二虚拟语气.doc

二.虚拟语气一英语中的语气有三种，分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气主要用于陈述句和疑问句；祈使语气用于祈使句；虚拟语气（又称假设语气），表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测。二.分类:（一）虚拟语气用于条件状语从句（非真实条件句）（二）虚拟语气用于名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）（三）虚拟语气用于定语从句（四）. 虚拟语气用其他于状语从句（五）其他结构中的虚拟语气（一）1.虚拟语气用于条件状语从句（非真实条件句）虚拟条件句主句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+动词的过去式（be动词用were）主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反的假设If+主语+had+过去分词主语+should/would/could/might+have+过去分词与将来事实相反的假设If+主语+动词的过去式If+主语+were to+动词原形If+ 主语+should+动词原形主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形E.g. 1).If I had time, I would attend the meeting. If I were you, I should seize the opportunity to go abroad.2).If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.3). If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. If it were to rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off. If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.2.If 省略句。在条件句中可省略if, 把were, had（与过去事实相反）, should 提到句首，变为倒装句式。E.g. Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。3.含蓄条件句：在特定的上下文或一目了然的情况下，if 条件从句可以省略，或使用介词短语，副词或非谓语动词等形式来代替if 条件句，这种虚拟语气表达形式叫做含蓄条件句。e.g. 1）. without I would have failed in the examination without your help. (without=if it had not been for，表示同过去相反的非真实条件句，本句用的是虚拟语气。) 2. )but for 要不是 But for your timely rescue, the boy would have drowned. (but for=if it had not been for, 表示同过去相反的非真实条件句，本句用的是虚拟语气。) 3）. in the absence of 缺乏时，当不在时 In the absence of the keeper, the warehouse would have been burned down. (in the absence of the keeper=if the keeper had been absent, 表示同过去相反的非真实条件句，本句用的是虚拟语气。) 4）. under We might have done better in our research under more favorable conditions. (under= if we had worked under, 表示同过去相反的非真实条件句，本句用的是虚拟语气。) 5）. but that 若非 But that your guidance, we should/would fail. (but that=if it were not for, 表示同现在相反的非真实条件，本句用的是虚拟语气。) 4.混合条件句（错综时间句）：主句与从句的动作分别发生在不同的时间，这时主句和从句谓语动词的形式因时间的不同而不同。e.g.条件指过去，而后果却指的是现在 If it had rained last night, it would be cooler today. If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now. （二）虚拟语气用于名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）1主语从句中的虚拟语气 “It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中的虚拟语气 在形如“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should 动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去should） 常用的形容词：* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的),necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), desirable (极好的),advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（惊人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（紧迫的）。 常用的过去分词(Past Participle): required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求), suggested (建议), recommended (推荐), ordered (命令) 1). It is necessary that we (should 可省略）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步) 2). It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规) 3）. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原形do) 4）.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。 注：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。 5）I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。 在It is 名词that的主语从句中的虚拟语气 在It is 名词that的主语从句中，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词 有：advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order，pity ，preference ，proposal，recommendation ， requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。 e.g. It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad我建议派他去国外进一步学习。 2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气：在表示主观判断，建议，命令和要求的动词后的宾语从句中，常采用should do型虚拟语气形式，should可省略。这类动词包括表示“要求”的：ask,desire,request,demand,require,beg 表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move,propose,suggest,recommend,advise,vote 表示“决定、命令”的：decide,order 表示“主张”的：maintain,urge 表示“同意、坚持”的：consent,insiste.g.1).Thedoctorsuggestedthathe(should)trytolosehisweight. 2).Heinsistedthatwe(should)tellhimthenews.注意：在insist后的从句中,如果是坚持自己,用陈述语气,坚持别人做什么事情,用虚拟语气. 1).Sheinsiststhatsheisright. 2).SheinsistedthatIshouldfinishtheworkatonce. suggest后的从句中用于表示暗示、表明时，宾语从句用陈述语气Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill. wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。 1）对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）： 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be用were，实义动词用过去式。例： .Iwish(that可省略,下同)Iknewtheanswertothequestion.(wish,动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道) Iwishitwerespringinmyhometownalltheyeararound.(wish,were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能) 2）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）： 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would,could,might+现在完成时。例： .Iwish(that可省略，下同)Ihadntwastedsomuchtime. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了) .Hewisheshehadntlostthechance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 3）、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)： 从句动词would/should/could/might+动词原形(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例： .Iwishitwouldstopraining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop) 我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢) .Iwishyouwouldbequiet.(would+be) 我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢) 注意： 如果将wish改为过去式wished,其后that从句中的动词形式不变。例如： IwishedIhadntspentsomuchmoney. 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。 3虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中 。当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有： demand(要求),desire(请求),requirement(要求)，advice(劝告),recommendation(建议),suggestion(建议)，order(命令) ，necessity(必要地),preference(优先)， proposal(计划),plan(计划),idea(办法)， recommendation（推荐）以及resolution（决定）等。 Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion（should）beputoff我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。 Thesuggestionthatthemayor(should) presenttheprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。 Theadviceisthatwe(should可省略，下同)leaveatonce. Myideaisthatwe(should)getmorepeopletoattendtheconference. (三). 虚拟语气用在定语从句这种从句常用在It is(high) time (that) 句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式或should+动词原形（should不能省略，be用were来表示），意为“（现在）该”.e.g. It is(high) time we left(should leave).(四). 虚拟语气用在状语从句1)方式状语从句:在由as if或as though引导的方式状语从句中,用would/could do 型虚拟语气表示与将来事实相反, 用were/did 型虚拟语气表示与现在事实相反, 用had done型虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反.They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.（将来）She spoke as though she were sick.（现在）Fancy you just sitting here as if nothing had happened.（过去）Fancy sb. doing：想象某人做e.g. Fancy you reading such difficult books. 真想不到你会看那样难的书啊！2)让步状语从句：be型虚拟语气(即无论主语是什么人称,谓语使用的都是动词原形)可用于if, whether, although等词引导的让步状语从句中,以加强推测或让步的语气.e.g. If that be so, we shall take action at once.Every nation, whether it be large or small, has its strong points.Whichever be the case, my situation remained the same.在 even if, even though引导的让步状语从句中,也经常表示主观假设.Even if he were here, I should say the same thing.Even though I had known his address, I might not have emailed him.（过去）3)目的状语从句: 由so that, in order that, in case, for fear that等引导的目的状语从句,动词用“should+动词原形”结构(should可省略),表示忧虑或目的.E.g. She turned back in order that I （should ）not see her face.Lets hide the chocolate for fear that Jim (should)eat too much.(五). 其他结构中的虚拟语气1. 在would rather, had rather, would prefer, would sooner(宁愿, 宁可)等结构后,从句动词用were/did型虚拟语气或should do型虚拟语气, 表示与现在事实或将来事实相反的主观愿望,用had done型虚拟语气表示对过去所发生的事感到后悔. E.g. To be frank, Id rather you were not involved in the case.现在 I would prefer that you should not stay there too long.（将来）Id rather I hadnt remembered leaving something in the toilet and gone back to find it, or I wouldnt have got lost.过去注意：Would rather 有两种句式：would rather+不带to的不定时（动词原形 ） would rather+用不带连词that的从句e.g. I would rather stay here than go home.I would rather you told me the truth.2.表示祝愿：Long live the Peoples Republic of China!May the friendship between us last long!3. if only: if only 位于句首引起的感叹句用were/did型虚拟语气表示现在不可能实现的主观愿望，用had done 型虚拟语气表示对过去所发生的事感到后悔，常译成“要是 就好了 ”。e.g. 1) If only the engineer were here!2) If only I had taken my head teachers advice.历届高考题 1. If she had worked harder, she _. A. would succeed B. had succeeded C. should succeed D. would have succeeded 2.If my lawyer _here last Saturday, he _me from going. A. had been ; would have prevented B. had been, would prevent C. were; would prevent D. were; would have prevented 3. Without electricity, human life _quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be 4. -If he _, he _that food. -Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not takenD. would have been warned; had not taken 5. You didnt let me drive. If we _in turn, you _so tired. A. drove; didnt get B. drove; wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got 6. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come 7. Tom ought not to _me your secret, but he meant no harm. A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told 8. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _for her. A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out 9. We _last night, but we went to the concert instead. A. must have studied B. might study C. should have studied D. would study 10. I wish I _you yesterday. A. did see B. were to see C. saw D. had seen 11. “He is a brave man.” “ I wish I _his courage.” A. have B. had C. will have D. would have 12. “Have you ever been to Beijing?” “ No, but I wish I _.” A. would B. could C. had D. have 13. The plant is dead. I _it more water.A. will give B. would have givenC. must give D. should have given 14. There was plenty of time. She _.A. mustnt have hurried B. neednt have hurried C. mustnt hurry D. wouldnt have hurried 15. “Ill tell Mary about her new job”. “You _her last week.” A. ought to tell B. must tell C. would have told D. should have told 16 “ No one was prepared for the teachers question.” “We _the lessons last night.”A. would have read B. ought to have read C. could have read D. might have read 17. He _you more hel