弗朗西斯培根.ppt

FrancisBacon 1561 1626 GeneralintroductionWorksTheoryonphilosophyMottosofBacon SirFrancisBacon BorninLondonin1561inaprominentandwell connectedfamily hisfatherSirNicholasBacon LordkeeperoftheGreatSeal 掌玺大臣 totheQueenElizabeth shecalledBaconthe LittleLordkeeper Educatedathome In1573 attheageofjusttwelve heenteredTrinityCollege CambridgeIn1576 at16 aftergraduatinghetookuplaw andcompletedhislawdegreein1582 In1588hewasnamedlecturerinlegalstudiesatGray sInn 格雷法律学院 andelectedtoParliamentin1584asamemberoftheHouseofCommons From1604 1618 hefilledasuccessionofhigh profileadvisorypositions 1604 AppointedKing sCounsel 王室法律顾问1607 NamedSolicitorGeneral 副检察长1608 AppointedClerkoftheStarChamber 1613 AppointedAttorneyGeneral 首席检察官1616 MadeamemberofthePrivyCouncil 枢密院顾问1617 AppointedLordKeeperoftheRoyalSeal hisfather sformeroffice 掌玺大臣1618 MadeLordChancellorandmadeapeerwiththetitlesofBaronVerulam 维鲁兰男爵 1621 GainedthetitlesofBaronViscountStAlban 奥尔本斯子爵 Laterlife Hewasaadmirablejudge butinthecourseofhisrisinghehasmadeenemieswhofinallycombinedtobringagainsthimchargesofbriberyandthebetrayalofjustice Bacon sguiltlaylessinfinancialcorruptionthanintoogreatreadinesstoallowcourtinfluencetoaffecthislegaldecisions Hewasconvicted deprivedofhisoffice andbanishedfromLondonHediedin1626andspenttheremainingyearsinhisliteracyandphilosophicalworks FrancisBacon arepresentativeoftheEnglishrenaissance isawell knownphilosopher scientist essayistandthefounderofinduction 归纳法 Hedevotedalmosthalfofhislifetopoliticalcareerwhileknownasaphilosophicaladvocateanddefenderofthescientificrevolution Bacon sWorks 1 Philosophical AdvancementofLearning 论学术的进展 1605 NovumOrganum 新工具论 1620 2 Literary Essays论说随笔文集 1625 TheNewAtlantics新亚特兰蒂斯3 Professional MaximoftheLaw格言集ReadingontheStatuteofUses阅读在法令的应用 Agreattractoneducation InthisbookBaconhighlypraisedknowledge refutingtheobjectionstolearningGreatsignificance inBacon stime hisseparationtheologyfromscientificobservationandexperimentmakesagreatstepforwardinscience NovumOrganum 1620 OutstandingtreatisewritteninLatinonmethodologyTheargumentisfortheuseofinductivemethod 归纳法 orreasoning 推理 inscientificstudyBaconadvancedthenecessityofacccurateobservations experimentationShowsthenewempiricalattitudetowardtruthaboutnature SectionIII Theoryonphilosophy TherealfatherofEnglishmaterialismandexperimentalsciencesofmoderntimesingeneral Marx TheBaconianSystemofPhilosophy Bacon sphilosophyemphasizesthebeliefthatpeoplearetheservantsandinterpretersofnature thattruthisnotderivedfromauthority andthatknowledgeisthefruitofexperience Hepresentsusanewworldviewofmaterialism whichgetsridoftheprejudiceandobscurationofscholasticism 经院哲学 andtheological 神学上的 basis Epistemology 认识论 Empiricism经验主义1 adoctrinethatallknowledgeisbasedonexperience2 Sense experience Baconthoughtthatthesenseorganistheonlywaythatcanbeusedbypeopletoknowthisobjectiveworld Althoughheemphasizedtheimportanceofsensationalexperience hedidn tregarditastheabsolutelawforthelimitationsofsenseorgans Scientificmethodology 科学方法论 Inductivemethod 归纳法 reasoning 推理 inscientificstudyInductionimpliesdrawingknowledgefromthenaturalworldthroughexperimentation observation andtestingofhypotheses Inthecontextofhistime suchmethodswereconnectedwiththeoccult 超自然的 trendsofhermeticism 赫尔墨斯神智学 andalchemy炼金术Hisworksestablishandpopularizeaninductivemethodologyforscientificinquiry oftencalledtheBaconianmethod methodology MottosbyBacon Wivesareyoungmen smistresses companion sformiddleage andoldmen snurse妻子是年轻时的情人 中年时的伴侣 老年的陪护livetolearn butlearntolive活着就要学习 学习不是为了活着Itisastrangedesiretoseekpowerandtoloseliberty ortoseekpoweroverothersandtolosepoweroveraman sself 为追求权力而失去自由 为追求统治别人的权力而失去自身的权力 这是一种不可思议的欲望 Moneyisagoodservantandabadmaster 金钱是善仆 也是恶主 Moneyislikemuck notgoodexceptitbespread 金钱好比粪肥 只有撒到大地才是有用Beautyislikearichstone bestplainset 美貌就像宝石 不用装饰最好 Thesumofbehavioristoretainaman sowndignity withoutin truinguponthelibertyofothers 人的行为准则是 维护自己的尊严而又不妨碍他人的自由 TheEssaysarepopularfor3reasons 1 TheliteraryformwasnewtotheEnglishaudience 2 Theessayscoveravarietyofsubjects 3 Theessaysaresinewythoughshort fullofwisdom andelegantlyphrased TheorganizationPart1 Thepurposeofstudies Part2 Themethods measuresofreadingPart3 Thebenefitsofreading OfStudies Studiesservefordelight forornament andforability Theirchiefusefordelight isinprivatenessandretiring forornament isindiscourse andforability isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness 读书足以怡情 足以傅彩 足以长才 其怡情也 最见于独处幽居之时 其傅彩也 最见于高谈阔论之中 其长才也 最见于处世判事之际 Readinghasthreefunctions Itdelightsyou Itbeautifiesyou anditstrengthensyourability Part1 privateness privatelifediscourse carryingonaconversation Thedelightofreadingliesinyourprivatelifeandretirement Thebeautifyingofreadingliesinhowyoutalktoothers Thewayreadingstrengthensyourabilityliesinyouractofjudging howyouassessapersonorsituationoreventandhowyoudealwithit Howtoreadbooks Part2 MethodOne Readnottocontradictandconfute nortobelieveandtakeforgranted nortofindtalkanddiscourse buttoweighandconsider Don tdisagreehostilelywhenyouarereading don tbelieveitwholly Weshouldnotonlyfocusonthewordsandsentences butalsothinkaboutitbackandforth superstition MethodTwo Somebooksaretobetasted otherstobeswallowed andsomefewtobechewedanddigested Taste Toreadinthewaythatyoutestthetasteoffood toreadbitshereandthereSwallow Toreadthewholebookorstory butwithlittleattentionorwithoutthroughunderstanding Chewanddigest Toreadcarefullyandslowlyandthenthinkaboutandunderstandthemeaningorimportanceofbooks Thatistosay Differentbooks differentattitudes Somebooksarejustforappreciation someforentertainment someshouldbedigested Benefitofreading Readingmakethafullman conferenceareadyman andwritinganexactman Readingfulfillsaman discussionmakesamanwitty notemakesamanclear Part3 Andtherefore ifamanwritelittle hehadneedhaveagreatmemory ifheconferlittle hehadneedhaveapresentwit andifhereadlittle hehadneedhavemuchcunning toseemtoknowthathedothnot parallelism Therefore menwhodon ttakenotesoftenshouldstrengthenthememory menwhodon tdiscussoftenshouldbesmarter andmenwhodon toftenreadshouldbemoresophisticated Historiesmakemenwise poets witty themathematics subtle naturalphilosophy deep moral grave logicandrhetoric abletocontend 读史使人明智 读诗使人灵秀 数学使人周密 科学使人深刻 伦理学使人庄重 逻辑修辞之学使人善辩 凡有所学 皆成性格 Learninghistoriesmakesmenclear minded learningpoemsmakesmenclever learningmathematicsmakesmencarefulandcautious learningnaturalphilosophy yourmindwillbebroadened yourprincipleswillberegulated andyourwayofthinkingwillbeserious learninglogicandrhetoric youwillbeab