动词的时态(2).docx

1. 本讲课程涉及的知识点在高考考试大纲中对应的考点为动词的时态语态2. 本节课的重点内容是：一些基本时态的用法：过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别；一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别；现在完成时与现在完成进行时的用法区别等；3. 各种时态的命题特点4. 该考点常用于考时态的句型5. 该考点常出现在单项选择题中，所占的大体分值为2-3分；在书面表达中也重点考查学生对时态语态的掌握情况点拨一、知识精讲（一）现在完成进行时构成:have / has been+ doing sth.概念:表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能持续下去。【例句】I have been working at this school since 2003.自从2003年起我就在这个学校工作了。状元典例（湖北卷）I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he _on it for more than an hour. A. has been working B. will have workedC. will have been working D. had worked答案：A思路分析：在时间状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替将来时，故排除选项B和C；据时态呼应规律排除选项D；句意为：我没有告诉学生那道数学题的答案，直到他做了一个多小时之后。（二）过去完成时1. 过去完成时是一种相对时态，即以过去某一时间作参照，过去完成时表示的动作发生在这一过去时间之前，所以我们可以简单地用“过去的过去”这五个字来理解过去完成时态。其构成是had +done【例句】When we got to the theatre, they had sold all the tickets. What a pity!当我们到达剧院的时候，他们已经把所有的票都卖完了。真是太遗憾了！2. 用法常用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。【例句】She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她说她从未去过巴黎。He said that he had learned some English before. 他说他以前学过一些英语。状元典例“Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.” “Oh! I thought they _ without me.”A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone答案：D思路分析：因为thought(原以为)用的是过去时，所以他们“走了”就是“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。(2)状语从句在状语从句中，有在过去不同时间发生的两个动作，先发生的动作，用过去完成时；后发生的动作，用一般过去时；过去完成时的时间状语有：before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。【例句】When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 当警察到了的时候，小偷都跑了。By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.爱迪生十二岁的时候就自己谋生了。Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 当汤姆到达这个聚会的时候，大多数客人已经走了，他感到十分沮丧。状元典例1（福建卷）Father _for London on business upon my arrival, so I didnt see him.A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left答案：D思路分析：父亲去伦敦出差这一动作在我去看他之前已经发生了，故我没见着他。当某个动作或过程在过去的过去已经完成时，应用过去完成时。状元典例2When the old man _to walk back to his house, the sun _ itself behind the mountain. A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hiddenC. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid答案：A思路分析：根据句意可知，“开始回他的房子”发生在过去，“太阳落山”是在“开始回他的房子”之前，故是“过去的过去”。(3)句中有表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本，未能”。【例句】We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 我原本希望你能来，可你没来。3. 用一般过去时代替过去完成时 （1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或句中用了then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。【例句】When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 当她看见了老鼠，她尖叫起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.我的阿姨给了我一顶帽子，但我把它弄丢了。（2）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。【例句】Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.我们的老师告诉我们，哥仑布于1492年发现了美洲。（三）过去完成进行时过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一刻之前就已经开始，并持续到那一时刻或在那一时刻之前刚刚停止。【例句】It was six and he was tired because he had been working since dawn. 那时正是6点，他因从一大早就干活而累了。He said he had been trying to get her on the phone.他说他一直在试着打电话找她。状元典例 Was the driving pleasant when you went to Mexico last summer? No, it for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.A. was raining B. had been raining C. would be raining D. rained 答案：B思路分析：答语的句意“当我们到那里时，一直下了四天的雨，所以路很泥泞。when we arrived是过去时，雨应该是在此之前一直在下，所以用过去完成进行时。（四）将来完成时 表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。其构成是shall/will + have +过去分词。1. 状态完成：表示某事持续到将来某一时刻为止，一直存在的状态。【例句】They will have become college students by then.到那时，他们就都成了大学生了。2. 动作完成：表示在将来某一时刻或另一个将来发生的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。【例句】You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 到明天这个时候，你就到上海了。状元典例（天津卷）By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _for London to attend a meeting. A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left答案：C思路分析：句意为：“等Jane回到家，她姑妈就已离开去伦敦开会了”。描述的是将来某一时刻前已完成的动作。二、难点聚焦（一）一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别一般过去时指过去发生的事情或存在的状态，是一个“过去”，句中常有非常明确的表示过去的时间作状语，如：last year, in 2009, two days ago等；过去完成时表示在过去的某个时间之前所发生的事情或存在的状态，是两个“过去”，即先发生的动作为：“过去的过去”。常用的时间状语是：by then, by+过去的时间，before等。【例句】误：I didnt go to see the film yesterday because I saw it twice.误：I didnt go to see the film yesterday because I have seen it twice.正：I didnt go to see the film yesterday because I had seen it twice.思路分析：“看过电影两次”发生在昨天以前，昨天是一个过去，昨天之前又是一个过去，即“过去的过去”，所以要用过去完成时。状元典例 Are you a soldier? No, but I _ in the army for years.A. have served B. had served C. would serve D. served答案：D思路分析：根据句意首先排除C。若选A，说明还在部队，问与答矛盾；B项也是错的，因为句中没有表示两个“过去”，所以不能用过去完成时，答案为D。（二）过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用。现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语）。而过去完成时表示的是在过去的某时刻之前已经完成或延续到过去某个时间的动作（句中有表示过去特定时间的状语）。【例句】She had been ill for a week before she came back.她回来之前已经病了一周了。思路分析：“回来”发生在过去某一时间，“生病”发生在这一时间之前，即“过去的过去”。（三）现在完成时与现在完成进行时的用法区别现在完成时要么表示动作已经完成，对现在产生后果或影响，要么表示动作，有可能持续下去；现在完成进行时强调动作一直持续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。状元典例1Why are your hands so dirty, Tom?I _ my bicycle all the morning.A. repaired B. have repaired C. was repairing D. have been repairing答案：D思路分析：问句中“你的手为什么这么脏？”用的是一般现在时，说明“我”一直在修自行车，故选D。状元典例2Are you still hungry, Tony?No, I _ lunch and I am cleaning the bowls and chopsticks.A. ate B. have been eating C. have eaten D. had eaten答案：C思路分析：通过答语知道，对方已经吃了午饭，现在肚子是饱的，说明“吃”的动作已经发生，但影响（吃饱的后果）持续到现在，故选C。（四）考时态的句型：1. Sb was doing sth when 某人正在做某事，这时【例句】My mother was cooking in the kitchen when the telephone rang. 我妈妈正在厨房做饭，这时电话响了。思路分析：在这个句型中，主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，从句的时态用一般过去时，when译成“这时”。2. Sb was just about to do sth when 某人正要做某事，这时【例句】They were just about to set out when it began to rain. 他们正要出发，这时下起雨来了。思路分析：在这个句型中，be about to do 可以换成sb was/ were on the point of doing sth when，when译成“这时”。3. It is the first/ last time that sb has/ have done 某人第几次做某事【例句】It is the second time that we have visited your school. 我们是第二次参观你们学校了。思路分析：在“某人第几次做某事”这个句型中，that之后的时态要用现在完成时，如果主句是it was.，从句时态随之换成过去完成时。如：That was the third time that I had seen the school.4. It is / has been some time since sb did 某人干完某事已多长时间【例句】It is/ has been twenty years since my father joined the Party. 我父亲入党已经20年了。思路分析：在这个句型中，如果主句中是it was,那么since的时态就要变成过去完成时，这叫作主句和从句的时态“同退一步”。这个例句也可以写成：It was twenty years since my father had joined the Party.5. It will be some time before sb do/ does 再过多长时间才做某事【例句】It will be two years before we see each other. 再过两年我们再见面。思路分析：这个句型也可以换成It was before sb did。如：It was three minutes before the boy got dressed. 过了三分钟男孩才穿好衣服。6. Sb did before sb did/ could do 某人还没来得及做某事，另一件事就发生了【例句】The boy rushed out before I realized what was happening. 我还没意识到发生了什么事，那个男孩就冲出去了。思路分析：在这个句型中，尽管before连接的两个动作有先后关系，但发生在先的动作并没有使用过去完成时。在英语中，如果两个以上的动作连续发生，这时都用一般过去时。 如：The bus started before I could say goodbye to my friend. 我还没来得及跟朋友告别，车子就发动了。三、状元笔记（一）现在完成时的命题特点1. 根据特定语境和时态标志考查现在完成时的影响性用法状元典例1_ you _ him around the museum yet? Yes. We had a great time there. A. Have; shownB. Do; show C. Had; shownD. Did; show答案：A思路分析：根据问句中的yet可知，所谈论的事情发生在最近的过去，且问话者很关心这个过去发生的事情对现在的影响和结果，所以用现在完成时，选A。注意：不要受答语中谓语had的过去式影响而误选C。状元典例2Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _yet. A. hasnt been decided B. havent decided C. isnt being decided D. arent decided答案：A思路分析：根据句意可知，此处应用被动语态，再根据句末的yet可知，最好用现在完成时，故选A最佳。2. 根据特定语境考查现在完成时的持续性用法状元典例1Danny _ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. A. works B. is working C. worked D. has worked答案：D思路分析：表示从过去一直持续到现在的一段时间，要用现在完成时，选D。状元典例2Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _ English for a year. A. studies B. studiedC. is studying D. has been studying答案：D思路分析：根据句中的现在进行时可排除B，再根据句中的for a year可知此题选现在完成进行时最佳，即选D。3. 近几年现在完成进行时成为高考考查的热点 状元典例(江西卷)I have got a headache. No wonder. You _ in front of that computer too long. A. workB. are working C. have been workingD. worked答案：C思路分析：由于在电脑前工作太久，所以导致了现在头痛的结果，故空格处应填现在完成时或现在完成进行时，即答案选C。（二）过去完成时的命题特点高考英语对过去完成时的考查完全是根据“过去的过去”这一语境来设题的。状元典例1They became friends again that day. Until then, they _ to each other for nearly two years. A. didnt speak B. hadnt spoken C. havent spoken D. havent been speaking答案：B思路分析：由于“他们再次成为朋友”发生在过去(因为became用的是一般过去时)，这就说明他们差不多有两年没说过话属于“过去的过去”，所以要用过去完成时。状元典例2I _ there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist. A. would be B. have been C. had been D. will be答案：C思路分析：由于set to work with the scientist这一动作发生在过去，而be there与set to work的先后关系是：be there在先，set to work在后。所以be there发生的动作属于“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。状元典例3(重庆卷)Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday? Yes, he did. He _ his old friends for a long time.A. didnt see B. wouldnt see C. hasnt seen D. hadnt seen 答案：D思路分析：由于见朋友发生在过去(即昨天)，而很久没有见到朋友自然是昨天见面之前的事情，即属于“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。（三）高考英语动词时态的备考关键1. 根据语境，找时间点或时间段；2. 注意动作发生顺序，看动作进展程度是正在进行、刚刚过去、已经完成还是将来进行；3. 善于利用题干暗示，包括情景暗示，时间暗示和连词暗示；4. 熟知常见时态的特殊用法，注意运用时态呼应规律等；5. 认真分析主语是施动还是受动，恰当选用语态。练习1. （浙江卷）Over the past decades, sea ice _ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.A. had decreased B. decreased C. has been decreasing D. is decreasing答案：C思路分析：句意为：在过去的几十年里，由于全球变暖，北极的海冰一直在减少。由时间状语over the past decades可知，主句只能用现在完成时，故选C。2. （重庆卷）She stared at the painting ,wondering where she _it.A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen答案：D思路分析：由stared可知，她想知道在哪里见过这幅画，应该发生在stared之前，故用过去完成时。3. （上海卷）Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair _ all day. Could you speak to her now? A. phones B. has phoned C. has been phoning D. phoned 答案：C思路分析：考查现在完成进行时。由all day可以看出“我”一直在打电话，此时仍然在打，创设了过去发生的动作持续到现在且仍在进行的情境，故选C。4. （湖南卷）Im tired out. I all afternoon and I do