单片机的技术发展史.doc

无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院毕业设计说明书（英文翻译）英文翻译History of the development of SCM technology SCM was born in the late 1970s, after the SCM, the MCU, SoC three stages. (1)SCM that the single-chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, is to find the best form of single-chip embedded system the best architecture. Innovative approach to succeed, and laid the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. Embedded in the system created an independent path of development。(2)MCU that microcontroller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet embedded applications, the objects of the various system requirements and the external circuit interface circuit, highlighted its ability to control Intelligent Object . It involves all areas related to the object, therefore, the responsibility MCU development inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this perspective, Intel phased out MCU development has its objective factors. MCU development in the area, most notably when several manufacturers Philips Corporation. Philips companies in the embedded application with the huge advantage, MCS-51 from the single-chip microcomputer to the rapid development of micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back on embedded system development path, Intel and Philips should not forget the historical merits. (3)Embedded microcontroller system is the independent development of the MCU stage of the development of important factors, is seeking applications on the chip to maximize the solution, therefore, the development of dedicated MCU SoC formed a natural trend. With microelectronic technology, IC design, the development of EDA tools, SoC based on the single-chip microcomputer application system design will have greater development. Therefore, the MCU can be understood from the single-chip microcomputer, single-chip microcontrollers into applications. Fourth, the two Embedded System Application Model Embedded System features embedded applications, has determined that an interdisciplinary characteristics. As containing computer to computer field staff involvement of its architecture, software, technology, engineering applied research. However, the understanding of the target system control requirements to achieve control system object model must possess knowledge in the field. Therefore, from the history of embedded systems development process, as well as the diversity of embedded applications, it can be formed on the objective that two applications model. 1. Objective existence of the two models Embedded computer systems originated in Microcomputer era, but it soon entered the independent development of the single-chip microcomputer era. SCM in the era of embedded system devices to rapidly access to the traditional form of electronic technology, electronic technology applications engineers as the main legacy of intelligent electronic systems, and computer professional team has not really entered the MCU applications . Therefore, the application of electronic technology to engineer their customary mode of electronic technology applications, in the SCM application development. Application of this model is the most important features: software and hardware in the bottom and arbitrary; target system expertise to the close correlation between lack of computer engineering design method. Although the single-chip microcomputer age, the computer professional out of the embedded systems area, but with the advent of post-PC era, networks, communications technology to develop at the same time, embedded system software and hardware technologies have greatly enhance the computer professional Interventional embedded systems applications to open up a vast world. Computer professionals intervention, a computer model to the obvious application of computer engineering characteristics, which is based on embedded system software and hardware platforms, network, telecommunications bottom of the non-embedded applications. 2. Two applications co-exist and complement each other model As embedded systems the largest and most extensive application is at the bottom of the field of traditional electronic intelligence reform, therefore, to target professional proficiency of electronic-based technical team, with a minimum of embedded system software and hardware expenses, to eight based machine with a thick color electronic system design model of the electronic systems will perpetuate. 360毕业设计网 In addition, computer professionals will be more and more involved in embedded systems applications, but due to the differences between the object expertise, and its application will be concentrated in the areas of networking, communications, multimedia, e-business, etc., can not replace the original electronic engineers control, instrumentation, machinery, electronics, and other aspects of embedded applications. Therefore, the objective existence of the two models will coexist for a long time and, in different fields complement each other. Electronic system design model should be in the computer application designed to study computer engineering methods and embedded system software technology, computer application design patterns from electronic system design model, the understanding of embedded systems applications of the circuit system, the basic methods and the external circuit design Object System basic requirements. 3. Embedded systems applications of the high-end As embedded systems had a long period of SCM independent path of development, mostly based on the 8-bit MCU and realizing the bottom of the embedded systems applications with a clear electronic system design features. In the majority of SCM application developers, system are objects in the field of electronic systems engineers, coupled with the emergence of single-chip microcomputer, a computer professional from the immediate area, intelligent device into the electronic system as the field, did not bring Embedded Systems concept. Therefore, many people in the SCM applications, and embedded microcontroller system do not understand the relationship, referring to the embedded systems areas, often interpreted as computer professional fields, based on the 32-bit embedded processor , in the networking, communications, multimedia, and other applications. In this way, SCM and embedded systems Embedded System formed two independent common terminology. However, SCM is a typical, the independent development of the embedded systems, from the point of view of the construction disciplines, it should be unified as embedded systems. Taking into account the original bottom of the electronic systems SCM application features, embedded systems applications can be divided into low-end and high-end, the original understanding of the SCM application into the low-end embedded systems applications, meaning to the bottom of it and and the object system tightly coupled.Now, we use the monolithic integrated circuit to complete the above process, obviously, it first must have replaces the abacus to carry on the operation the part, this is the logic unit; Next, must have can play to the paper and the pen role component, namely can remember the primitive topic, the primary data and the intermediate result, but also must remember causes the monolithic function automatically to carry on each kind of order which the operation but establishes. This kind of component is called the memory. In addition, but also needs to have can replace the controller which the human affects, it can act according to the order which beforehand assigns to send out each kind of control signal, enables the entire computation process one to carry on step by step. But the light has these three parts to be also insufficient, the primitive data and the order needs to input, the computation result must output, all needs according to in turn to carry on successively, sometimes also must wait for.In fact, the people often are called the logic unit and the controller merge central processing element - CPU. The monolithic integrated circuit besides carries on the operation, but also must complete the control function. Therefore cannot leave counts with fixed time. Therefore, has the timer concurrently counter in the monolithic integrated circuit on the establishment, its basic structure with this serializes (2) center to give an example to be similar. To here up to, we had already known the monolithic integrated circuit basic composition, namely the monolithic integrated circuit was by the central processor (namely in the CPU logic unit and controller), the read-only memory (usual expression is ROM), the read-write memory (called stochastic memory usual expression is RAM), the input/The outlet (also divides into the parallel mouth and the serial mouth, the expression is I/O) and so on composition. In fact inside the monolithic integrated circuit also has a clock electric circuit, causes the monolithic integrated circuit when carries on the operation and the control, all can have the rhythm to carry on. Moreover, but also has the interruption system so-called, this system has the reception room function, when when the monolithic integrated circuit controlled member parameter arrives the condition which some needs to perform to intervene, may pass through this the reception room the notification to give CPU, causes CPU to act according to exterior situation the things have their order of priority to adopt suitably deals with the measure.译文单片机的技术发展史单片机诞生于2 0世纪70年代末，经历了SCM、MCU、SOC三大阶段。 (1)SCM即单片微型计算机（Single Chip Microcomputer）阶段，主要是寻求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体系结构。“创新模式”获得成功，奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。在开创嵌入式系统独立发展道路上，Intel公司功不可没。 (2)MCU即微控制器（Micro Controller Unit）阶段，主要的技术发展方向是：不断扩展满足嵌入式应用时，对象系统要求的各种外围电路与接口电路，突显其对象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的领域都与对象系统相关，因此，发展MCU的重任不可避免地落在电气、电子技术厂家。从这一角度来看，Intel逐渐淡出MCU的发展也有其客观因素。在发展MCU方面，最著名的厂家当数Philips公司。 Philips公司以其在嵌入式应用方面的巨大优势，将MCS-51从单片微型计算机迅速发展到微控制器。因此，当我们回顾嵌入式系统发展道路时，不要忘记Intel和Philips的历史功绩。 (3)单片机是嵌入式系统的独立发展之路，向MCU阶段发展的重要因素，就是寻求应用系统在芯片上的最大化解决；因此，专用单片机的发展自然形成了SOC化趋势。随着微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具的发展，基于SOC的单片机应用系统设计会有较大的发展。因此，对单片机的理解可以从单片微型计算机、单片微控制器延伸到单片应用系统。 嵌入式系统的两种应用模式 嵌入式系统的嵌入式应用特点，决定了它的多学科交叉特点。作为计算机的内含，要求计算机领域人员介入其体系结构、软件技术、工程应用方面的研究。然而，了解对象系统的控制要求，实现系统控制模式必须具备对象领域的专业知识。因此，从嵌入式系统发展的历史过程，以及嵌入式应用的多样性中，可以了解到客观上形成的两种应用模式。 1.客观存在的两种应用模式 嵌入式计算机系统起源于微型机时代，但很快就进入到独立发展的单片机时代。在单片机时代，嵌入式系统以器件形态迅速进入到传统电子技术领域中，以电子技术应用工程师为主体，实现传统电子系统的智能化，而计算机专业队伍并没有真正进入单片机应用领域。因此，电子技术应用工程师以自己习惯性的电子技术应用模式，从事单片机的应用开发。这种应用模式最重要的特点是：软、硬件的底层性和随意性；对象系统专业技术的密切相关性；缺少计算机工程设计方法。 虽然在单片机时代，计算机专业淡出了嵌入式系统领域，但随着后PC时代的到来，网络、通信技术得以发展；同时，嵌入式系统软、硬件技术有了很大的提升，为计算机专业人士介入嵌入式系统应用开辟了广阔天地。计算机专业人士的介入，形成的计算机应用模式带有明显的计算机的工程应用特点，即基于嵌入式系统软、硬件平台，以网络、通信为主的非嵌入式底层应用。 2.两种应用模式的并存与互补 由于嵌入式系统最大、最广、最底层的应用是传统电子技术领域的智能化改造，因此，以通晓对象专业的电子技术队伍为主，用最少的嵌入式系统软、硬件开销，以8位机为主，带有浓重的电子系统设计色彩的电子系统应用模式会长期存在下去。 另外，计算机专业人士会愈来愈多地介入嵌入式系统应用，但囿于对象专业知