Brown和Levinson的礼貌策略.ppt

BrownandLevinson sPolitenessStrategy PerhapsthemostthoroughtreatmentoftheconceptofpolitenessisthatofPenelopeBrownandStephenLevinson whichwasfirstpublishedin1978andthenreissued withalongintroduction in1987 BrownandLevinsonsumuphumanpolitenessbehaviourinfourstrategies whichcorrespondtotheseexamples baldonrecord negativepoliteness positivepoliteness andoff record indirectstrategy Baldon record Thebaldon recordstrategydoesnothingtominimizethreatstothehearer s face Anemergency Help Taskoriented Givemethose Request Putyourjacketaway Alerting Turnyourlightson whiledriving PositivePoliteness Thepositivepolitenessstrategyshowsyourecognizethatyourhearerhasadesiretoberespected Italsoconfirmsthattherelationshipisfriendlyandexpressesgroupreciprocity Strategies St 1Notice attendtoHSuggeststhatSshouldtakenoticeofaspectsofH sconditions Examples Goodnessyoucutyourhair BythewayIcametoborrowsomesugar Whatabeautifuldress Wherewasitbought Weatetoomanybeanstonight didn twe St 2ExaggerateThisoftendonewithexaggeratedintonation stress andotheraspectsofprosodic Examples Youareafantasticcook thelunchwasgreat Howabsolutelymarvelous extraordinary Strategies St 3IntensifyinteresttoHSintensifytheinterestofhisowncontribution by makingagoodstory anddrawHasaparticipantintotheconversationwithdirectquestionsandexpressionslikeyouknow seewhatExample Icomeintohisroom andwhatdoyouthinkIsee ahugemessallovertheplaceandrightinthemiddle anaked St 4Usein groupidentitymakersUsinganyoftheinnumerablewaystoconveyin groupmembership addressforms languageordialect jargonorslangandellipses Examples Honey canyougivemethebeer Heybrother what sgoingon Howaboutadrink Strategies St 5SeekagreementSseekswaysinwhichitispossibletoagreewithH Examples Ihatethispoliticians theyknownothingaboutthesmallcitizen theyearn Shehadanaccidentlastweek Ohmygood anaccident St 6AvoiddisagreementThedesiretoagreeorappeartoagreewithHleadsalsotomechanismsforpretendingtoagree whiteliesandhedge Haveyougotfriends Ihavefriends So calledfriends Ihadfriends Letitputmethisway It sreallybeautifulinaway Strategies St 7Presuppose raise assertcommongroundThevalueofS sspendingtimeandeffortonbeingwithH asamarkoffriendshiporinterestinhim bytalkingforawhileaboutunrelatedtopics Examples Isn titabeautifulday Howareyou AndshesaystoJim Iloveyou andhesays St 8JokeJokesarebasedonmutualsharedbackgroundandvaluesandputtingH atease Example Howaboutlendingmethisoldheapofjunk H snewcadillac Strategies St 9AssertorpresupposeS sknowledgeofandconcernforH swantsAssertorimplyknowledgeofH swantsandwillingnesstofitone sownwantsinwiththem Examples Look Iknowyouwantmetobegoodinmathematics soshouldn tIdomyhomeworknow insteadofcleaningmyroom St 10OfferandpromiseExamples I lltrytogetitnextweek I llwashthedisheslater Strategies St 11BeoptimisticSassumethatHwantsforSorforHandS andwillhelphimtoobtainthem Example You lllendmeyourapartment keyfortheweekend Ihope St 12IncludebothSandHintheactivityExamples Let sgo girls Wewillshutthedoor ma am Thewindiscomingin Strategies St 13Give orask reasonsExamples Whydon twegoshoppingortothecinema Whynotlendmeyourjacketfortheweekend St 14AssumeorassertreciprocitySandHmayclaimedorurgedbygivingevidenceofreciprocalrightsorobligationsobtainingbetweenSandH Example YesterdayI vewashedthedishes sotodayit syourturn NegativePoliteness Thenegativepolitenessstrategyalsorecognizesthehearer sface Butitalsorecognizesthatyouareinsomewayimposingonthem Someotherexampleswouldbetosay Idon twanttobotheryoubut or Iwaswonderingif Strategy1 Beconventionallyindirect Solvedbythecompromiseofconventionalindirectness theuseofphrasesandsentencesthathavecontextuallyunambiguousmeaningswhicharedifferentfromtheirliteralmeaningExamples Canyoupleaseshutthedoor Youcouldn tpossiblytellmethetime please Strategy2 Question hedge Inliterature a hedge isaparticle wordorphrasethatmodifiesthedegreeofmembershipofapredicateornounphraseinasetItsaysofthatmembershipthatitispartial ortrueonlyincertainrespects orthatitismoretrueandcompletethanperhapsmightbeexpectedExamples I mprettysure I veseenthatmoviebefore Iratherthinkyoushouldn tdothat Maryisatruefriend Asalmonisasortoffish You requiteright Strategy3 Bepessimistic GivesredresstoH snegativefacebyexplicitlyexpressingdoubtthattheconditionsfortheappropriatenessofS sspeechactobtain Examples Youdon thaveanyexoticplants doyoubyanychance Idon timaginethere dbeanychanceof Youcouldn tgivemeacigarette couldyou Strategy4 Minimizetheimposition Rx DefusingtheFTAbyindicatingthatRx theintrinsicseriousnessoftheimposition isnotitselfgreatSoindirectlythismaypayHdeferenceExamples Justamoment CouldIhaveatinybitof IjustwanttoaskifIcanborrowasinglesheetofpaper Strategy5 Givedeference 2differentpossibilitiestorealizethedeference 1 Shumblesandabaseshimself2 SraisesH payshimpositivefaceofaparticularnamelythatwhichsatisfiesH swanttobetreatedsuperior Examples Welookforwardverymuchtoseeyouagain Didyoumovemyluggage Yes sir Ithoughtperhapsyouwouldn tmindand Strategy6 Apologize ByapologizingfordoinganFTA thespeakercanindicatehisreluctancetoimpingeonH snegativeface partiallyredresstheimpingementExamples Ihopethisisn tgoingtobotheryoutoomuch Ihatetoimpose but I mabsolutelylost Pleaseforgivemeif Strategy7 ImpersonalizeSandH PhrasetheFTAasiftheagentwereotherthanSandtheaddresseewereotherthanHExamples Dothisforme Itlookstomelike Itwouldbeappreciatedif Oneshouldn tdothingslikethat Wefeelobligatedtoinformyouabout Wecannothelpyou Hismajestyisnotamused Iwaskindofinterestedinknowingif Strategy8 StatetheFTAasageneralrule TodissociateSandHfromtheparticularimpositionintheFTA Sdoesn twanttoimpingeH butismerelyforcedtobycircumstances itcanbegeneralizedasasocialrule regulation obligationExamples Passengerswillpleaserefrainfromsmokinginthisroom ThecommiteerequeststhePresident Wedon tsitontables wesitonchairs XY Strategy9 Normalize Themoreyounormalizeanexpression themoreyoudissociatefromitExamples Youperformedwellontheexaminationsandthatimpressedusfavourably Yourperformingwellontheexaminationswasimpressivetou