形容词与副词.docx

形容词与副词一. 概述。1. 形容词：用来描述或修饰名词（或代词）。一般放在所修饰的名词前面，在句中作定语，表语，补语，状语。 2. 副词：修饰动词，形容词，以及其他副词的词。一般的副词是以ly结尾的。二 中考考查重点：1. 区分形容词与副词。2. 考查“级的”范围。两个事物进行比较时，用比较级；三个或三个以上的事物进行比较时用最高级。3. 考查比较级，最高级的注意点： a 同类事物进行比较。 b 将主语排除在比较范围之外的比较，因为主语只能和他人或他物进行比较，而不能和自己进行比较。 c 使用最高级时应将主语包含在最高级的范围之内，否则离开这个范围，主语便不能成为这个范围中的最高级。4. 考查as.as同级比较句型。5考查比较级的重要句型：from bad to worse/worse and worse（每况愈下）More and more (越来越多的，越来越.); the +比较级，the +比较级（越,越）6. 考查形容词与副词的修饰语。三. 形容词与副词的的知识梳理：（一）. 形容词：1.用法与位置：1）作表语，放在be或系动词之后，表明主语的性质或特征。Eg. Computer is very useful in our everyday life.Eg. Leaves turn yellow in autumn.2）. 作定语：名词之前，不定代词之后。Eg. This is unhealthy diet.Eg. There is nothing important in todays paper. (后置)注意：部分形容词只能作后置定语或表语。如：present（出席的，在场的）及以字母a 开头的形容词。Eg. The students present 出席的学生 Eg. I didnt tell her because I was afraid of upsetting her.我没有把事情告诉她是因为怕她担心。常做表语的形容词有：Afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, aware, ashamed, likely, ill等，做定语时需放在名词后。Eg. He is the most famous scientists alive in the world today.他是当今世界上在世的最著名的科学家。3）. 宾语补足语：放在宾语之后，与其构成符合宾语。Eg. We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.Eg. I found it difficult to learn English.4）. 作状语：Eg. They spent 7 days in the hill, cold and hungry.（重点还未掌握）2. 多个形容词的排序：（按照意思去读）限定描绘大小高，形状年龄与新老。颜色国籍与材料，作用类别往后靠。(作用类别的形容是怎样的？)限定（a, an, the）Eg. A pretty tall young girl 一个身材高挑年轻漂亮的女孩a限定词， pretty 描绘tall高矮 young 年龄eg. a beautiful old red French wooden chair 一个漂亮的老的法国式的红色木椅a 为限定词，beautiful 描绘old 新旧red 颜色French 国籍 wooden材料（二）副词：副词的构成:1.一般情况+lyperfectperfectlyquickquickly2.以y结尾easyeasilyluckyluckily3. le结尾的词，去-e再加-yableablyterribleterribly4. 以-ue结尾的词，去-e再加-lytruetruly（真实地）dueduly（恰当地）5. 以-e结尾的直接加-lyclosecloselySensitivesensitively（敏感地）6. ic结尾的词加-allyclassic classically（古典主义地）historichistorically（从历史学观点来看）7. ly结尾的词，去-y加-lyfriendlyfriendlily（友好地）order orderly（有秩序地）8. 其他词类加-ly 构成的副词second secondly(序数词) 其次most mostly(不定代词) 大部分地1. 副词的分类：（1） 时间副词：ago, before, now, then, soon（2） 地点副词：here, there, up, down, above（3） 疑问副词：where, when, how,（4） 程度副词：very, so, much, so, too, quite, enough（5） 方式副词：多由“形容词+ly”后缀构成，如：carefully, quickly, easily（一般可用how 来提问）（6） 频度副词：never, ever, seldom, hardly, scarcely, sometimes, often, usually, always, （按顺序排的）2. 用法和位置：副词在句中主要作状语，也可充当定语，表语，补足语。1）作状语Eg. Its snowing heavily outside. (状语，修饰动词)Eg. Unluckily, he failed in this exam. (状语，修饰整个句子)Eg. He was too tired to say a word.(状语，修饰形容词)2）作定语。Eg. The weather here is pleasant. (定语)Eg. The pictures above is taken in Canada.（定语）3. 作表语。Eg. The fire is on. (表语) 火正在燃烧。（注意：on可以为adj/adv）eg. Keep straight on and turn left at the bank.直着往前走，到银行出往左拐。Eg. Class is over. (表语)4.作补足语：说明宾语或主语所处的位置或状态，作宾补或主补。Eg. Ask the children in. 让孩子们进来。（宾补）Eg. The boy was seen upstairs. 有人看见这个男孩在楼上。(主补)3. 程度副词一般位于被修饰的形容词或副词之前，但enough要放在其后。Eg. He ran so fast that we couldnt catch up with him.Eg. We got up early enough to catch the first bus.4频度副词在句中的位置：置于行为动词前，be，情态动词以及助动词的后面。Eg. Peter never comes late for school.Eg. Peter is never late for school.5. 多个副词的排序：方式副词+地点副词+时间副词6. 容易混淆的副词：hard与hardly的区别：Hard表示“努力地，猛烈地”，用来修饰行为动词，放在行为动词之后。Hardly“几乎不”Near/nearly deep/deeply wide/widely late/lately close/closely bad/badly 常见易混淆的副词1close”近”He is sitting close to me.他坐的离我很近closely“仔细地”Watch him closely.给我紧紧盯着他。2late“晚”You come too late.你来的太晚了。lately“最近”What have you been doing？你最近都在干什么？3deep表示空间深度He pushed the stick deep into the mud? 他把拐杖戳进泥土的深处。deeply表示感情深度Even Dad was deeply moved by the film.爸爸都被这部影片深深地打动了。4high表示空间高度The plane was flying high.飞机飞得很高。highly“钦佩地，赞赏地”I think highly of your opinion.我十分赞同你的观点。5wide表示空间宽度He opened the door wide.他把门大开着。widely“广泛地，在各地”English is widely used in the world.英语在世界各地广泛运用。6free“免费”You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.你可以随时来我的饭店免费吃饭。freely“无限制地”You may speak freely; say what you like. 你可以随意说你想说的。（三）. 变成比较级及最高级的变化规则：1）单音节和少数双音节词:情况变化规则例子一般情况加er/est smallsmallersmallest以e结尾的加r/stlargelargerlargest以“辅音+y结尾”的双音节词，改y为I,再加er/estbusybusierbusiestheavyheavierheaviest以重读闭音节结尾的(即词尾满足：辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母的重读闭音节)双写末尾的辅音，再加er/estbigbiggerbiggestthinthinnerthinnestfatfatterfattest部分双音节词或多音节词加more/mostusefulmore usefulmost useful modernmore modernmost modernimportant more importantmost important注意:以ow,er,le结尾的和个别其他双音节词，可以加词尾的办法构成比较级与最高级。narrow narrowernarrowest quitequieterquietestsimplesimplersimplest 3)不规则形容词的比较级与最高级：原级比较级最高级good/wellbetter bestbad/ill /badlyworseworstoldolder/elderoldest/eldestmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastFarFarther/furtherFarthest/furthest注意：older和elder的区别：elder指年长的，表示兄弟之间的长幼关系。older:指老的，旧的。Eg. My elder sister is three years older than me.farther与further的区别：farther：指距离的远近；further:指程度上的深浅，有“进一步的意思”。Eg. Most young want to go abroad for further study.（四）副词变成比较级与最高级的规则:情况规则例子一般的单音节词加er/esthardharderhardestfastfasterfastest多音节词或由形容词+ly构成的副词加more/mostslowlymore slowlymost slowlycarefullymore carefully most carefully不规则的wellbetterbestbadlyworseworst注意：少数双音节形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式：oftenmore oftenmost often oftenofteneroftenesthealthymore healthy most healthy healthyhealthierhealthiestclevermore clevermost clever clevercleverercleverest （五）形容词与副词的比较级及最高级的用法：1.同级比较.1）肯定结构:as+形容词(副词)原级+as（第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词）否定结构：not so(as)+形容词（副词）原级+as注意：asas和so.as的区别在于，so.as只能用于否定句当中，而asas可用于肯定句，否定句及疑问句中。Eg. Our garden is as beautiful as theirs.Tom didnt write as (so) carefully as his elder brother.2). 可以用not so/as.as 形容词原级的结构来表示比较级的概念。Bob is not as tall as Peter.Bob is shorter than Peter.Peter is taller than Bob.3).当as.as 中间有名词时：As + adj +a/an +n(单数) +as eg. as hot a day as yesterdayAs +many/much +n + as eg. eat as much fruit as you can 4) 倍数+asas= 倍数+ the size /height/length/depth/width of .也可转换为比较级的结构。Their house is 4 times as big as ours.= Their house is 4 times the sizes of ours.= Their house is 3 times bigger than ours.2. 程度不等的比较，常用than.A+形容词（副词）比较级+than BEg. Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.Eg. Which do you like better, apple or banana?3. 最高级，用于三者或三者以上的比较。The+形容词（副词）最高级+比较范围（of/among/in短语）Eg. Jane is the thinnest girl in her class. (in+表示整体概念的n单数)Eg. David is the cleverest boy among the three brothers.Eg. Tom jumps (the) farthest of all the students. （of+表示整体概念的n复数）Eg. Lucy sings (the) best of all.注意：1.副词的最高级前the可省略。2.形容词最高级可用作表语，这时the可省略。Eg. We are (the) busiest on Monday. 我们星期一最忙。Eg. Her plan is (the) best.她的计划是最好的。3.形容词前有物主代词时，不需要再加定冠词“the”Eg. Tuesday is our busiest day in a week.（1） 表示“最.之一”时，用“one of the +最高级+可数n复数”Eg. Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 上海是中国最大的城市之一。（2） 表示“第几大”或“第几长”的概念时，用“the + 序数词+形容词的最高级”Eg. The Yangtze River is the third longest river in the world.长江是世界上第三大河。4. “比较级+and+比较级”结构，表示“越来越”，多音节词要用“more +and +more 原级”Eg. The weather is getting warmer and warmer.Eg. Jane becomes more and more beautiful.Eg. More and more students like studying English.5. “the+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越是就越”Eg. The sooner, the better. (越快越好)Eg. The busier he is, the happier he feels.6.no+比较级+than .表示“并不比.，仅仅和.一样的”This car is no newer than that one. 这辆车并不比那辆新。He is no younger than I. 她并不比我小。7.常用来修饰形容词与副词的词:(1)修饰形容词比较级的词：much, even, far, still, a little, a bit, a lot以及名词短语和分数等Eg. much heavier even worse a little taller onethird longer than (2) 修饰形容词最高级的词: much, quite, far, first, by far, the very.7. ing形容词与ed形容词的区别。Interesting /interested exciting/excited （六）比较级的注意事项：（1）避免重复使用比较级：Eg. He is more taller than his brother. (错)Eg. He is taller than his brother.（正）（2）比较对象应当一致。The population of Shanghai is larger than Beijing.(错)The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.（正）=Shanghai has a larger population than Beijing.Its hotter in Guangzhou than Beijing. (错)Its hotter in Guangzhou than in Beijing. (对)A womans heart beats faster than a man. (错)A womans heart beats faster than a mans.（对）China has a larger population than America.= The population of China is larger than that of America.注意;用来指代前面出现过的单数名词用one,不可数名词用that, 复数名词用those.（2）不能与自身相比较，要借助于other或else来表达排除。(避免将主语含在比较对象中)Beckman is more popular than any football player in the world. (错)Beckman is more popular than any other football player in the world.(正)Beckman is more popular than all the other football players in the world.（正）Beckman is more popular than any football player else in the world.（正）Beckman is the most popular football player in the world.（正） China is larger than any country in Aisa. (错)China is larger than any other country in Aisa.（对）China is larger than any country in Africa.（对）注意：any other 后加名词的形式？any 表示“任何一个”，那不能加； 如果any 表示“一些”，那要加。Eg. Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.Eg. Have you been to any other places?Eg. Bob runs faster than any other student in his class. (正) Eg. Bob runs faster than any other students in his class. (错)