高考阅读练习：定位与替换原则实践真题.docx

高二年上学期期末复习材料（二）阅读理解练习（1）定位与替换原则训练例1: （2011年江西卷C篇）Kong Zi, also called Confucius (551 479 B.C.), and Socrates (469 399 B.C.) lived only a hundred years apart, and during their lifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece, but it is interesting to look at how the world that each of these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas, and how these ideas in turn, shaped their societies.Q 1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the first paragraph?A. Socrates and Confucius had much in common. B. The societies were influenced by the philosophers ideas.C. Confucius had much influence on Socrates ideas. D. There were cultural exchanges between China and Greece.例2: （2011年广东卷B篇）Whats interesting is that both cats and dogs have appeared to develop their intelligence. They can learn how to read each others body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than we previously suspected. Once familiar with each others presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together on the sofa. They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom (梳理) each other.Q. It is suggested in this paragraph that cats and dogs _. A. have common interests B. are less different than was thought C. have a common body language D. are less intelligent than was expected例 3.（2009年湖北卷A篇）My grandfather came from Hungary and was the only one in his family who settled down in the United States. The rest of his family remained in Europe. When World War I broke out, he seemed to have become another man, downhearted. Such obvious change was not born out of concern for his welfare, but out of fear: if his only son, my uncle, had to go to war, it would be cousin fighting against cousin. ks5uQ. What the grandfather was most worried about was _. ks5uA. the spread of the world war B. the safety of his two cousins ks5uC. a drop in his living standards D. his relatives killing each other例 4. （2008年天津卷B篇）I love charity shops and so do lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a few of them on every high street. The charity shop is a British institution, selling everything from clothes to electric goods, all at very good prices. You can get things you wont find in the shops anymore. The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies, and you are not damaging the planet, but finding a new home for unwanted goods.The first charity shop was opened in 1947 by Oxfam. The famous charitys appeal to aid postwar Greece had been so successful it had been flooded with donations (捐赠物). They decided to set up a shop to sell some of these donations to raise money for that appeal. Now there are over 7,000 charity shops in the UK. My favourite charity shop in my hometown is the Red Cross shop, where I always find childrens books, all 10 or 20 pence each.Q 1. The author loves the charity shop mainly because of _. A. its convenient location B. its great variety of goods C. its spirit of goodwill D. its nice shopping environmentQ 2. The first charity shop in the UK was set up to _. A. sell cheap products B. deal with unwanted things C. raise money for patients D. help a foreign country例 5. （2008年广东卷C篇）Napoleon, as a character in Tolstoys War and Peace, is more than once described as having “fat little hands. Nor does he “sit well or firmly on the horse. He is said to be “undersized. with“short legs and a “round stomach”. The issue here is not the accuracy of Tolstoys description-it seems not that far off from historical accounts but his choice of facts: other things that could be said of the man are not said. We are meant to understand the difference of a warring commander in the body of a fat little Frenchman. Tolstoys Napoleon could be any man wandering in the streets and putting a little of powdered tobacco up his nose and that is the point.Q. Tolstoys description of Napoleon in War and Peace is _.A. far from the historical facts B. based on the Russian historyC. based on his selection of facts D. not related to historical details例 6. （2010年北京卷D篇） Full government funding (资助) is not very good for universities. Adam Smith worked in a Scottish university whose teachers lived off student fees. He knew and looked down upon 18th-century Oxford, where the academics lived comfortably off the income received from the government. Guaranteed salaries, Smith argued, were the enemy of hard work; and when the academics were lazy and incompetent, the students were similarly lazy. Q. The author thinks that with full government funding A. teachers are less satisfied B. students are more demanding C. students will become more competent D. teachers will spend less time on teaching例 7. （2008年江西卷D篇）Intellectual property (IP) is a product of the mind that has commercial value. The concept dates back to 1623 when the first patent law to protect IP sights was passed. IP rights protect the artist from having his/her creative ideas copied by another. For example, if somebody generated an idea for a novel, that idea is protected by IP rights. If someone else wishes to represent the idea or develop it further, he/ she must consult the original artists, who will normally be rewarded financially for its use. Back in the 17th century, IP rights were primarily carried out to protect newly developed manufacturing processes against stealing. But today, intellectual property rights, are also enjoyed by those who creative music, art and literature.Q. According to the writer, in the beginning, IP rights were mainly of use to _.A. those creating music, art and literature B. novelistsC. engineers and inventors D. those not receiving financial reward for their work例 8. （2009年山东卷D篇）University applications rose 7% last year. But there were rises above average in several subjects. Nursing (护理) saw a 15% jump, with peoples renewed interest in caters in the public sector, which are seen as more secure in economic crisis.Q. Careers in the public sector are more attractive because of their . A. greater stability B. higher pay C. fewer applications D. better reputation例 9. （2011年全国卷,B篇）The word advertising refers to any kind of public announcement that brings products and services to the attention of people. Throughout history, advertising has been an effective way to promote the trading and selling of goods. In the Middle Ages, merchants employed “town criers” to read public messages aloud to promote their goods. When printing was invented in the fifteenth century, pages of advertisements（ads）could be printed easily and were either hung in public places or put in books.Q. What was advertising like in the Middle Ages?A. Merchants were employed to promote products. B. Ad messages were shouted out in public places.C. Product information was included in books. D. Ad signs were put up in towns.例 10. （2011年安徽卷E篇）George Prochnik would like the world to put a sock in it. He makes his case in a new book, Listening for meaning in a World of Noise. Here he explain himself (using his indoor voice):“Weve become so accustomed to noise, theres almost a deep prejudice against the idea that silence might be beneficial, if you tell someone to be quiet, you sound like an old man. But its never been important to find continuing quiet. Silence focuses us, improves our health, and is a key to lasting peace and satisfaction.”Q. What does Prochnik say about us?A. We are used to quietness B. We have to put up with noiseC. We do not think silence to be beneficial D. We do not believe lasting peace to be available例 11.（2011年山东卷B篇） Tim Richter and his wife, Linda, had taught for over 30 years near Buffalo, New York he in computers, she in special education. “Teaching means everything to us,” Tim would say. In April 1998, he learned he would need a heart operation. It was the kind of news that leads to some serious thinking about lifes purpose.Not long after the surgery, Tim saw a brochure (宣传小册) describing Imagination Library, a program started by Dolly Partons foundation (基金会) that mailed a book every month to children from birth to age five in the singers home town of Sevier, Tennessee. “I thought, maybe Linda and I could do something like this when we retire.” Tim recalls. He placed the brochure on his desk, “as a reminder.”Q 1. What led Tim to think seriously about the meaning of life?A. His health problem B. His love for teaching C. The influence of his wife D. The news from the WebQ 2. What did Tim want to do after learning about Imagination Library?A. Give out brochures B. Do something similar C. Write books for children D. Retire from being a teacher例 12.（2009年辽宁卷D篇）It is true that good writers rewrite and rewrite and then rewrite some more. But in order to work up the desire to rewrite, it is important to learn to like what you write at the early stage. I am surprised at the number of famous writers I know who say that they so dislike reading their own writing later that they even hate to look over the publishers opinions. One reason we may dislike reading our own work is that were often disappointed that the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain when first written down. Jerry Fodor and Steven Pinker suggest that this fact may be a result of how our minds work.Q. What do we learn from the text about those famous writers?A. They often regret writing poor works B. Some of them write surprisingly muchC. Many of them hate reading their own works D. They are happy to review the publishers opinions例13: Every day we are all influenced by the mass media. Although some critics of the media claim that these means of communication are used mainly to control our thinking and get us to buy products that we dont need, the media also contribute to keeping people informed. In other words, while dangers do exist, the benefits of the media far outweigh the disadvantages. Most of the messages brought to viewers, listeners, and readers are designed either to inform or to entertain, and neither of these goals can be considered dangerous or harmful.If consumers of the media could be taught at an early age to examine messages critically, i.e. to think carefully about what is being communicated, they would be able to take advantage of the information and enjoy the entertainment without being hurt by it. The key to critical thinking is recognizing the purposes of the news or scriptwriters, the advertisers, and so on. Are both sides of an issue being presented? Is the amount of violence and killing shown necessary to the point of a story? Have enough facts about a product being advertised been presented?Besides, in a country with a democratic form of government, the people can be kept informed by the mass media. To be able to express their views and vote intelligently, citizens need the opportunity to hear news, opinions, and public affairs programming. Information about current events is presented in-depth on publicly funded TV channels and radio stations as well as in newspapers. In addition, the public broadcasting media can help viewers and listeners to complete or further their education.Q 1. The author feels that consumers of the mass media should be taught at an early age to _. Abring their imagination into full play when watching programs of low quality Bbuy products advertised in commercials so that the demand increases Cturn off the TV set when a ridiculous program comes on Dthink critically about the messages brought to themQ 2. We can learn from paragraph 3 that citizens will be in a better position to express their views and make their choices if they are A. Highly educated through TV and radio. B. Well protected by the governmentC. Highly paid by the employers D. Well informed by the media例 14. （2009年山东卷D篇）Professor John Beath, the president of the society and a leading lecturer at St Andrews University, said his first-year lectureswhich are open to students from all departmentswere drawing crowds of 400, rather than the usual 250. “There are a large number of students who are not economics majors, who would like to learn something about it. One of the things I have done this year is to relate my teaching to contemporary events in a way that one hasnt traditionally done. ” he added.Q. Professor John Beaths lectures are _. A. given in a traditional way B. connected with the present situation C. open to both students and their parents D. warmly received by economists例 15. （2011年江苏卷A篇）We know the famous ones the Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells but what about the less famous inventors? What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper(雨刮器)？Shouldnt we know who they are?Joan Mclean thinks so. In fact, Mclean, a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range, feels so strongly about this matter that shes developed a course on the topic. In addition to learning “who” invented “what”, however, Mclean also likes her students to learn the answers to the “why” and ”how” questions. According to Mclean, “When students learn the answers to these questions, they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to give inventing a try.”Q. Professor Joan McLeans course aims to_.A. add colour and variety to students campus life B. inform students of the windshield wipers inventionC. carry out the requirements by Mountain University D. prepare students to try their own invention例 16. （2011年广东卷D篇）Governments can fully develop the potential of these new markets. First, they can set high targets for reducing carbon emissions (排放) and targets for saving and reusing energy. Besides, stronger arrangement of public resources like forests can also help to speed up the development. Finally, governments can avoid the huge expenses that are taking us in the wrong direction, and redirecting some of those expenses can accelerate the change from traditional model to a sustainable one.The major challenge of this century is to find ways to meet the needs of growing population within the limits if this single planet. That is no small task, but it offers abundant new chances for sustainable product industries.Q 1. To full develop the low-carbon markets, government can _.A. cut public expenses B. forbid carbon emissionC. develop public resources D. encourage energy conservationQ 2. We can learn from the last paragraph that businesses have many chances to _. A. develop sustainable products B. explore new natural resourcesC. make full use of natural resources D. deal with the major challenge例 17. （2011年重庆卷E篇）Skeptics are strange lot. Some of them refuse to admit the serious threat of human activities to the environment, and they are tired of people who disagree with them. Those people, say skeptics, spread nothing but bad news about the environment. The “eco-guilt” brought on by the discouraging news about our planet gives rise to the popularity of skeptics as people search for more comforting worldviews.Perhaps that explains why a new book by Bjorn Lomborg received so much publicity. That book, The Skeptical Environmentalist, declares that it measures the “real state of the world” as fine. Of course, another explanation is the deep pockets （财富、财源） of some big businesses with special interests. Indeed, Mr. Lomborgs views are similar to those of some Industry-funded organizations, which start huge activities though the media to confuse the public about issues like global warming.Q 1. According to the passage, which of the following may be regarded as “skeptics”?A. People who agree on the popularity of “eco-guilt”.B. People who disbelieve the serious situation of our planet.C. People who dislike the harmful effect of human activities.D. People who spread comforting news to protect our environment.Q 2. Which of the following can be a reason for the popularity of Lomborgs books?A. Some big businesses intend to protect their own interests. B .The book challenges views about the fine state of the world.C. The author convinces people to speak comforting worldviews.D. Industryfunded media present confusing information.例 18 （2011年江西卷D篇）Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring and researching something with so few apparent benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked. Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup（基因构成）as human beings. What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments? The wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible.Q. What is the reason for exploring space based on Paragraph2?A. Humans are nature-born to do so. B. Humans have the tendency to fight.C. Humans may find new sources of food. D. Humans dont like to stay in the same place.例 19. （2011年北京卷B篇）Before sending us a manuscript (稿件), look through recent issues (刊物)of the Post to get an idea of the range and style of articles we publish. You will discover that our focus has broadened to include well-researched, timely and informative articles on finance, home improvement