大学英语四级考试写作技巧.doc

大学英语四级考试写作大学英语四级考试写作题型根据教育部颁布的大学英语教学大纲的要求，大学英语四级考试的命题形式有以下几种：首尾句作文、提纲作文、图表作文、命题作文、书信体作文等。首尾句作文是根据段首（尾）句续写短文。段首句作文也称主题句作文，因为作文题中所给的段首句往往是段落主题句。其特点是以题目为中心，一般情况下将文章分为三个段落，每段首句即为该段的主题句（topic sentences）。考生要按主题句的要求组织材料，提出论据，用一些辅助句（supporting sentences）来支持或说明主题句，写英文段首句作文要注意：所写的内容要紧扣主题，辅助句应围绕段首句续写。保证段内每个句子的内容与段首句紧密展开各个段落，如：例证、因果、定义、比较对比、程序等。要注意句与句之间，特别是段首句与辅助句之间的自然衔接。另外，所给的段首句有时是一个完整的句子，有时不是一个完整的句子，只是句子的一部分，这就要求我们一定要审好题。找出其中表示中心思想的关键词，围绕这些关键词去扩展、描述或说明。 例1Directions :For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about Women in the Modern World in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop the idea in completing the paragraph; your part of the composition should be about 100 words, not including the words given. Remember to write clearly. 范文 Women in the Modern WorldWomen are playing an increasingly important role in society. Successful women who are government officials, writers, scientists, doctors and teachers can be found everywhere. It is true that many jobs that once were dominated by men can be done well by women. With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well. The husband is no longer the only bread maker in the family and the wife no longer lives on others. They share comforts and hardships with each other.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized. Women still face many difficulties and obstacles due to traditional roles and limited economic strength. Women still have a long way to go in their struggle for complete equality with men. 第一段首句是讲妇女在社会上的作用，因而续写的内容紧紧围绕妇女的社会作用，比如，妇女可以是政府机关的工作人员、科学家、教师等；第二句的段首句是关于妇女在家庭中的地位也提高了，续写的内容也是有关夫妻患难与共；第三句的段首句是讲妇女解放仍然任重而道远，续写的部分提出了妇女所面临的问题，整个续写的部分紧扣段首句。 例2Directions :Write a composition about What Would Happen If There Were No power in three paragraphs, you are given the first sentence or part of the first sentence of each paragraph: 1. Ever since early this century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. 2. If there were no electric power,. 3. Therefore,. 范文 What Would Happen If There Were No Power Ever since early this century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. It has played a decisive role in the modern world. Everybody admits that development of our civilization depends on electricity. If there were no electricity power, our modern world would be in trouble. For instance, all the wheel would stop because without the power the machine would cease working. And all the electrical equipment life would be impossible and in a great mass without electricity.Therefore, we should make better use of elective power. On the other hand, we should educate people to economize on electricity and not to waste energy resources. At the same time we must do our best to exploit more electric resources to meet the requirements of human beings. 第一段的段首句是讲电已经成为人们现代生活中必不可少的部分，因而接下来的续写部分应强调它的重要性。第二段的段首句提出如果没有电的假设，下面列出没有电将会出现的麻烦。最后一段指出我们应该节约用电，开拓更多的电力资源。关键词作文是根据作文题目以及所给出的关键词写短文。关键词的数目由几个到十几个不等。写这种题型的作文，要特别注意关键词的作用。关键词是短文内容发展的“路标”，在作文思路和写作内容上起着决定乾坤的作用。因此，写出的文章要把所给的这些关键词都用上，可以一句中用上几个词，也可以几句中用上一个词，只要能做到恰到好处即可。而且，要学会根据所给关键词的语义群分段。如果所给的关键词可以分为三组，那么，短文就可以写成三段。如果给出的关键词是两组，短文就可以写为两段。再者，要把给出的关键词用在刀刃上，即各段的主题句以及结尾的主题句都应该有关键词。 例1 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a passage on “The Advantages of Travel” based on the words and phrases given: advantages widen our knowledge, make friends, knowledge or geography, beautiful scenery, different lifestyle, customs and cultures, various foods, practice a foreign language, worth spending the time. 范文 The Advantages of TravelWhenever a college student is asked “What are you going to do this summer vacation?”the most probable answer might be “I am going to have a trip.”It seems that college students are fond of traveling very much. Why?Because travel has numerous advantages. First of all,travel can widen our knowledge of geography,the knowledge of different customs, cultures and lifestyles of different places and countries. Secondly, we can make friends and practice a foreign language through traveling. Finally, travel is the best way of spending time. We can enjoy eating various local foods and seeing beautiful scenery.In a word, we can benefit from travel in more than one way. It is worth spending the time. 作者在第一段中就用上了关键词travel和advantage，并很巧妙地利用Because travel has numerous advantages这样的承上启下的句子来引出下文关于旅游的种种好处。最后又把关键词用在了文章的结尾处，强化了主题，不失为画龙点睛之笔。 例2 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a passage on“The Helpful Features of Textbooks” based on the following words given: textbooks, school, levels, kids, purpose, learn, therefore, features,information, contentsts,page, understand, divide, sections, finally, alphabetical, mast, help, quickly, efficiently. 范文 The Helpful Features of TextbooksTextbooks are books that students use in schools. Students at all levels and in all kinds s of schools use textbooks. They have certain features in commonfeatures that can help students find and understand the information in them. All textbooks have tables of contents at the beginning. The tables of contents list the chapter titles, the parts of the chapters,and the page numbers of the parts. These sections are divided again into smaller parts with headings and subheadings. Finally, most textbooks have an index at the back of the book. The index lists all the topics in the book in alphabetical order, and gives their page numbers.These are the features of most textbooks, which help students find and understand the information in textbooks quickly and efficiently. 文章一开头用定义法给教材下了个定义。接下来具体说明教材的主要特征。最后一段与第一段相呼应，并重复和强调了几个关键词中的关键词，比如textbooks，information等。写作中的问题及应对策略 (一)存在问题 1、不会写 所谓不会写指的是，当考试拿过一篇文章不知如何下手，不知如何提笔进行写作。主要是存在以下两个原因：一是考生的确无话可说；二是心里虽然有话，但是拿捏不准该写哪句为妙。于是思前想后、犹豫不决，始终不敢提笔进行写作。 2、写不好 所谓写不好就是，拿过作文题，没有明确的写作思路，不按套路出牌；或是简单汉语逻辑思维写作，不符合英语写作标准，近而没有文采。原因在于：第一是平时没有养成良好的写作习惯；第二对于英语写作的句式特点以及整体文章结构框架不了解。 (二)解决办法 第一，首先必须熟悉 英语四级写作具体要求。英语四级考试要求考生在30分钟内写出120字的文章。体裁主要有议论文(分为“Topic题型”和A&B又称“正反观点题”)应用文(主要是书信)、图表文等。针对不同的体裁，写作思路是不同的。比如，以议论文举例来说： 1、议论文写作思路 2、议论文分类：阐述主题型作文(Topic)；正反观点型作文(A&B) 3、阐述主题型作文写作：(这类题型作文要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述) (1)基本写作格式 熟悉英语写作的几个重要概念。 1.英语文章段落结构特点 英语文章段落结构一般有三部分构成：主题句+扩展句+结尾句 (1)主题句：所谓主题句，就是英语文章段落的中心思想句。它是英语文章段落的灵魂，在英语文章段落中居于主导地位。我们都知道英语文章一般喜欢开门见山，所以主题句一般位于英语文章段落的句首。其他句子都要围绕它而展开。 (2)扩展句：所谓扩展句就是为主题句起解释说明或论证的句子。通常我们写扩展句所采用的方法是举例子(for example, for instance, such as, a case in point is that-)、列数据(according to the recent study/survey,-)等。 (3)结尾句：所谓结尾句就是总结句。英语写作也类似于汉语写作，最后再把自己本段落的写作目的陈述一下。但是在英语写作中结尾句毕竟还是少数。 因此我们通常看到英语的文章段落结构 60%-70%都是由主题句+扩展句构成。 2、主旨句 作为主旨句就是英语文章的中心思想句。英语文章一般首先用一句话概括一下作者的写作目的或意图，我们就把这句话称之为主旨句。没有受过写作训练的考生是不会写主旨句的。因此这样的文章就不能够称之为好的英语文章，自然也得不到阅卷人的青睐了。 第三，学会遣词造句 1.遣词： (1)词汇等级 所谓词汇的等级就是，我们在写作的过程中，如果想出一个基本词汇来之后，能够在这个基本词汇的基础上把它在提升一下，也就是我们一般写作所提倡的用“难词”。比如，我们一提到“重要的”，大多数同学首先会想到“important”这个单词，那么提升一下的话就可以想到它的如下同义词：significant, vital, main, crucial, momentous etc (2)词汇准确性 所谓词汇的准确性是指，我们在有一个词近而想到它的同义词之后，要结合语境选择恰当的用词。在这里必须指明的是，并不是词汇等级越高越好，必须还要考虑到适合于不同的语境。比如，眼睛大，这个“大的”形容词，我们首先会想到big,近而想到great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous etc。那么是不是用后面的词就可以了呢？或者说用上enormous等词更能博得阅卷人的好感呢？答案是否定的。在这里很明显用后面的词来修饰眼睛是不可以，只能用big，因为我们听过一首英文歌曲叫做“I am a big big girl, in a big big world.”big表示眼睛大而迷人可爱的。2.造句： (1)词组 同学们平时写作不太擅长用词组，最习惯的就是想到汉语，然后对应汉语思维写出英语句子，这种写作只能是单词的罗列组合，谈不上什么技巧文采可言，因此，写出来的文章必然就是所谓平淡如流水，没有英语的味道。如果我们能够在单词的基础上，进一步想到与之同义的词组，那么文章就会显得与众不同，更具有英语的味道。比如上面所说的“重要的”这个单词，当我们想到important的时候，如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我们会想到“be of importance”。因为，语法中规定：形容词等于of加这个形容词的名词形式。如果再提升一步，我们还学过一个常用的词组叫做“play an important role in-”。很多同学说自己的文章凑不够字数或是没有文采，那么采用词组进行写作是不是就可以解决以上问题了呢？ (2)句式 除了采用词组，要使文章更具英语的味道，我们还需要变换句式。没有受过正规作文训练的考生，通常采用的句式多为主谓宾、主系表。于是我们看到大多数的文章充斥着这样的形式：I am a good boy, and I am a student. I study in XXX University, and I have three years experience in XXX Hotel.这样流水帐式的文章显然不能得到高分。 写作中阅卷人喜欢的句式有以下两种：一是插入语；二是倒装。 第一，插入语。 所谓插入语，英语中有两种形式。一种是有两个逗号之间引起的成分称之为插入语；第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。如下所示(黑体划线处)： Kunming, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city. Other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid, material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems. 插入语的作用主要有两个，一个是突出主语，比如说：He, who would like to play basketball, is a good student. 第二个作用是解释说明，比如说：People, especially students, should work hard. 第二，倒装 倒装是我们写作中需要用到的。虽然略显俗套，但是却是很能满足阅卷人的主观感受的。常用的倒装形式有以下几种： Only + 时间状语 Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future. Only + 介词词组 Only by planning his time care fully can he improve efficiency and make achievements. Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps. 否定词位于句首(hardly when; never; not only-,but also-; seldom) 在我一生当中很难遇到这样的人 Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man. 地点方位名词位于句首 In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games. (3)修辞 无论是汉语写作还是英语写作，修辞其实非常的重要。它是作者写作功底具体事例地展现。所谓修辞包括比喻、拟人、排比等等。英语写作中的修辞问题有篇文章(见英语写作几种修辞手法)。如：比喻修辞手法，还是拿“重要的”来举例。当你用完词组之后，如果你用上下面比如句子，则文章就会显得神采飞扬，试比较： The bicycle is important for us. The bicycle is of importance for us. The bicycle plays an important role in our life. The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important role in our life. The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life. 那么很明显，最后一个句子是我们最终拿到考场上去搏击高分的句子。 第四，平时要注意积累 同学们为了写好作文也作了好多工作，课下也付出了很多，包括背诵大量的文章等等，但是提笔写作时候，仍不见的有所改观。问题在哪里呢？ 很多考生虽然也背诵文章，但却只是死记硬背。如果合上书本让他复述，他们就会卡壳。就是茶壶里煮饺子，倒不出来。我们说背诵是个输入的过程，而说和写则是输出的过程。我们真正需要的是把平时积累的随时随地用在我们的写作中。因此，我们在注重积累的同时，一定在平时练习的时候，把他们多家运用。只有多练多用，才能真正达到学以致用，才能真正提高写作水平。四级作文难点分析及应对技巧难点一：主观判分，有所影响 不可否认，四级考试是目前国内各种英语测试中规模很大、公信度较高、科学性和客观性较强的一种，能够较客观地考察出一个人的实际英语能力。但写作仍然是四级考试中主观性较大的部分，存在主观判卷的弊端。虽然考官依据四级作文评分标准进行阅卷，但由于前文所述的考官在判卷中的弱点、盲点，人为因素不可避免。 难点二：体裁多样，难度较大 它既有书信作文，演讲稿，图表作文，也有议论文写作。字数要求也是国内英语测试中较多的，30分钟要求考生写一篇150字的短文。书信作文、议论文等尚能有章可循，然而图表作文却无从下手。这是因为国内各个层次的英语教学甚少涉及图表作文，并且要写好图表作文，不仅需要良好的英语语言能力，同时还应具备相应的分析、归纳能力。难点三：老题新出，千变万化 四级作文有完善的出题套路，往往通过换关键词的方式可以旧瓶装新酒，老树开新花。请看下面几道考题： 例1： Directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic can money buy happiness? you should write no less than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in chinese) below: 1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness） 2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evil） 3.我的看法 例2: Directions: for this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic the two-day weekend. you should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in chinese) below: 1. 双休日给大学生带来的好处 2. 双休日可能给大学生带来的问题 3. 我应该怎样过好双休日 例3： Directions: for this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic reading selectively or extensively? you should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in chinese) below: 1. 有人认为读书要有选择 2. 有人认为应当博览群书 3. 我的看法 只要细看片刻就能发现这三道题如出一辙，提纲的结构实质上是完全相同的，不难想像，在写这些题目时定有套路可循。 同学们“谈作文即色变”就是因为就题论题，不识庐山真面目。四级作文题目虽然充满变数，但万变不离其宗，考官不可能随心所欲得出新题或更新题库。与其上下求索，苦苦积攒上百道变化莫测的题目，不如勤于总结，牢牢记住以上几条题目变化的法则。 许多学生习惯于用汉语思维方式来进行英文写作，不善于开门见山，缺乏中心句（thesis statement）和主题句（topic sentence）的意识，谈了许多还未谈到主题，还未等到他们一步一步地从次要观点的阐述过渡到主要论点，时间已过去大半，不得不匆忙得出结论而收尾，作文也因此失分惨重。 应试对策： 学会写主题段和主题句，遵循外国人的“线性思维模式”。从全篇来看，一般的议论文大多都分为三大部分，即提出问题、分析问题、解决问题，四级作文也不例外，三部分缺一不可。文章的第一段落应是主题段，简单介绍了文章的大体思路。之后的段落要按逻辑顺序展开，这是因为结构的完整还包括结构的合理性，就像说明文有说明顺序一样，议论文的结构分布同样应该掌握一个递进深入的顺序。从每段来看，第一句应是主题句，表达了本段的中心思想，其后的每一个观点都应围绕这个中心展开。所有扩展句都紧扣主题。一般应在段首就亮出主题句，避免主题句放在段中或段末从而无法明显辨别引起混乱。四级书信写作套句It is so great to hear from you again.It is a great pleasure for me to With great delight I learned that I must apologize for not writing to you sooner.建议：In my experience, it seems that _ would make sense in your situationIn my opinion, it would be wise for you to take the following actions:感谢：I truly appreciate your kindness.Thank you from the bottom of my heart for.道歉：I apologize most sincerely for.I am so sorry to have put you through so much trouble.邀请：We would be honored to have you there with us.I will cover all the expense involved.抱怨：I very much regret to have to inform you that.We will appreciate your willingness to make up for the lossI hope that the above situation will be improved as soon as possible咨询：I would like to request some information about.Should I need to send further materials, please let me know.求职：In anwser to your advertisement a post as in your office.I hope I may be granted an interview 快速成文模式：1现象分析，解决问题型：第一段：Its a common phenomenon that /We often hear that/More and more attention has been focused on the problem of/The whole society should pay close attention to the problem of +问题.The first reason is that /First +理由一.Besides/Secondly+理由二.（或It brings not only/Its results may be +后果一. But also/It will also bring the changes to our society such as +后果二.）第二段: As the reasons above, we should do something such as/When we think abou