Chapter Two Deixis(研).ppt

ChapterTwoDeixis 2 1Deixis aComponentofPragmaticStudy Deixis atechnicaltermfromGreek means indicating or pointing Anylinguisticformusedtoaccomplishthis pointing iscalledadeicticexpressionorindexicals Deixisisafirstareaofstudyinpragmatics In IndexicalExpressions Bar Hillel 1954 76 Deixsisthefirstareaofstudyinpragmatics Morethan90 ofthedeclarativesentencespeopleproduceareindexicalinthattheyinvolvereferencestothespeaker addressee timeandplaceofspeaking Themeaningofdeicticexpressionscannotbecapturedbytruth conditionalsemantics andtheirinterpretationmustdependonanalysisofthecontextsofutteranceinwhichtheyoccur Forexample Youarestandingonmytoe Requiredinformation Whosaidit Towhom Whetherthehearerwasinfactstandingonthespeaker stoeatthetimeofutterance Deicticinformationisimportantfortheinterpretationofutterancesincommunication Forexample Givemethatumbrellaandkeepthisoneforyourself I llbehereagaininanhour Conclusion Sentencescontainingdeicticscannotfunctionincommunicationwithoutdeicticinformation 包装纸上注明的 当日产品 保证新鲜 使人不可置信 因为上面看不到生产的日期 没有日期的 当日 岂不是天天是 当日 这样的产品 又怎么能 保证新鲜 呢 只有注明生产日期的 当日产品 才算是名副其实 摘自 新民晚报 1985年10月18日 第 版 题目 不知当日为何日 作者 龚宝良 广州 羊城晚报 1986年11月3日 第 版 以 某些厂家存心欺骗顾客 在 生产日期 上弄手法 为题 作者 郑佩华 报道了1986年10月下旬买到的 美味鱼柳 标明的生产日期却是1986年11月 买到的 山楂饼 生产日期则是1987年2月23日 速冻凉粉 的生产日期则是1987年2月13日 Typicalexamplesofdeicticexpressions Pronouns demonstratives someverbsofmotion someadverbsofphrasesofplaceandtime discourseconnectorsandallkindsoflinguisticdevicescontainingvariouskindsofsocialinformation 2 2DeicticCenterandDeicticProjection Nearspeaker vs Awayfromspeaker Deicticcenter Definition thecentralpointofreferencetowhichdeicticexpressionsareanchoredinlinguisticcommunication Deicticcenterisakeyelementinthedeicticsystem becauseitisorganizedinanegocentricway Thenormalunmarkeddeicticcenter Levinson 1983 p 64 Centralperson thespeakerCentraltime codingtime thetimeofspeaking Centralplace speaker slocationatthecodingtimeCentraldiscourse thecurrentlyproducedutteranceSocialcenter thespeaker ssocialstatusorsocialrole Forexample JennycametoLondon Theverb came Jenny smotionwastowardthespeaker Thepasttenseoftheverb theeventtookplacepriortothetimeofspeaking Thecentralreferencepoint thetimeandplaceofspeaking DeicticProjection Definition Thephenomenon thespeakerprojectinghimselfintoadeicticcontextcentredontheaddressee isknownasDeicticProjection inLyons term orTakingtheOtherFellow sPointofView inFillmore sterm Forexample Persondeixis thisBytakingtheotherperson spointofview this inEnglishcanrefertosomethingorsomeplacedistaltothespeakerorproximaltotheaddressee Bytakingherchild spointofview amotherwillrefertoherselfas Mommy 2 Timedeixis tenseBytakingthereader spointofview awriterwillwritetohisfriendinaletter Ihopeyouhadagoodvacation inwhichthecentraltimeforthetensesystemisthereceivingtime insteadof Ihopeyouhaveagoodvacation inwhichthecentraltimeforthetenseisthecodingtime 3 Spacedeixis verbsofmovement Come and bring canbeveryoftenusedforthedirectiontowardsthelocationoftheaddressees 2 3DifferentUsesofDeicticExpressions ImplicitandExplicitUses Ballmer 1978 AccordingtothewaystheexpressionsareusedbythespeakertorefertotheenvironmentcontextThedeixisisimplicitorpassiveifthespeakerreferstosomethingwhichliesinthefocusofattention Thedeixisisexplicitoractive iftheexpressionusedservesbothtochangethefocusofattentionandtorefertosomethinginthenewsituationbroughtabout Forexample Lookatthemanthere Heisafootballplayer GesturalandSymbolicUses Fillmore 1975 C f 姜望琪 2000 p 14 Gesturaluses Bythegesturalusage itismeantthattheinterpretationofthedeicticexpressionrequiresaphysicalmonitoringofthespeechevent Forexample He snottheDuke heis He sthebutler Symbolicuse Bythesymbolicusage itismeanttheusagewhoseinterpretationinvolvesknowledgeaboutthecontextofutterance Forexample Youcanallcomewithmeifyoulike Deicticusesandnon deicticuses 指示用法 deicticuse 在明确的语境提示下 指示语的指称对象和它在语句中的含义可以确认 非指示用法 non deicticuse 有些指示语在话语中无须有特定的指称对象 它们表示的是普遍使用的泛指 1 Generalizeduses Forexample Youneverknowwhethertoreadeverychapterorskiponeortwo Youcannotlosewhatyouneverhad 注 泛指的you your在正是场合往往由one one s替代 当one one s在同一句中多次重复时 重复的one应由he来替代 Onecannotlosewhatone heneverhad 2 AnaphoricusesandCataphoricuses AnaphoricusesJohngothomelateandhewasverytired IwasborninLondonandhavelivedthereeversince CataphoricusesImetthisweirdguytheotherday Summary GesturaluseDeicticuseSymbolicuseIndexicalsgeneralizeduseNon deicticuseanaphoricusecataphoricuse Activity 1 Heyyou youjustscratchedmycarwithyourfrisbee 2 A Whichfingerdidhebite B Thislittlefingerontheright 3 Comeoverhere 4 Iknowyou llenjoyreadingmybook 5 I mwritingtosayI mhavingamarvelloustimehere 6 Hello Howarethingsthere 7 IknowmoreaboutpragmaticsnowthanIdidbefore 8 Putithere notthere 9 Let sgonowratherthantomorrow 10 Myfatherdiedin1964 hewasstillyoungthen 11 Hereisthe9o clocknews 12 Ibetyouhaven theardthisstory 13 Johncameinandhelitafire Review Deixisisafirstareaofstudyinpragmatics Deicticinformationisimportantfortheinterpretationofutterancesincommunication Differentusesofdeixis GesturaluseDeicticuseSymbolicuseIndexicalsgeneralizeduseNon deicticuseanaphoricusecataphoricuse 2 4Classification Traditional person timeandplacedeixisAdditional discourseandsocialdeixis Fillmore SantaCruzLecturesonDeixis 1975 2 4 1PersonDeixis ShiftofrolesThree partdivision speaker addressee other s Exemplifiedpronouns Iyouhe she itEachpersoninaconversationshiftsfrombeing I tobeing you constantly A Cometodinnertonight John B WhatshouldIbring A Justbringyourself Thethirdpersonpronouns distalformsUsingathirdpersonform whereasecondpersonformwouldbepossible isonewayofcommunicatingdistance andnon familiarity Forexample Whenonepersonwho sverybusyinthekitchen addressesanother who sbeingverylazy asin Wouldhishighnesslikesomecoffee Yule 1996 11 Wouldyoulikesomecoffee Youdidn tcleanup 2 ThedistanceassociatedwiththirdpersonformsisalsousedTomakepotentialaccusationslessdirect Somebodydidn tcleanupafterhimself Tomakeapotentiallypersonalissueseemlikeanimpersonalone b Eachpersonhastocleanupafterhimorherself 3 Politenesscanalsobemaintainedbyusingthefirstpersonpluralwe c Wecleanupafterourselvesaroundhere We ExclusivevsInclusiveDefinition Theexclusivewe speakerplusother s excludingaddressee Theinclusivewe speakerandaddresseeincluded Forexample Whatarewesupposedtodo 2 Let s and letus Let s istypicallyusedas inclusivewe Letus istypicallyusedas exclusivewe E g Let sgo Let sgotothecinema Let sgotoseeyoutomorrow 3 咱们 我们 咱们去昆明湖划船吧 我们去花园里散步 你在家看电视吧 您安心养病吧 等您病好了 咱们一块去西山玩 您安心养病吧 我们过几天再来看您 我们去打网球好吗 The editorialwe Informalwriting the editorialwe isusedtoavoidbeingegotistical Asweshowedamomentago 2 In teachertalk theteacherwishestoinstructwithoutovertlyclaimauthority Now let sgoonourclass Nowthen let shavealookatthatproject shallwe We means you Howarewefeelingtoday 咱们别哭 妈妈出去就回来 2 4 2SpaceDeixis Definition Placedeixisencodesinformationabouttherelativelocationsofspeaker listener objectreferredto andsettinginthespeechevent Deicticcenter ThecentralplaceistheplacewherethespeakerisatCT Motionverbs Come Levinson 1983 p 83 Politedeicticshift 辛楣在电话里说 哙 老方呀 今天你作主人 没有付帐就跑 我们做客人的身上没带钱 扣在咖啡馆里等你来救命呢 快来 鸿渐忍不住笑道 我就来了 钱钟书 围城 电话 老李 请你今天上午九点来教研室开会 好 我就来 Come的特殊用法 以说话人和听话人的住宅为参照点 而说话时两人都处在住宅之外 Forexample Icameoverseveraltimestovisityou butyouwereneverthere Weareorganizingapartyatourplace willyoubecoming Go bring and take Directionindicatedbymotionverbs TowardsSAwayfromScomegobringtake Forexample Takethatcharcoalwithyouandgoout Deicticinformationindicatedby take and go Thespeaker thelistenerandthecharcoalareallinthehouseatCT Thedirectionofmotionisawayfromthespeaker Context ifthespeakerwereoutatthebackofthehousesettingupthebarbecueshoutingtothelistenerinsidethehouse Bringthecharcoalwithyouandcomeout 2 4 3TimeDeixis Timedeixismakesultimatereferencetoparticipant role Centraltime CT Yesterday tomorrow today tonight nextweek lastweek thisweek etc Anoteonanofficedoor Backinanhour 2 Thenoticedisplayedinabar FreeBeerTomorrow Pre emptivephenomenon Thedeicticwordsyesterday todayandtomorrowpre empttheabsolutewaysofreferringtotherelevantdays Forexample I llseeyouonThursday C f 姜望琪 2000 25Exception C f 姜望琪 2000 25 note2 姜望琪 2000 26 24 2 3 4DiscourseDeixis人称指示 时间指示和地点指示这三类指示的参照点都在语篇之外的语境中 语篇指示的参照点则在语篇的语言中 Review 2 4Classification Traditional person timeandplacedeixisAdditional discourseandsocialdeixis Fillmore SantaCruzLecturesonDeixis 1975 2 4 1PersonDeixis Shiftofroles Eachpersoninaconversationshiftsfrombeing I tobeing you constantly Thethirdpersonpronouns distalformsTheuseof we 1 Exclusivewevsinclusivewe2 The editorial we3 We means you 2 4 2SpaceDeixis come2 4 3TimeDeixis Pre emptivephenomenonThedeicticwordsyesterday todayandtomorrowpre empttheabsolutewaysofreferringtotherelevantdays 3 PsychologicalDistanceinDeixis 3 1Psychologicaldistanceinspacedeixis Locationfromthespeaker sperspectivecanbefixedmentallyaswellasphysically Deicticprojectioninspatialdeixis Speakersseemtobeabletoprojectthemselvesintootherlocationspriortoactuallybeinginthoselocations E g I mcoming 2 Speakerstemporarilyawayfromtheirhomelocationwilloftencontinuetouse here tomeanthe physicallydistant homelocation asiftheywerestillinthatlocation Forexample Iamnotherenow Possiblecontext Icansaythissentenceintotherecorderofatelephoneansweringmachine Iprojectthatthe now willapplytoanytimesomeonetriestocallme Recordingthissentenceisakindofdramaticperformanceforafutureaudience 3 Asimilardeicticprojectionisaccomplishedviadramaticperformancewhenspeakersusedirectspeechtorepresenttheperson location andfeelingsofsomeoneorsomethingelse Forexample Icouldbetellingyouaboutavisittoapetstore asinIwaslookingatthislittlepuppyinacagewithsuchasadlookonitsface Itwaslike Oh I msounhappyhere willyousetmefree The here ofthecageisthelocationofthespeakerperformingintheroleofthepuppy Thetrulypragmaticbasisofspatialdeixisisactuallypsychologicaldistance However sometimesaspeakermaywishtomarksomethingthatisphysicallycloseaspsychologicallydistant Forexample Aspeaker whoissniffingaperfume says Idon tlikethat 3 2Psychologicaldistanceintimedeixis Thepsychologicalbasisoftemporaldeixisseemstobesimilartothatofspatialdeixis Temporaleventscanbetreatedasobjectsthatmovetowardus intoview orawayfromus outofview Metaphoricalexpressions OnemetaphorusedinEnglishisofevents1 Comingtowardthespeakerfromthefuture2 Goingawayfromthespeakertothepast 2 This Thenearorimmediatefuture3 Verbtense Thepresenttenseistheproximalform Thepasttenseisthedistalform ThepasttenseasdistalformSomethinghavingtakenplaceinthepastistypicallytreatedasdistantfromthespeaker scurrentsituation Forexample Icouldswim Icouldswim whenIwasachild Somethingthatistreatedasextremelyunlikely orimpossible fromthespeaker scurrentsituationisalsomarkedviathedistal pasttense form Forexample IcouldbeinHawaii ifIhadalotofmoney ThepasttenseisalwaysusedinEnglishinthoseif clausesthatmarkeventspresentedbythespeakerasnotbeingclosetopresentreality Forexample IfIhadayacht IfIwasrich IfIwereyou 4 Summary Intemporaldeixis theremoteordistalformcanbeusedtocommunicatenotonlydistancefromcurrenttime butalsodistancefromcurrentrealityorfacts 3 3RelativizedDeixis Thedeicticcenterisattachedtotheparticipant roleinthespeechevent Theconstantexchangesofrolesresultintheconstantshiftofthedeicticcenter Definition Inreportedspeech deictictermsoccurringintheoriginalutterancehavetobechangedintoothertermsinordertopreservetheoriginalreference LinguistscallsuchdeicticexpressionsinreportedspeechRelativizedDeixis Forexample A I llmeetyouheretomorrow B Asaidhewouldmeetmetherethenextday 5adjustmentsinthereportedspeech I he will would you me here there tomorrow thenextday ThisveryregulardifferenceinEnglishreporteddiscoursemarksadistinctionbetweenthe nearspeaker meaningofdirectspeechandthe awayfromspeaker meaningofindirectspeech Forexample Areyouplanningtobeherethisevening Iaskedherifshewasplanningtobetherethatevening DirectspeechIndirectspeechPersondeixis you she Placedeixis here there Timedeixis thisevening thatevening Conclusion Theproximaldeicticformsofadirectspeechcommunicateasenseofbeinginthesa