(旅游英语)环球之旅-美国必备学习.doc

美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。（旅游英语）环球之旅-美国Washington D.C.(美国首都华盛顿):Washington DC is situated close to Virginia(弗吉尼亚州) and Maryland(马里兰州) and is one of Americas most beautiful cities, full of monuments(纪念碑), memorials, impressive architecture(建筑), large public parks and is the home of the president of U.S. Throughout the year, Washington DC has many exciting festivals, parades and sporting events, and one of Washingtons most famous sports team are the Washington Redskins(华盛顿印第安人队), who play American football(美式足球，即橄榄球) and have won the prestigious(享有声望的, 声望很高的) Superbowl(“超级碗”，美国橄榄球冠军赛) three times.Washington DC is predominantly(主要地) a business city and therefore(因此) hotel rates(酒店房间收费) are usually highest during the business week and lower at the weekends and in the summer. The main tourist season in Washington DC runs roughly from April to September and the business season tends to start slightly earlier and finish in the fall(秋天), virtually disappearing during the height of summer.Washington DC has many world-famous tourist attractions and major landmarks and these include the White House - completed in 1800 and home to every US president except George Washington, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI(美国)联邦调查局) offices - situated(位于) in Downtown Washington(华盛顿市中心),using state-of-the-art(艺术级的) crime-solving technology.The Washington Library of Congress(美国国会图书馆) - the national library of America, which is actually the worlds largest library, with more than 100 million items, the National Zoological Park(美国国家动物园) - most famous for its two giant pandas(大熊猫), Mei Xiang and Tian Tian, and the MCI Center (华盛顿体育中心)- a huge arena(舞台) hosting many concerts(音乐会) and sporting events, which opened in 1997 at a cost of around USD 200 million.Downtown Washington, the largest area of the city, is located to the north and east of the White House, with numerous shops, department stores, theaters, tourist attractions, museums(博物馆), restaurants, office blocks(办公大楼) and many of Washingtons landmark buildings.Washington DC has a fairly mild climate(温和气候) and the weather in Washington is often extremely sunny and hot, particularly at the height of summer. This is one of Americas most important cities and is always worth visiting, whatever the time of year.Chicago(芝加哥):Chicago is one of the most important cities in America and is a top tourist destination(目的地). With so many interesting attractions, historic landmarks, entertainment, sports, beaches and a number of vast parks and gardens, Chicago is located next to the beautiful Lake Michigan(密歇根湖). Chicago is full of interesting and appealing tourist attractions and historical landmarks.Some of the top tourist attractions in Chicago include Chicagos famous Magnificent Mile(华丽一英里，芝加哥市最高级的一个地段)- part of Michigan Avenue(密歇根大道) which has become a Mecca(圣地) for shopping in Chicago with literally(真实地；确切地) hundreds of shops, the Harold Washington Library(哈罗德华盛顿图书中心) - one of the largest libraries in the world, Chicagos Hancock Observatory(汉考克了望台) - with stunning views of the stars at night and spectacular panoramic(全景的, 全貌的) views of downtown Chicago.Chicagos North Avenue Beach - where many tourists in Chicago go to swim, sunbathe(晒太阳；日光浴) and relax, the Chicago Sears Tower(希尔斯摩天大楼), the Chicago Tribune Tower(论坛大厦) - one of the earliest skyscrapers(摩天大楼), and the Chicago Navy Pier(海军码头) - an enormous pier for Chicagos shipping industry and now full of an enormous range of entertainment and attractions, covering over 50 acres.Chicago has many sporting facilities, including numerous spectator sports(吸引观众的体育比赛). Home to several world-class sports teams, the most famous of which is the Chicago Bears, who regularly play American football at Chicagos Soldier Field. Many World Cup football sports matches are played in Chicago and American football in Chicago attracts a large following, with the season running from September to December.The city has one of the worlds best collections of modern architecture, from Frank Lloyd Wright(弗兰克劳埃德莱特(1869-1959)美国建筑师，他基于自然形式的特殊建筑风格极大地影响了现代建筑业。) houses to the 110-storey(110层的) Sears Tower. For visitors, Chicago offers the Art Institute of Chicago, and a wide range of excellent museums (many of which have one day of free admission(免费进入) per week), restaurants, sports and highbrow cultural activities(高雅文化活动).New York(纽约): The City Never Sleeps.Most people associate(联想) America with New York. It is the biggest city in the U.S. with plenty of attractions such as The Statue of Liberty(自由女神), viewing the Rockefeller Center(洛克斐勒中心), Trump Towers(川普大楼), The Times Square(时代广场), and the Atlantic city(大西洋城).New York, New York, so good they named it twice, is one of the major cities in the world and also one of the top tourist destinations in America. Also known affectionately as the Big Apple, the lively and bustling(忙忙碌碌的, 熙熙攘攘的; 活跃的) metropolis(大都会) of New York City is full of interesting sights and major landmarks.Many of New Yorks major landmarks and tourist attractions are known and loved throughout the world. Some of the top tourist attractions are the Empire State Building(帝国大厦)- - one of the most famous of all New York landmarks and the definitive skyscraper, the Chrysler Building (克莱斯勒大厦)- opened in 1930, when it was declared the worlds tallest building until the completion of the Empire State Building, Central Park(中央公园) - located in the Manhattan district(曼哈顿区) of New York and covering an enormous area of almost 850 acres.Times Square - situated in the heart of New Yorks Theater District(剧 院区) and filled with colorful neon signs(霓虹灯), Brooklyn Bridge (布鲁克林大桥)- New Yorks famous bridge that is widely regarded as one of the most beautiful bridges in the world, and of course the impressive and enormous Statue of Liberty -symbolizing the American dream of freedom. The sheer size of New Yorks Statue of Liberty is quite breathtaking.New York is a strong city and this is apparent after New York city suffered one of the worst terrorist attacks in the world on September 11th, 2001, when the Twin Towers(双子塔) of the World Trade Center(世界贸易中心) were destroyed. New Yorkers have rebuilt their lives and showed the world that this is a resilient(恢复活力的) city and that the Big Apple will always be one of the greatest and most important cities in the world.Los Angeles(洛杉矶):Many tourists come here to experience the city that has come to epitomize(使成.的缩影; 集中体现) the American Dream - most obviously in the fantasy worlds of Disneyland (迪斯尼乐园)and Hollywood(好莱坞), but also in the half-flaunted(半招摇的), half-concealed(半隐蔽的) opulence(富裕) of Beverly Hills(贝弗利山庄) and Malibu(马里布) where you can try to get a glimpse of movie stars and assorted(各色俱全的) celebrities(名人). St. Louis(圣路易斯):Main attractions include the revitalized riverfront including the magnificent Gateway Arch (大拱门，圣路易斯的地标)and the restored warehouses of Lacledes Landing(莱克里德码头，在大拱门附近). Orlando(奥兰多):A quiet farming town twenty years ago, has more people passing through its environs than any other place in the state. The reason, of course, is Walt Disney World(迪斯尼世界), which, along with Universal Studios(环球影城), Sea World (海洋世界)and a host of themed attractions(主题乐园), pulls more than 25 million people a year to a previously(先前, 以前) featureless(无特色的, 平凡的) plot of scrubland(灌木丛林). Grand Canyons (n.大峡谷): The most famous natural feature in the USA, where the great Colorado River (n. 科罗拉多河) has cut a more than one mile deep 10 mile wide chasm (n. 深坑) in the desert rock. The Grand Canyon National Park covers the two thirds eastern of the canyon but it is the southern rim (n. 边缘) which sees most tourist activity. You could try the north rim for less accessibility and more solitude (n. 荒僻). Situated in the state of Arizona (n. 亚利桑那州), Grand Canyons is the single most awe-inspiring (adj. 令人敬畏的) spectacle (n. 奇观) in a land of unforgettable geology (n. 地质概况), and one of the few places in the world that you absolutely have to see at least once in your life time. Las Vegas (n. 拉斯维加斯): Viva (n. 欢呼声) Las Vegas! This famous Nevada (内华达州) city is home to bright neon lights (n. 霓虹灯), busy casinos (n. 娱乐场,赌博的地方), the famous Las Vegas Strip, enormous (adj. 巨大的) hotels, numerous (adj. 众多的) wedding chapels (n. 礼堂), lively nightlife, an average of 315 days of sunshine each year and many impressive (n. 令人难忘的) tourist attractions (旅游景点). Where else can you get married in the world without even leaving your car, or by a priest (n. 牧师) dressed as Elvis Presley (猫王艾尔维斯普莱斯利，美国著名的摇滚乐歌手)?! There are landmarks, restaurants (n. 餐馆), Las Vegas sightseeing (n. 观光). The Las Vegas Strip is a wide avenue that runs through the center of Las Vegas and is lined with most of the citys largest hotel casinos and tourist attractions. Some of the top tourist attractions in Las Vegas include the Secret Garden and Dolphin (n. 海豚) Habitat (n. 栖息地)- a tropical (adj. 热带的) paradise (n. 天堂) with white tigers, elephants and dolphins, the Speed Roller Coaster (n. 过山车) at the Las Vegas Cyber Speedway (n. 电脑化高速公路) - with speeds of up to 70 miles-per-hour. The Las Vegas Motor Speedway is located in north Las Vegas and features a major racing circuit, and the Paris / Las Vegas Eiffel Tower (n. 艾菲尔铁塔)- a half size replica (n. 复制品) of the famous Eiffel Tower at the themed Paris-Las Vegas casino, where it is possible to get married at the top, surrounded by spectacular (adj. 壮观的) views across Las Vegas. The incredible (adj. 令人难以置信的) Hoover Dam (胡佛水坝) is also located close to Las Vegas and is often described (v. 描述) as one of the seven wonders of the world. Everything in America is big, but in Las Vegas, everything is huge, including hotels, resorts (n. 景点), shopping malls (n. 购物商场) and the legendary (adj. 传奇的) Las Vegas casinos, which are simply vast (adj. 巨大的). Some of the Las Vegas casinos have literally (adv. 差不多) thousands of slot machines (n. 投币机) and many hundreds of card tables. Several of the buildings in Las Vegas hold world records, such as the Stratosphere (n. 最高的) Tower at Las Vegas Boulevard South, which is home to the words highest roller coaster and also Americas fastest elevator (n. 电梯), and the Castaways Hotel and Bowling (n. 保龄球) Center, which is the largest tenpin bowling (n. 保龄球) alley (n. 球道) in the world, boasting 106 bowling alleys. There are few cities in the world that compare (v. 比较) to the truly outstanding Las Vegas restaurants and top cuisine (n. 菜肴), Las Vegas shopping facilities (n. 设备) and the simply awesome Las Vegas entertainment (n. 娱乐表演). Las Vegas has probably produced more instant millionaires (n. 暴发户) than any other city and is worth visiting, whatever the time of year. If you are a gambling (n.赌博) fan or got lots of money to spend but dont know where to spend, Las Vegas is the place for you! Besides being famous for casinos, the hotels are truly spectacular! You must visit hotels apart from the hotel where you are staying like MGM grand, Caesars Palace, Excaliber, Luxor (拉斯维加斯著名酒店) etc. Mt. Rushmore (拉什莫尔山): This epic (adj. 壮丽的) sculpture (n. 雕刻) links the faces of four exalted (adj. 尊贵的) American presidents (n. 总统): George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. South Dakotas (南达科塔州) Black Hills (n. 黑山) provide the back-drop for Mount Rushmore, the worlds greatest mountain carving (n. 雕刻品). These 60-foot high faces, 500-feet up, look out over a setting of pine (n. 松树), spruce (n. 云杉), birch (n. 桦树), and aspen (n. 白杨) in the clear western air. 英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。 13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 15、A mothers love never changes. 母爱永恒。 16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。 17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。 18、A years plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。 19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。 23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。 26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。 27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。 28、Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。 29、Dont trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。 30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。 31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。 33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。 34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。 35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。 36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。37、Each coin has two sides. 38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。41、Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。 42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人诚信为本。 43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。 47、No pain， no gain.（不劳无获。）48、You never know till you have tried. 不尝试，不知晓。49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起，使人健康、富裕和聪颖。52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。54、Where theres a will, theres a way. 有志者事竟成。55、Practice makes perfect （熟能生巧。）56、Pride goes before a fall（骄傲必败。）Superstar and IIts common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors. However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart. He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianistChopin. When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around. Whats more, I can feel his strong love for music. Rome wasnt built in one day. He achieved the great success through huge effort. I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.Superstar and IHer name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder. She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart. Although shes not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me. The song I dreamed a dream that she sang touched everyones heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it. She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up. She is like a sunshine that gives me hope. Where there is a will, there is a way.英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。 11、A go