医等依然不得不涌向中心城区。这样，每天早晚高峰时期，上班流、办事流、上学流、就医流等各种交通需求集中向中心城区叠加聚集，严重加剧城市交通系统的压力。城市交通拥堵一方面加剧了汽车社会带来的资源、能源和环境危机，另一方面也增加了社会的时间成本，造成了巨大的社会成本。但城市交通拥堵问题的解决与政府政策制定者的社会思想直接相关。在政府GDP政绩考核机制下，汽车工业特别是乘用汽车工业是支持地方经济增长的一个重要支柱，汽车消费也形成了一个巨大的消费产业链，更是对GDP的增长带来直接的刺激效应。因此，城市交通政策的制定过程中就会出现行政利益驱动和实际社会需要相悖的情况，作为具体的政策制定者和执行者很少会兼顾交通拥堵问题给整个社会带来的巨大社会成本。因此，汽车工业和汽车消费被作为刺激地方经济增长的手段，在“以车为本”的理念下，公共财政过度投入路桥的修建，陷入“车辆增加交通拥堵修建道路车辆增加交通拥堵”的怪圈。Bus rapid transit (BRT, BRTS) is a bus-based mass transit system. A true BRT system generally has specialized design, services and infrastructure to improve system quality and remove the typical causes of delay. Sometimes described as a surface subway, BRT aims to combine the capacity and speed of light rail or metro with the flexibility, lower cost and simplicity of a bus system.With the rapid development of the Bus Rapid Transit systems in recent several decades ,they now play an important role in the mass traffic transportation. This paper aims to describe a global approach of them as well as to carry out an effective comparison in order to achieve conclusions.We did a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the current operating BRT systems of different countries in order to identify the key factors for the success of such type of transportation, regarding both its management and users comfort.The result comes out by the comparison between different BRT systems according to their geographical area shows that there can be found two separate groups in the BRT systems, on one hand, some countri