浙江高考英语二轮全程练习 第三部分 阅读理解技法与文体演练 课时20 阅读理解文体技法（3）议论文.doc

阅读理解文体技法(3)议论文.阅读理解文体技法演练【精要提示】议论文也是一种运用十分广泛的文章体裁。阅读议论文必须把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。议论文的解题策略：(1)互推法在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点；或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。(2)推理法推理法对推理判断题非常有用。考生一定要明白，推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。如有原句出现，则是客观事实，不是推理判断的答案。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。【高考经典练】(2015江苏卷，d)freedom and responsibilityfreedoms challenge in the digital age is a serious topic.we are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.some 2，500 years ago greece discovered freedom.before that there was no freedom.there were great civilizations，splendid empires，but no freedom anywhere.egypt and babylon were both tyrannies，one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.in greece，in athens(雅典)，a little city in a little country，there were no helpless masses.and athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed，and the unwritten，which must be obeyed if free men live together.they must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert.the athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted.a man was free if he was selfcontrolled.to make yourself obey what you approved was freedom.they were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair.each one felt responsible for the welfare of athens，not because it was forced on him from the outside，but because the city was his pride and his safety.the essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.but discovering freedom is not like discovering computers.it cannot be discovered once for all.if people do not prize it，and work for it，it will go.constant watch is its price.athens changed.it was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance，a spiritual change which affected the whole state.it had been the athenians pride and joy to give to their city.that they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds.there had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work.now instead of men giving to the state，the state was to give to them.what the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object，ideas of freedom and selfreliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing.athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility.there could be only one result.if men insisted on being free from the burden of selfdependence and responsibility for the common good，they would cease to be free.responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom.it is to be had on no other terms.athens，the athens of ancient greece，refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.but，“the excellent becomes the permanent，” aristotle said.athens lost freedom forever，but freedom was not lost forever for the world.a great american，james madison，referred to：“the capacity(能力) of mankind for selfgovernment.” no doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking greek.athens was not in the farthest background of his mind，but once man has a great and good idea，it is never completely lost.the digital age cannot destroy it.somehow in this or that mans thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action.one can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action only sure that it will do so sometime.1what does the underlined word “tyrannies”in paragraph 2 refer to?acountries where their people need help.bpowerful states with higher civilization.csplendid empires where people enjoy freedom.dgovernments ruled with absolute power.2people believing in freedom are those who _aregard their life as their own businessbseek gains as their primary objectcbehave within the laws and value systemsdtreat others with kindness and pity3what change in attitude took place in athens?athe athenians refused to take their responsibility.bthe athenians no longer took pride in the city.cthe athenians benefited spiritually from the government.dthe athenians looked on the government as a business.4what does the sentence“there could be only one result.” in paragraph 5 mean?aathens would continue to be free.bathens would cease to have freedom.cfreedom would come from responsibility.dfreedom would stop athens from selfdependence.5why does the author refer to aristotle and madison?athe author is hopeful about freedom.bthe author is cautious about selfgovernment.cthe author is skeptical of greek civilization.dthe author is proud of mans capacity.6what is the authors understanding of freedom?afreedom can be more popular in the digital age.bfreedom may come to an end in the digital age.cfreedom should have priority over responsibility.dfreedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.能力提升练atwo friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever，even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started.such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country.in fact，according to an official report on youth violence，“in our country today，the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment，but the terrible reality of violence”given that this is the case，why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems，drive cars，or stay physically fit?first of all，students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable.a report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱)for example，a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime.laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults，which in turn can lead to violence.the problem isnt in the sandwich，but in the way students deal with the conflict.once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable，they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决)stay calm.once the student feels calmer，he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well.rude words，namecalling，and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fire.on the other hand，soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.after both sides have calmed down，they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution: listening.listening allows the two sides to understand each other.one person should describe his or her side，and the other person should listen without interrupting.afterward，the listener can ask nonthreatening questions to clarify the speakers position.then the two people should change roles.finally，students need consider what they are hearing.this doesnt mean trying to figure out what s wrong with the other person.it means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish.for example，a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things.students need to ask themselves questions such as these: how did this start? what do i really want? what am i afraid of? as the issue becomes clearer，the conflict often simply becomes smaller.even if it doesnt，careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.there will always be conflict in schools，but that doesnt mean there needs to be violence.after students in atlanta started a conflict resolution program，according to educators for social responsibility，“64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves”learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends，teachers，parents，bosses，and coworkers.in that way，conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.1this article is mainly about _athe lives of school childrenbthe cause of arguments in schoolschow to analyze youth violencedhow to deal with school conflicts2from paragraph 2 we can learn that _aviolence is more likely to occur at lunchtimeba small conflict can lead to violencecstudents tend to lose their temper easilydthe eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight3why do students need to ask themselves the questions stated in paragraph 5?ato find out who to blame.bto get ready to buy new things.cto make clear what the real issue is.dto figure out how to stop the shouting match.4after the conflict resolution program was started in atlanta，it was found that _athere was a decrease in classroom violencebthere was less student cooperation in the classroomcmore teachers felt better about themselves in schoolsdthe teacherstudent relationship greatly improved5the writers purpose for writing this article is to _acomplain about problems in school educationbteach students different strategies for school lifecadvocate teaching conflict management in schoolsdinform teachers of the latest studies on school violencebwe human beings have many great powers and one of them is our imagination.maybe you are surprised and wonder why i draw such a conclusion.wait and let me explain to you.william james was a philosopher and one of the leading thinkers more than a century ago.he said this about the power of the mind，“anything you may hold firm in your imagination can be yours.” he believed there was tremendous (巨大的)power in imagination and wrote in length about how humans can bring about significant positive changes in their attitudes，behaviors and relationships by first holding a vivid image of their best selves，or the person they want to become，in their imagination.in his book the winners edge，writer denis waitley tells of high school basketball players who learned the power of holding something firm in their imaginations.the students were divided into three groups.group one was told not to practice shooting free throws for one month.group two was told to practice shooting free throws in the gym every afternoon for a month.group three was told to imagine shooting free throws every afternoon for one hour for a month.frankly，i can hardly imagine a group of athletes，after sitting in class all day，dressing out，going to the gym，sitting in the bleachers and just thinking about shooting free throws for an hour every day.but look at these results.group one，the nopractice group，slipped slightly in their percentage freethrow average.group two，the students that practiced，increased their accuracy by about two percentage points.group three，the ones who imagined shooting，also increased about two percentage pointsthe same as the group that practiced.neuroscience(神经学)is just now discovering that there are biological reasons for this phenomenon william james talked about so long ago.but here is the point.do you want to become more excellent at some endeavor? do you want to improve your outlook? is there a skill youd like to perfect? do you want better relationships? or would you like to replace your fear of something，such as speaking in public or heading up a project，with more confidence and courage? if so，then some mental practice，holding a vivid image of what you have in your mind，is as important as physical practice.the time you spend “seeing” in your mind what you are trying to accomplish actually helps to bring it to pass.i dont mean we have to sit down and imagine something for an hour every day.its as simple as holding a vivid mental picture of what you truly desire and returning to it as often as possible.so there are many things that you can have in your imagination.imagine your success.never hesitate to visualize doing that thing you fear at first.get it in your mind and then imagine your success in that area over and over again，like free throws going into the basket.what does it look like to be confident? how does it look to be actually doing the thing youre afraid to do? how does it feel? can you imagine it in detail? in a short time，you will discover that things really are changing for you.and after that，well，just imagine what else you can do if you really want to achieve some unexpected results.6according to paragraph 2，william james believed that _ahuman beings could survive with their imaginationbanything would happen just like what people have in mindchuman beings can solve any problem with powerful imaginationdimagination has an effect on peoples attitudes and behaviors7what was group three told to do in the research in denis waitleys book?apractice shooting free throws for one month.bpractice shooting free throws every afternoon for a month.cimagine shooting free throws every afternoon for a month.dimagine shooting free throws for an hour every afternoon for month.8the questions in paragraph 4 are intended to _acheer up the readers to discover the real reasons for imaginations powerbprove there are biological reasons for imaginations powercshow physical practice is as important as mental practicedtell people how they can build up their confidence9the underlined sentence in paragraph 5 suggests that _apeople can spend time imagining something anytime anywherebpeople cannot do simple things if they dont imagine them firstcpeople should not worry about the trouble caused by imaginationdpeople should sit down and imagine something as often as possible10the author writes the last paragraph in a(n) _ tone.apraising bcriticalcinstructive dhumorous11what is the best title of this passage?athe power of imaginationbfamous words about imaginationcthe detail of imaginationdthe method of imaginationc according to a recent article in the wall street journal，we might all be braggarts(自吹自擂者) in this competitive society addicted to social networking.take a close look at your socialnetworking sites.do you like to post photos of yourself in restaurants to show others what an exciting life you have? or do you like to write about how happily in love you are? or perhaps you are of the subtle type who constantly complain about jobs but really just want to impress others with your important position.according to the results of a series of experiments conducted by harvard university neuroscientists (神经系统科学家)，the reward areas of our brainthe same areas that respond to “primary rewards” such as foodare activated when we talk about ourselves.we devote between 30 to 40 percent of our conversation time to doing just that.unfortunately，bernstein says，some people cant tell the difference between sharing positive information that others might actually want to know and direct bragging.she suggests that bragging involves comparison，whether stated or implied.“we are expected to be perfect all the time.the result is that more and more people are carefully managing their online images，” says elizabeth bernstein，a columnist with the wall street journal.but the issue is not limited to the internet.in a fiercely competitive job market we must sell ourselves on multiple platforms and show that we are better than others.in fact，we have become so accustomed to bragging that we dont even realize we are doing it，says bernstein.this is harmful to our relationships and puts people off.bernstein talked to some experts who said that people brag for all sorts of reasons: to appear worthy of attention; to prove to ourselves we are doing fine and that people who said we would fail are wrong; or simply because were excited when good things happen to us.“feel sorry for them，because theyre doing this unconscious，destructive thing that wont help them in the long run，” said professor simian valier，a research psychologist at washington university.12the underlined word “subtle” in para.2 is closest in meaning to “_”ahidden bapparentcoutstanding dsimple13which of the following is one of the features of braggarts?athey control conversation and only talk about themselves.bthey know well how to share positive information.cthey selfpromote to stand out in their career.dthey dont pay much attention to their online image.14what can we infer from the passage?abraggarts make a good first impression but the effect decreases over time.bpeople who like bragging know what they are doing.cbraggarts always adopt comparison directly to show they are excellent.dthey care much about the feelings of others when talking. 15which would be the best title for the passage?aare you a braggart?bsociety addicted to networkingcwhy do we keep on bragging?dhow to deal with a braggart?参考答案课时20阅读理解文体技法(3)议论文高考经典练【语篇解读】全文出现最多的词是freedom，讲述了自由的起源、演变和它在古代文化下的形态和缺陷，以及自由给数字化世界所带来的挑战。随即，作者对雅典的民主制度下个人的自由进行了阐述，同时也指出当时所面临的问题：人们只想要自由，而不愿承担责任。文中，作者引用了两位伟人的例子，作了进一步的阐述。作者讲到在数字化的世界下，自由不会消亡，一定是和责任联系在一起。1d词义猜测题。由第二段one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses可推出。2c细节理解题。由第三段could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state可知。3a细节理解题。由第四段athens changed.it was a change th