【聚焦中考】（安徽专用 教师用书）中考英语专题复习 第22讲 名词和冠词.doc

第22讲名词和冠词名词【名题实战】1more and more people come to visit mount huangshan.thats true.it has become the _a_ of anhui.(2014，安徽)apridebeffort cpraise dcourage2what is miss gaos favourite _a_？she is always in pink.dont you know？(2013，安徽)acolour bbook csong dmovie3i have great _a_ in learning math and im so worried.could you help me?sure.id be glad to.(2011，安徽)atrouble binterest cjoy dfun4could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now？(2010，安徽)sorry，i know nothing about him.we are _d_afriends bneighbors cclassmates dstrangers【考点梳理】从上面考题分析可知，名词辨析是近年来安徽中考考查的重点，同学们应加强这方面的训练。同时，对名词其它方面的知识点也应予以了解和掌握。高频考向一常用专有名词1人名。如：jackie chan，yao ming2地名。如：new york，the great wall3国名。如：china，america4一周七天。如：monday，tuesday5一年十二个月。如：may，september6节日。如：teachers day，mothers day，christmas day7专有名词缩写形式。如：usa，cd【例1】 _ is the most important festival in china.achristmas day bspring festivalcmidautumn day dnational day解析：a选项是圣诞节；b选项是春节；c选项是中秋节；d选项是国庆节。根据句意“在中国最重要的节日”，当然是春节。答案：_b_高频考向二名词辨析名词词义辨析主要指考生在不同的语言环境中，通过对上下文的理解或者对一些词义相同的名词准确地掌握其意义，然后做出正确的选择。近年来，这一考点成为了考查名词的主要形式之一，并且越来越受到各地的欢迎。【例2】 what are you going to do when you grow up?my _ is to become an astronaut.(2014，襄阳)ahobby bdream cjob dadvice解析：由问句“你长大后将去做什么”可知，答句应为“我的梦想是成为一名航天员”。答案：_b_【例3】 the picnic is only in three days.have you made any _？not yet.so lets discuss what to prepare.(2014，台州)awishes bplans cmistakes dfriends解析：a选项意为“愿望”；b选项意为“计划”；c选项意为“错误”；d选项意为“朋友”。由答句句意“还没有。所以让我们去讨论准备什么”可知，问句句意为“野餐只剩下三天了。你做计划了吗”。答案：_b_高频考向三名词的数名词分可数名词与不可数名词两类。可数名词有单、复数变化形式。a用于以辅音音素开头的单数名词前，an用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前。如：an uncle，a university，an honest man，an hour，a useful book，an apple等。其复数形式分为规则和不规则两种：1可数名词的复数规则变化构成方法例子一般情况下，在名词的末尾加sdeskdesks，appleapples以s，x，sh，ch结尾的名词，在词尾加esclassclasses，boxboxes，watchwatches以辅音y结尾的名词，把y变为i，再加escountrycountries，factoryfactories以f或fe结尾的名词，把f或fe变为v，再加esknifeknives，wifewives，leafleaves以o结尾表示有生命的名词，在词尾加estomatotomatoes，heroheroes以o结尾表示无生命的名词，在词尾加sradioradios.photophotos(这是边文，请据需要手工删加)语法复习(这是单页眉，请据需要手工删加)2可数名词的复数不规则变化元音或词尾发生变化。如：manmen；womanwomen；frenchmanfrenchmen；toothteeth；footfeet；childchildren单复数形式相同。如：sheepsheep；fish(鱼的条数) fish；chinese(中国人)chinese；japanese(日本人)japanese；deer(鹿)deer形式为单数，意思为复数。如：people，police视为整体时，谓语用单数；视为个体时，谓语用复数。如：family，class，team，group形式为复数，意思为单数。如：news，maths，physics，the united states等。只用复数形式pants，shorts，clothes，glasses (眼镜)等。由man，woman构成的合成名词，变复数时将名词及man，woman都变成复数。如：man drivermen drivers，woman teacherwomen teachers但其他合成名词，只需把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式。如：a banana treebanana trees；a shoe factoryshoe factories注意：可数名词的单复数要与句子结构保持一致。可数名词一般不单独使用，表类别时可用复数形式，或用不定冠词或定冠词加单数名词。如：oranges，the/an orange。修饰可数名词复数的词有these，those，many，(a) few，a/the number of，some/any，a lot of等。常用they，them来替代。3不可数名词不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词，它们一般没有复数形式。如果要表示不可数名词的数量则要借助于“a量词(可数名词)of不可数名词”短语，变复数时把a变为具体数词，量词变为复数形式。如：a bowl of water一碗水；two cups of tea两杯茶初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，tea，milk，food，fruit，meat，fish(鱼肉)，chicken(鸡肉)，beef，mutton，orange(橙汁)，sugar，salt，paper(纸)，porridge，bread，sand，juice，news，music，time(时间)，information，fun，advice等。注意：有些名词既可作不可数名词，又可作可数名词，如：time(时间/次数，倍数)，fish(鱼肉/鱼)，room(空间/房间)，noise(噪音/响声)，paper(纸/试卷，文件)，chicken(鸡肉/鸡)，experience(经验/经历)表示不定数量时，不可数名词常用much，(a)little，a lot of，some，any等修饰。常用it来替代。【例4】 where are you going，sam?there isnt any _ in the fridge.ill go and buy some.(2014，凉山)avegetables bbeef ceggs dmoney解析：由is可知此处应用可数名词单数或不可数名词，故排除a、c选项。再根据句意来判断。答案：_b_【例5】 i saw some _ and _ dancing in the street the day before yesterday.(2013，绥化)agermen；englishmen bgermans；englishmanscgermans；englishmen解析：german的复数形式为germans；englishman的复数形式为englishmen。答案：_c_高频考向四名词所有格有生命的东西的名词所有格，一般用在词尾加“s”这种形式来表示。如：its my mothers handbag.这是我妈妈的手提包。以s或es结尾的名词末尾只加“”。有些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇等无生命的事物的名词，也可以加“s”构成所有格。如：its only twenty minutes walk.这只是步行20分钟的路程。who won the girls 100meter race？谁赢了女子100米赛跑？不以s或es结尾的复数名词末尾仍要加“s”。如：wheres the peoples hospital，please？请问人民医院在哪儿？its the policemens bedroom.这是警察宿舍。(这是边文，请据需要手工删加)表示两个或多个人共同拥有的人或物时，只需在并列名词的后一个名词词尾加“s”。若表示两者各自所拥有时，则每个名词后均加“s”。试比较：lily and lucys father is a worker.莉莉和露茜的父亲是工人。lilys and lucys fathers are both workers.莉莉的父亲和露茜的父亲都是工人。有些名词如：诊所、家、店铺等名词所有格后加“s”后，可以省去表示相关处所的名词。如：the doctors(医生诊所)，mr.whites(怀特先生家)，the booksellers(书店)。of所有格主要表示无生命的东西。如：a map of china一幅中国地图既表示所属关系又表示数量时要用双重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncles，a photo of jims family等。【例6】 _ desk is long and wide.they like it very much.(2014，齐齐哈尔)asonias and janesbsonia and janescsonia and jane解析：a项表示两个人各自的桌子，后应接复数名词；b项表示两个人共有的桌子，后接单数名词；c项不可以直接作定语。答案：_b_【例7】 how far is your home from school?its about two _ walk.(2013，潍坊)ahours bhours chours dhour解析：由答语“两个小时的步行路程”可知，此处应用名词所有格形式。hour为可数名词，在基数词后应使用复数形式hours，以s结尾的复数名词的所有格直接在词尾加“”构成。答案：_b_一、单项选择。1mum，i want to buy an iphone 5s for a change.well.i think there is no _b_its almost the same as an iphone 4s.(2014，宁波)areason bneed canswer dway2recently people care more about the safety of _a_everyone wants to eat healthily.(2014，衡阳)afoods bclothes cbuildings dtraffic3miss black is a friend of _a_，she always looks after my sister.(2014，龙东)amarys mothers bmarys mothercmary mothers dmarys mother4there are fifty _b_ in our school.they are all friendly to us.(2014，安顺)awoman teachers bwomen teacherscwoman teacher dwomen teacher5i hear you have to get up early every morning.right.its one of the _d_ of my family.(2014，泰安)aplans bjobs cprograms drules6im tired.this is not the right _a_ to ask me to go for a walk.(2014，杭州)amoment bchance cplace dseason7could you please get me some _c_？im hungry.(2014，黔西南)aapple bwater cbread degg8excuse me，where did you get the book?i borrowed it from the _b_(2013，重庆)acinema blibrary cpark dstation9the sweater is not the right _c_ for me.well，shall i get you a bigger one or a smaller one？(2013，绍兴)aprice bcolor csize dmaterial10youd better read the _c_ first before you use the camera.(2013，嘉兴、舟山)awebsites bexpressionscinstructions dadvertisements二、根据首字母及汉语提示完成单词。11uncle wang bought two _watches_ (手表) yesterday.12there are a lot of _sheep_ (绵羊) on the grass.13the cat caught two _mice_ (老鼠) last night.14gina would like some _juice_ (果汁) to drink.15jack went to have two _teeth_ (牙齿) pulled out yesterday afternoon.16nick，can you give me some _information_ (信息) about that event?17_friday_ (周五) is lindas favorite day，because she has pe.on that day.18there is not enough _room_ (空间) in the corner to put the table.19its a _secret_ (秘密)you shouldnt tell it to others.20ben likes the _shape_ (形状) of the cake.its a heart.冠词【名题实战】1its not _ good idea to drive for four hours without _a_ break.(2011，安徽)aa；aba；the cthe；a dthe；the2what do you think of the new movie the monkey king，sally?its _a_ funny one.(2013，台州)aa bancthe d不填3mary，whos _ woman over there?shes my aunt，_c_ english teacher.(2014，天津)athe；the ba；the cthe；an da；an4lets take _a_ photo！everyone，cheese！(2014，河北)aa ban cthe d不填5eric is not going to nanjing by _ plane.instead，he is taking _a_ train.(2014，广东)a/；a ba；/ ca；the dthe；a【考点梳理】近五年来，安徽中考中对冠词的考查不是很多，仅在2011年中考中出现过。但冠词作为一个重点语法项目，考生也应掌握。高频考向一不定冠词a，an不定冠词an用于以元音音素开头的单词前，而a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前。如：an apple 一个苹果an hour一小时a book一本书a university一所大学泛指某一类人或物。如：a horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。表示数量“一”，但没有one强。如：i would like a cup of coffee.我想要一杯咖啡。用在文中第一次提到某人或某物时。如：whats this？这是什么？its a bike.这是一辆自行车。用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前有“每一”的意思，相当于every。如：three times a week每周三次用于某些固定短语中。如：a lot of许多，have a cold感冒，have a good time玩得高兴/过得愉快，in a hurry匆忙，take a bus乘坐公共汽车【例1】 what do you think of lucy?she is _ honest girl.(2014，益阳)aan ba cthe d/解析：表泛指，且以元音音素开头。答案：_a_【例2】as tim loves zunyi a lot，he bought _ oneway ticket to zunyi and decided to stay here for a year.(2014，遵义)aan ba c/ dthe解析：表数量“一”。答案：_b_【例3】 do you know a spaceship flies at about nineteen kilometers _ second？(2013，兰州)athe ba c/ dan解析：用在时间“second”前，表示“每一”。答案：_b_【例4】lin dan is _ excellent player im _ big fan of him.(2014，福州)aa；the ban；a cthe；an dan；an解析：表泛指，第一个空后以元音音素开头，第二个空后面以辅音音素开头。答案：_b_高频考向二定冠词the谈话双方都知道的人或物。如：the girl is lucys sister.这个女孩是露茜的妹妹。用于特指某人或某物。如：the man in the car is my teacher.坐在车里的那个人是我的老师。用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。用在乐器名称前。如：she is playing the piano.她正在弹钢琴。用在序数词或形容词的最高级前。如：tom is the tallest in his class.汤姆在他班上个子最高。用在姓氏的复数前，表示“一家人或夫妇二人”。如：the browns are having dinner.布朗一家正在吃晚饭。用在上文已提到的人或物前。如：nancy has a cat.the cat is very cute.南希有一只猫，这只猫很可爱。用在表示海洋、江河、山脉、群岛、国家和党派等名词前，或由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：the huai river淮河，the united kingdom英国，the great wall长城用在某些形容词前表示一类人。如：the old老人，the young年轻人，the rich富人，the poor 穷人用于the比较级，the比较级及the比较级of两者的句型中。如：the more he thinks of it，the sadder he will be.他越想越难过。maria is the thinner of the two girls.玛利亚是两个女孩中较瘦的那一个。the用在某个世纪的某个年代。如：in the 1980s20世纪80年代用在某些固定短语中。如：at the age of在岁时，all the time一直，by the way顺便说一下，in the end最后，终于，in the morning在早上，on the right在右边，in the middle of在中间【例5】 mom，i like _ green tshirt.could you buy it for me？(2014，威海)aa ban cthe d/解析：在特指的名词前用定冠词。答案：_c_【例6】 how is _ film you saw last night?you mean _ one，lost in thailand？thats wonderful！(2013，内江)aa；the bthe；thecthe；不填 d不填；the解析：本题两空都应用定冠词the。第一空表示特指，第二空表示在上文中已提到的物。答案：_b_【例7】tom，ill invite you to have _ lunch after playing _ violin.thank you.(2014，赤峰)aa；the bthe；the c/；/ d/；the解析：have lunch为固定词组，中间不需任何冠词；在西洋乐器名词前应用定冠词。答案：_d_高频考向三零冠词复数名词和不可数名词表示一般意义而不特指具体的人或事物时前面不用冠词。如：blood is thicker than water.血浓于水。在某些专有名词前不用冠词，如国名、人名等。如：china has a long history.中国拥有悠久的历史。在星期、日期、月份、季节、节日前不用冠词。如：october 1st is national day.十月一日是国庆节。注：若特指某年的某月或某季节时，则要在月份、季节前加定冠词the。如：in the winter of 2010，he moved to china.在2010年的冬天，他搬到了中国。在三餐、球类运动及娱乐活动的名词之前不用冠词。如：he went to school without breakfast this morning.他今天早晨没有吃早饭就去上学了。davy likes playing basketball.戴维喜欢打篮球。当名词前有this，that，these，those，every，his，your，some，any等限定词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。如：jennys sister is my friend.珍妮的妹妹是我的朋友。those students often play football after school.那些学生放学后经常踢足球。在表示职位和称呼前不用冠词。如：he was elected manager of our company last year.去年他当选为我们公司的经理。与by连用的表示交通工具的名词前不用冠词。如：by bus坐公共汽车by train坐火车注：动词take或介词in，on后接表示交通工具的名词前要加冠词。如：take a bus坐公共汽车on a/the bus坐公共汽车in a/the car乘小汽车用在某些习惯用语中。如：go to school去上学at home在家at once立刻，马上on time按时in trouble陷入困境watch tv看电视on foot步行by mistake错误地day and night日日夜夜at first首先【例8】li na started playing _ennis at the age of six.she is one of _ best women tennis players in the world.(2014，凉山)athe；the ba；/ c/；the dthe；/解析：球类名词前不能用任何冠词；形容词最高级前应用定冠词the。答案：_c_【例9】 it is a good habit to go to _ bed early and get up early.(2013，丽水)aa ban cthe d不填解析：go to bed意为“上床睡觉”，是固定搭配，不用冠词。答案：_d_【例10】miss zhang will go to _ america for _ important meeting next month.(2014，梅州)aan；