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气门摇臂轴支座加工工艺及夹具设计【14张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】

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气门摇臂轴支座加工工艺及夹具设计【全套CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】.rar

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关键词：: 气门摇臂支座加工工艺夹具设计全套 cad 图纸毕业论文答辩通过

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摘要：机械加工行业作为一个传统而富有活力的行业，近十几年取得了突飞猛进的发展，在新经济时代，行业呈现了新的发展趋势，由此对其它的质量，性能要求有了新的变化。现在机械加工行业发生着结构性变化，工艺工装的设计与改良已成为企业生存和发展的必要条件，工艺工装的设计与改良直接影响加工产品

的质量与性能。

本文首先介绍了气门摇臂轴支座的作用和工艺分析，其次确定毛坯尺寸，然后进行了工艺规程设计，最后进行夹具设计。此次设计是对气门摇臂轴支座的加工工艺和夹具设计，其零件为铸件，具有体积小，零件结构简单的特点，由于面比孔易加工，在制定工艺规程时，就先加工面，再以面为基准来加工其它，其中各工序夹具都采用专用夹具，其机构设计简单，方便且能满足要求。

关键词：气门摇臂轴支座，工艺分析，工艺规程设计，夹具设计

Abstract:Machining industry ,as a traditional and vibrant industry, has been rapidly developed for a few past decades. In the new economic area,the industry presented a new development trend,and the trends also changes the quality and the performance of the production in some new abstracts. Machining industry is now taking place in structural changes, process design and improvement of equipment has become the necessary conditions of the enterprise survival and development, process equipment design and improved products directly affect the quality and performance.

This article introduces the role and process analysis of the valve rocker arm bearing support,followed by determining blank size, and then proceed to order the design process, the final fixture design. What will be disgned is The machining process and fixture design of the Valve Rocker Arm Bearing support,which has the chatacteristics of three abstrcat.its components for castings, with a small size, simple structure and the characteristics of parts,because the surface is easier than the easy processing, point of order in the development process, the surface on the first processing , and then to surface as a benchmark to other processing, including the processes used special fixture, and its design is simple, convenient and can meet the requirements.

KEYWORDS: Valve rocker arm bearing support, process analysis, Process design, fixture design

1绪论..........................................................................................................................1

1.1 本设计的内容及意义……………………………………………….….........1

1.2 课题背景知识………………………………………………….……….....…2

1.2.1 零件的作用……………………………………………………………......2

1.2.2柴油机相关知识介绍2

1.2.3 机械制造工艺技术相关知识......................................................................3

1.2.4 机床夹具设计基础知识..............................................................................4

2 气门摇臂轴支座的机械制造工艺规程设计7

2.1 零件的工艺分析及生产类型的确定7

2.1.1零件的作用7

2.1.2零件的工艺分析8

2.1.3确定零件的生产类型9

2.2 选择毛坯，绘制毛坯图10

2.2.1选择毛坯种类10

2.2.2确定毛坯尺寸及机械加工总余量10

2.2.3设计毛坯图12

2.2.4绘制毛坯图.................................................................................................12

2.3 选择加工方法，制定工艺路线12

2.3.1定位基准的选择12

2.3.2零件表面加工方法的选择13

2.3.3加工阶段的划分14

2.3.4工序的集中与分散14

2.3.5工序顺序的安排15

2.3.6确定工艺路线16

2.3.7加工设备及工艺装备的选择.....................................................................17

2.3.8工序间余量的确定.....................................................................................18

2.3.9切削余量及基本时间定额的确定20

3 气门摇臂轴支座专用夹具的设计...........................................................30

3.1确定夹具的结构方案30

3.1.1确定定位方案，选择定位元件.................................................................30

3.1.2 确定导向装置............................................................................................32

3.1.3确定夹紧机构.............................................................................................32

3.1.4确定辅助定位装置.....................................................................................33

3.2设计夹具体33

3.3 夹具装配图上标注尺寸、配合及技术要求33

总结36

参考文献37

致谢38

1 绪论

1.1 本设计的内容及意义

本次设计是在我们学完了大学的全部基础课，技术基础课以及专业课之后而进行。此次的设计是对大学期间所学各课程及相关的应用绘图软件的一次深入的综合性的总复习，也是一次理论联系实际的训练。其目的在于：

1．巩固我们在大学里所学的知识，也是对以前所学知识的综合性的检验；

2．加强我们查阅资料的能力，熟悉有关资料；

3．树立正确的设计思想，掌握设计方法，培养我们的实际工作能力；

4．通过对气门摇臂轴支座的机械制造工艺设计，使我们在机械制造工艺规程设计，工艺方案论证，机械加工余量计算，工艺尺寸的确定，编写技术文件及查阅技术文献等各个方面受到一次综合性的训练。初步具备设计一个中等复杂程度零件的工艺规程的能力。

5.能根据被加工零件的技术要求，运用夹具设计的基本原理和方法，学会拟定夹具设计方案，完成夹具结构设计，初步具备设计出高效，省力，经济合理并能保证加工质量的专用夹具的能力。

6．通过零件图，装配图绘制，使我们对于AutoCAD绘图软件的使用能得到进一步的提高。

本次设计的主要内容为：首先运用AutoCAD软件绘制气门摇臂轴支座的二维零件图，然后根据图纸的技术要求等确定生产类型，经分析本次设计的零件年产量为10000件，属大批量生产。其次进行工艺分析，确定毛坯类型和制造方法，气门摇臂轴支座的材料为HT200，拟采用以铸造的形式进行毛坯的制造，并确定零件的机械加工工艺路线，完成机械加工工序设计，进行必要的经济分析。最后，对某道加工工序进行夹具装配图及主要零件图的设计。

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内容简介：: Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2005) 25: 551559DOI 10.1007/s00170-003-1843-3ORIGINAL ARTICLES.H. Masood B. Abbas E. Shayan A. KaraAn investigation into design and manufacturing of mechanical conveyors systemsfor food processingReceived: 29 March 2003 / Accepted: 21 June 2003 / Published online: 23 June 2004 Springer-Verlag London Limited 2004Abstract This paper presents the results of a research investi-gation undertaken to develop methodologies and techniques thatwill reduce the cost and time of the design, manufacturing andassembly of mechanical conveyor systems used in the food andbeverage industry. The improved methodology for design andproduction of conveyor components is based on the minimisa-tion of materials, parts and costs, using the rules of design formanufacture and design for assembly. Results obtained on a testconveyor system verify the benets of using the improved tech-niques. The overall material cost was reduced by 19% and theoverall assembly cost was reduced by 20% compared to conven-tional methods.Keywords Assembly Cost reduction Design DFA DFM Mechanical conveyor1 IntroductionConveyor systems used in the food and beverage industry arehighly automated custom made structures consisting of a largenumber of parts and designed to carry products such as foodcartons, drink bottles and cans in fast production and assemblylines. Most of the processing and packaging of food and drink in-volve continuous operations where cartons, bottles or cans are re-quired to move at a controlled speed for lling or assembly oper-ations. Their operations require highly efcient and reliable me-chanical conveyors, which range from overhead types to oor-mounted types of chain, roller or belt driven conveyor systems.In recent years, immense pressure from clients for low costbut efcient mechanical conveyor systems has pushed con-veyor manufacturers to review their current design and assemblymethods and look at an alternative means to manufacture moreeconomical and reliable conveyors for their clients. At present,S.H. Masood (u) B. Abbas E. Shayan A. KaraIndustrial Research Institute Swinburne,Swinburne University of Technology,Hawthorn, Melbourne 3122, AustraliaE-mail: .aumost material handling devices, both hardware and software, arehighly specialised, inexible and costly to congure, install andmaintain 1. Conveyors are xed in terms of their locations andthe conveyor belts according to their synchronised speeds, mak-ing any changeover of the conveyor system very difcult and ex-pensive. In todays radically changing industrial markets, there isa need to implement a new manufacturing strategy, a new systemoperational concept and a new system control software and hard-ware development concept, that can be applied to the design ofa new generation of open, exible material handling systems 2.Ho and Ranky 3 proposed a new modular and recongurable2D and 3D conveyor system, which encompasses an open re-congurable software architecture based on the CIM-OSA (opensystem architecture) model. It is noted that the research in thearea of improvement of conveyor systems used in beverage in-dustry is very limited. Most of the published research is directedtowards improving the operations of conveyor systems and inte-gration of system to highly sophisticated software and hardware.This paper presents a research investigation aimed at im-proving the current techniques and practices used in the de-sign, manufacturing and assembly of oor mounted type chaindriven mechanical conveyors in order to reduce the manufactur-ing lead time and cost for such conveyors. Applying the con-cept of concurrent engineering and the principles of design formanufacturing and design for assembly 4, 5, several criticalconveyor parts were investigated for their functionality, materialsuitability, strength criterion, cost and ease of assembly in theoverall conveyor system. The critical parts were modied andredesigned with new shape and geometry, and some with newmaterials. The improved design methods and the functionality ofnew conveyor parts were veried and tested on a new test con-veyor system designed, manufactured and assembled using thenew improved parts.2 Design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA)In recent years, research in the area of design for manufacturingand assembly has become very useful for industries that are con-552sidering improving their facilities and manufacturing methodol-ogy. However, there has not been enough work done in the areaof design for conveyor components, especially related to the is-sue of increasing numbers of drawing data and re-engineeringof the process of conveyor design based on traditional methods.Emphasise standardisationUse the simplest possible operationsUse operations of known capabilityMinimise setups and interventionsUndertake engineering changes in batchesA vast amount of papers have been published that have investi-gated issues related to DFMA and applied to various methodolo-gies to achieve results that proved economical, efcient and costeffective for the companies under investigation.The main classications of DFMA knowledge can be iden-tied as (1) General guidelines, (2) Company-specic best prac-tice or (3) Process and or resource-specic constraints. Generalguidelines refer to generally applicable rules-of-thumb, relat-ing to a manufacturing domain of which the designer shouldbe aware. The following list has been compiled for DFMguidelines 6.These design guidelines should be thought of as “optimalsuggestions”. They typically will result in a high-quality, low-cost, and manufacturable design. Occasionally compromisesmust be made, of course. In these cases, if a guideline goesagainst a marketing or performance requirement, the next bestalternative should be selected 7.Company-specic best practice refers to the in-house designrules a company develops, usually over a long period of time, andwhich the designer is expected to adhere to. These design rulesare identied by the company as contributing to improved qualityand efciency by recognising the overall relationships betweenDesign for a minimum number of partsDevelop a modular designMinimise part variationsDesign parts to be multifunctionalDesign parts for multiuseDesign parts for ease of fabricationAvoid separate fastenersMaximise compliance: design for ease of assemblyMinimise handling: design for handling presentationEvaluate assembly methodsEliminate adjustmentsAvoid exible components: they are difcult to handleUse parts of known capabilityAllow for maximum intolerance of partsUse known and proven vendors and suppliersUse parts at derated values with no marginal overstressMinimise subassembliesparticular processes and design decisions. Companies use suchguidelines as part of the training given to designers of productsrequiring signicant amounts of manual assembly or mainte-nance. Note that most of the methodologies are good at eitherbeing quick and easy to start or being more formal and quanti-tative. For example, guidelines by Boothroyd and Dewhurst 8on DFA are considered as being quantitative and systematic.Whereas the DFM guidelines, which are merely rules of thumbderived from experienced professionals, are more qualitative andless formal 9.3 Conventional conveyor system designDesign and manufacturing of conveyor systems is a very com-plex and time-consuming process. As every conveyor system isa custom-made product, each project varies from every otherproject in terms of size, product and layout. The system designFig. 1. Layout of conveyor sys-tem for labelling plasic bottles553is based on client requirements and product specications. More-over, the system layout has to t in the space provided by thecompany. The process of designing a layout for a conveyor sys-tem involve revisions and could take from days to months or insome instances years. One with the minimum cost and maximumclient suitability is most likely to get approval.Figure 1 shows a schematic layout of a typical conveyorsystem installed in a production line used for labelling ofplastic bottles. Different sections of the conveyor system areidentied by specic technical names, which are commonlyused in similar industrial application. The “singlizer” sec-tion enables the product to form into one lane from multiplelanes. The “slowdown table” reduces the speed of productonce it exits from ller, labeller, etc. The “mass ow” sec-tion is used to keep up with high-speed process, e.g., ller,labeller, etc. The “transfer table” transfers the direction of prod-uct ow. The purpose of these different conveyor sections isthus to control the product ow through different processingmachines.A typical mechanical conveyor system used in food and bev-erage applications consists of over two hundred mechanical andelectrical parts depending on the size of the system. Some ofthe common but essential components that could be standard-ised and accumulated into families of the conveyor system areside frames, spacer bars, end plates, cover plates, inside bendplates, outside bend plates, bend tracks and shafts (drive, tail andslave). The size and quantity of these parts vary according to thelength of conveyor sections and number of tracks correspond-ing to the width and types of chains required. The problems andshortcomings in the current design, manufacturing and assemblyof mechanical conveyors are varied, but include:4 Areas of improvementIn order to identify the areas of cost reduction in material andlabour, a cost analysis of all main conveyor parts was conductedto estimate the percentage of cost of each part in relation to thetotal cost of all such parts. The purpose of this analysis was toidentify the critical parts, which are mainly responsible for in-creasing the cost of the conveyor and thereby investigate meansfor reducing the cost of such parts.Table 1 shows the cost analysis of a 50-section conveyor sys-tem. The analysis reveals that 12 out of 15 parts constitute 79%of the total material cost of the conveyor system, where furtherimprovements in design to reduce the cost is possible. Out ofthese, seven parts were identied as critical parts (shown by anasterisk in Table 1) constituting maximum number of compo-nents in quantity and comprising over 71% of overall materialcost. Among these, three components (leg set, side frame andsupport channel) were found to account for 50% of the totalconveyor material cost. A detailed analysis of each of these 12parts was carried out considering the principles of concurrent en-gineering, design for manufacture and design for assembly, anda new improved design was developed for each case 10. De-tails of design improvement of some selected major componentare presented below.5 Redesign of leg set assemblyIn a conveyor system, the legs are mounted on the side frame tokeep the entire conveyor system off the oor. The existing designof conveyor legs work, but they are costly to manufacture, theyOver design of some partsHigh cost of some componentsLong hours involved in assembly/maintenanceUse of non-standard partshave stability problems, and cause delays in deliveries. The delayis usually caused by some of the parts not arriving from over-seas suppliers on time. The most critical specications requiredfor the conveyor legs are:Table 1. Conveyor critical parts based on parts cost analysisProduct descriptionLeg setSide frameSupport channelBend tracksRt. roller shaftTail shaftSpacer barSupport wear stripSupport side wear stripEnd plateCover plateBend platesTorque arm bracketSlot coverInside bend plateQty68804008139391354001323939818978Material usedPlastic leg + SS tube2.5 mm SSC channel SSPlastic20 dia. SS shaft35 dia. Stainless steel50X50X6 SS40 10 mm plasticPlastic2.5 mm/SS1.6 mm S/S2.5 mm/SS6 mm S/S plateStainless steel2.5 mm/SSCost (%)20.2216.0715.0014.366.706.275.435.363.011.881.571.291.210.970.66Improvement possible (Yes/No)YesYesYesNoYesNoYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesTotalCriticalparts100.00554Strength to carry conveyor loadStabilityEase of assemblyEase of exibility (for adjusting height)1 and part 3 in Fig. 2) was not rigid enough. The connectionsfor these parts are only a single 6 mm bolt. At times, when theconveyor system was carrying full product loads, it was observedthat the conveyor legs were unstable and caused mechanical vi-bration. One of the main reasons for this was due to a single boltFigure 2 indicates all the parts for the existing design ofthe conveyor leg. The indicated numbers are the part numbersdescribed in Table 2, which also shows a breakdown of cost an-alysis complete with the labour time required to assemble a com-plete set of legs. The existing leg setup consists of plastic legbrackets ordered from overseas, stainless steel leg tubes, whichare cut into specied sizes, leg tube plastic adjustments, whichare clipped onto the leg tube at the bottom as shown in Fig. 2.Lugs, which are cut in square sizes, drilled and welded to the legtube to bolt the angle cross bracing and backing plate to supportleg brackets bolts. The # of parts in Table 2 signies the numberof components in each part number and the quantity is the con-sumption of each part in the leg design. Companies have usedthis design for many years but one of the common complaintsreported by the clients was of the instability of legs.From an initial investigation, it became clear that the connec-tion between the stainless steel tube and plastic legs bracket (partFig. 2. Existing leg design assembly with partnames shown in Table 1Table 2. Cost analysis for old leg design assemblyconnection at each end of the lugs in part 3 and part 7. The sta-bility of the conveyor is considered critical matter and requiresrectication immediately to satisfy customer expectations.Considering the problems of the existing conveyor leg de-sign and the clients preferences, a new design for the conveyorleg was developed. Generally the stability and the strength ofthe legs were considered as the primary criteria for improve-ment in the new design proposal but other considerations werethe simplicity of design, minimisation of overseas parts and easeof assembly at the point of commissioning. Figure 3 shows, thenew design of the conveyors leg assembly, and Table 3 gives adescription and the cost of each part.Figure 3 shows that the new design consists of only ve mainparts for the conveyors leg compared to eight main parts in theold design. In the old design, the plastic leg bracket, the legtube plastic adjustment and the leg tube were the most expensiveitems accounting for 72% of the cost of leg assembly. In the newPart no.15, 647238Part descriptionPlastic leg bracketLeg tube plastic adjustmentLugAngle cross bracingBacking plateLeg tubeBolts# of parts2421226Qty2221226Cost$ 30.00$ 28.00$ 4.00$ 5.00$ 4.00$ 25.00$ 3.00SourceOverseasOverseasIn-houseIn-houseIn-houseIn-houseIn-houseTotal assembly cost (welding)$ 15.00In-houseTotal1917$ 114.00555Fig. 3. New design for leg assembly with partnames in Table 3Table 3. Cost analysis for new design leg assemblyPart no.13452Part descriptionStainless steel angle (50 50 3 mm)Leg plastic adjustmentCross brassingBoltsBacking plate# of parts22182Qty22142Cost$ 24.00$ 10.00$ 7.00$ 4.00$ 4.00SourceIn-houseOverseasIn-houseIn-houseIn-houseTotal assembly cost$ 10.00In-houseTotaldesign, those parts have been replaced by a stainless steel angleand a new plastic leg adjustment reducing the cost of leg assem-bly by almost 50%. Thus the total numbers of parts in the leghave been reduced from 19 to 15 and the total cost per leg setup1511Size of side frame (depth)Strength of the materialEase for assemblyEase for manufacturing$ 59.00has been reduced by $ 55 in the new design.The new conveyor leg design, when tested, was found to bemore secure and stable than the old design. The elimination ofpart number 1 and 5 from old conveyor design has made the newdesign more stable and rigid. In addition, the width of the crossbracing has also been increased with two bolts mount instead ofone in old design. This has provided the entire conveyor leg setupan additional strength.6 Redesign of the side framesThe side frame is the primary support of a conveyor systemthat provides physical strength to conveyors and almost all theparts are mounted on it. The side frame is also expected to havea rigid strength to provide support to all the loads carried onthe conveyor. It also accommodates all the associated conveyorcomponents for the assembly. The critical considerations of sideframe design are:Figure 4 shows the side frame dimension and parameters.The side frame used in existing design appears to be of rea-sonable depth in size (dimension H in Fig. 4). From the initialinvestigation, it was found that the distance between spacer barholes and return shaft (dimensions G and F in Fig. 4) could bereduced, as there was some unnecessary gap between those twocomponents. The important point to check before redening thedesign parameters was to make sure that after bringing those twocloser, the return chains would not catch the spacer bar while theconveyor is running. The model of the new side frame design wasdrawn on CAD to ensure all the specications are sound and theparts are placed in the position to check the clearances and thets. Using the principle of design for manufacturing the new sideframe design was made symmetrical so that it applies to all typesof side frames. This change is expected to reduce the size of sideframe signicantly for all sizes of chains.Table 4 shows a comparison of dimensions in the old designand the new design of side frames for the same chain type. It556Fig. 4. Side frame dimensionsTable 4. New and old side frame dimension parametersOld designChain type3.25 LF/SSSTR/LBP/MAGA31B92C71D196E65F105G211H241I136J58K85L196TAB2283621875696202232127New designChain type3.25 LF/SSSTR/LBP/MAG/TABA31B100C73D173E67F107G167H199I92J58K85L152is noted that the overall size (depth) of the conveyor has beenreduced from 241 mm to 199 mm (dimension H), which givesa saving of 42 mm of stainless steel on every side frame manu-factured. Thus, from a stainless steel sheet 1500 3000 mm, theold design parameters allowed only six 3 m long side frames butwith the new design parameter now it was possible to produceseven side frames of 3 m long from the same sheet size.The amount of material used for side frames was also re-viewed for further investigation. It is estimated that about 55%of the total cost of the conveyor system is spent on materials.The current material used for side frames is 2.5 mm thick stain-less steel food grade 304. Currently, there are other materialsavailable in the market with alternative thickness that could beconsidered as an option. For this, a deection analysis has beenconducted to estimate if there was any other type of material suit-able to replace the existing material so that it does not fail itsstrength criteria.6.1 Deection analysis for side framesFigure 5 shows the experimental setup to determine the deec-tion of new side frame in X and Y direction under differentloading conditions. With the new design parameters a set ofside frames were manufactured to investigate the deection on1.6 mm thick stainless steel side frames. A section of side framebolted with spacer bar and return shaft was assembled for test-ing with the experiment. The results for deection were obtainedby applying variable loads on a section of the side frame viaa hydraulic press. As shown in Fig. 5, the deection gaugesare placed on vertical (Y ) and horizontal (X ) axes to measureany reading observed on the side frames. The loads are appliedon side frame via the hydraulic press in downward direction.The side frames are supported by stands from the same positionwhere the legs are mounted on the side frames.Three sets of experiments are conducted on four, six andeight tracks of conveyor sections to observe any abnormalitiesunder big loads. The loads applied on the experimental conveyorsections are over estimated and are higher than actual load con-ditions for conveyor system in real applications. The conveyorsare usually designed to carry load under one tonne per metre forindustry application in the food and beverage industry. The pur-pose of applying a big load was to estimate the point of deectionfor side frame under high loads. Figures 6 and 7 show the resultsof the experiments for the conveyor sections of four tracks andsix tracks, respectively.From the results obtained, it is observed that under 2 KNof loads, the deection values are almost under 2 mm for allFig. 5. Experimental set up to investigate deection on new side frame design557Table 5. Cost analysis for side frameSide frame cost analysis for old designProduct/process description MaterialSide frame (3000 241 mm 2.5 mm$ 360 per sheet)Slot (50 cent per slot punch)Holes (20 cent per hole punch)FoldTotal costSide frame cost analysis for new designProduct/process description MaterialSide frame (3000 199 mm 1.6 mm$ 162 per sheet)Qty18302Qty1Cost$ 60.00$ 4.00$ 6.00$ 3.00$ 73.00Cost$ 23.00Fig. 6. Deection results for 4-track 1.6 mm stainless steel side frameSlot (50 cent per slot punch)Holes (20 cent per hole punch)FoldTotal cost8302$ 4.00$ 6.00$ 3.00$ 36.006.2 Side frame cost analysisThe material review and deection analysis has shown that theexisting 2.5 mm stainless steel sheet was an over design for sideframe for the food and beverage conveyor application. The an-alysis also showed that 1.6 mm thick stainless steel sheet canbe used as an alternative material for the side frame, which willperform its function satisfactorily. Table 5 shows a comparisonof the costing of the old and new design of side frames, whichshows that the saving per side frame on the new design is ex-pected to be $ 37 (i.e., a savings of 50.1%).Fig. 7. Deection results for 6-track 1.6 mm stainless steel side frametypes of sections. Under the given circumstances, the 1.6 mmstainless steel side frame design can be a possible alternativeto the existing conveyor side frame design. It is expected thatwith wider conveyor sections, the deections on side frame willstay within the allowable limits, that is, 5 mm. The main rea-son why this experiment was conducted is to ensure that theside frames do not buckle under high loads. Thus there was noevidence of buckling occurrence for any of the types of con-veyor sections used. It is also expected, based on the experiencesof engineers and the investigation during the current research,that after the complete assembly is made, the conveyors willconceive additional strength, which will further reduce the possi-bility of deection on the side frame. The deection, for instance,was measured for each set of experiments outwards. With theleg mounted on the side frame, the forces will act in oppositedirection that will push the side frame inwards. The full obser-vation of this assumption can be concluded when a completetest conveyor is manufactured and tested based on new designparameters.With all the results obtained from the experiments, it is con-cluded that 1.6 mm stainless steel grade 304 side frames canbe manufactured for conveyors for food and beverage industryunder the specied guidelines for loads. The cost saving made inthis area is expected to be signicant since 80% of material usedin a conveyor system is made of stainless steel.In addition to this cost saving, the reduction of side framesize from 241 mm to 199 mm will also allow the production ofone extra side frame out of the 3000 1500 mm stainless steelsheet.New design improvements were also carried out in severalother critical parts such as support channel, return roller shaft,spacer bar, support wear strip and support side wear strip, whichresulted in further cost and labour savings and also ease of manu-facturing and assembly. For example, the new design of supportchannel assembly (including support wear strip and side wearstrip) required reduced number of processes, reduced wear stripthickness, use of a new M section channel and provision for usewith different types of chains giving a cost saving of 33.7% inthis improved design. The new design of return roller shaft of-fered a cost savings of 44.5% and a 50% reduction in labourtime. The new design of the spacer bar offered an estimated costsaving of 25% from the old design.7 Design implementation in a test conveyor systemThe implementation of design improvements of individual criti-cal parts and components was carried out in the design, manufac-turing and assembly of a full-edged test conveyor system. Thisnew and improved test conveyor was then tested and veried forperformance with actual products (plastic bottles). A cost analy-sis was also conducted to compare the overall cost savings in this558test conveyor with the costs involved with an identical conveyorbased on old design 7.The new test conveyor is a singleiser type (Fig. 8), comprisesof three different sections with a total length of 5 m. SectionC1 is a six-track conveyor section joined to section C2, whichis a six-track 90 bend conveyor. This is connected to conveyorsection C3, which is an eight-track conveyor section with combi-nation of two different types of chains, TAB and STR. The testconveyor contains a total of 26 major parts. Figure 9 shows thetest conveyor used for testing of product ow at the collaboratingcompany.The performance and efciency of the new test conveyor andits critical new parts were tested for smooth, noiseless perform-ance by observing the product ow of empty plastic drink bottleson the conveyor. All the parts and the conveyor system werefound to show fully functional satisfactory performance.A complete cost analysis on the test conveyor was conductedto measure the difference between old and new designs and alsoto evaluate the ease in assembly and reduction in labour expendi-ture. Quantity of parts, the material used, and the manufacturingFig. 8. A singliser test conveyorFig. 9. Test conveyor assembly: product ow testcosts were calculated for each part and percentage savings ofeach part and the overall system were determined.8 Results and discussionThe most critical area of consideration was to check if the newsupport channel setup and the drip tray joining were carried outwith less labour consumption. Attention was also paid to makesure that the labourers have been working effectively on the job.The times used for the assembly of conveyor system are expectedto vary depending on the mood of workers and other external fac-tors. But efforts were made to achieve the closest possible time tomanufacture the conveyors.A study of cost analysis reveals the following facts: A manufacturing cost saving of 40% or more was achieved ineight out of 12 of the improved design parts. A cost saving of26% to 34% was achieved in other three parts. Among the high cost parts, the maximum savings wereachieved for the side frame, return roller shaft, leg set andsupport wear strips. The overall cost of the conveyor was reduced by 19%. The overall cost of labour in the assembly of the conveyorwas reduced by 20%.It is observed that the savings accomplished are mainlyachieved for the conveyor parts that had been over designed orare not professionally designed. One of the major changes thataffected the design of conveyor system was the revision of theside frame design parameters, which also affected the changesin other parts that were allied with it. Secondly, the

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