听力失音连读表 英文.doc

【大学生电脑主页】 友情提供，欢迎您的访问！听力失音连读表失音与连读在语速较快的时候，为了方便应用产生了失音和连读现象。在听力考试部分出现的尤其频繁。这是往往是听力考试中难点所在。掌握好失音和连读是听懂和说一口地道美语的前提。学习方法：失音连读规则繁琐细致，逐条记忆会耗费大量时间。本篇将各种情况归纳列表附在本篇后，只需在浏览过规则以后将列表和例句通读几遍，便能自然掌握各种失音连读情况和培养出较强的英语语感，从根本上提高语言使用能力。失音：失音，顾名思义就是某一个或者几个音脱落，把单词短语和句子快速连缀成串。单词间的失音有四种类型。类型一：前一词以“持续音/t/ /d/”结尾，后一词以辅音开头，则其中/t/ /d/失音其中包括：/st/+辅音 /ft/+辅音 /Ft/+辅音 /nd/+辅音 /ld/+辅音 /zd/+辅音 /Td/+辅音 /vd/+辅音 /Wt/+辅音 /md/+辅音 /Nd/+辅音 /nt/+辅音 /lt/+辅音例如：last class /lB:s klB:s/ next day / neks dei/ bend back /ben bAk/settled there /setl T/ refused both /rifju:z buW/ 类型二：前一词以 “破音/擦音+ /t/ /d/”结束，后一词以辅音开头，则其中/t/ /d/失音其中包括： /pt/+辅音 /kt/+辅音（如完结于skt则脱k而不是t） /tFt/+辅音 /bd/+辅音 /gd/+辅音 /dVd/+辅音 /Vd/+辅音例如：kept quiet /kep kwait/ swept valley /swep vAli/ liked jam /laik dVAm/parched throat /pB:tF Wrut/ fetched me /fetF mi:/ rubbed gently /rQbi dVentli/注：后一词如始于h则/t/ /d/很少脱落例如：kept her waiting /kept h: weitiN/ 类型三：动词否定结尾的缩写形式 nt 中的/t/失音 （无论后一词以元音还是辅音开头）例如：You mustnt /mQsn/ lose it Doesnt /dQzn/ she know?He wouldnt /wudn/ overeat.类型四：前一词以/t/ 结束，后一词以/t/ 或 /d/开头，则前面的/t/往往失音。例如Ive got to go. /aiv gRt gu/What do you want? /wRd ju wRnt/另外，不完全爆破虽然没有归纳到失音类型里来，但实质上也存在不发音现象。如果前面单词结尾和后面单词开头是两个或者同一个破擦音( /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ ) 则前一音保留口型和发音时间却并不发音。但是听者能感到这个音的存在。例如：cut down / kQ daun/ stick to /sti tu:/ break down /bri daun/ let go /le gu /连读：连贯讲话自然会出现连读现象，在中文中也同样存在，例如传统的北京方言。连读主要出现在意义联系较紧的词，如冠词与名词，数词和名词，动词与副词，连接词与代名词之间。语义自然停顿的地方不用连读。 连读类型：类型一：辅音与下一个单词的元音连缀，使全句连贯。例如：in an hour / in n au/ an English book /n iNgliF buk/an apple /n Apl/ a lot of time / lRt v taim/类型二：单词以元音结尾，则在元音后加上/r/音以便和下个单词起首元音连缀。据伦敦出版的第十三版Pronouncing Dictionary 记载，元音间连读情况多出现在以/E/ /iE/ /Z/ /B:/ /E:/ /C:/结尾的词后。例如： more or less / mR:r les/ bear up /bZEr Qp/the idea of it /aidiEr Ev it/类型三：后单词以h开始，则前面单词结尾音直接与后面单词的元音连读, 此处h很少发音。例如：give him /giv im/let her /let :/失音列表：类型一：前一词以“持续音/t/ /d/”结尾，后一词以辅音开头，则其中/t/ /d/失音/st/+辅音 /ft/+辅音 /Ft/+辅音 /nd/+辅音 /ld/+辅音 /zd/+辅音 /Td/+辅音/vd/+辅音 /Wt/+辅音 /md/+辅音 /Nd/+辅音 /nt/+辅音 /lt/+辅音/st/+辅音 /st/p/ dust pan /dQs pAn/ /st/t/ next to /neks tu:/ /st/k/ last class /lB:s klB:s/ /st/f/ best friend /bes frend/ /st/s/ fast society /fB:s sEsaiEti/ /st/W/ first theme /fEs Wi:m/ /st/F/ worst show /wEs FEu/ /st/tF/ last chance / las tFB:s/ /st/b/ burst bubble /bEs bQbl/ /st/d/ next day / neks dei/ /st/g/ almost got / R:lmus gRt/ /st/v/ last version /lB:s v:Fn/ /st/z/ best zone /bes zun/ /st/T/ noticed that /nutis TAt/ /st/h/ first hair /fE:s hiE/ /st/dV/ wrist jewelry /ris dVu:lri/ /st/l/ first light /fE:s lait/ /st/m/ depressed mood /dipres mu:d/ /st/n/ suppressed newspaper /sEpres nu:speip/ /st/w/ just one / dVQs wQn/ /st/j/ last European empire /lB:s jurpin empai/ /st/r/ west region /wes ri: dVEn/ft/+辅音 /ft/p/ shift personality /Fif pE:sEnAliti/ /ft/+/t/ left turn /lef tE:n/ /ft/k/ shift key /Fif ki:/ /ft/f/ shift for oneself /Fi fR: wQnself/ /ft/+/s/ soft centre /fCf fentE/ /ft/W/ shift theme /Fif Wi:m/ /ft/F/ gift share /gif FZE/ /ft/+/tF/ drift channel /drif tFAnl/ /ft/+/b/ drift by /drif bai/ /ft/d/ drift distance /drif distEns/ /ft/g/ shift gears /Fif giz/ /ft/v/ rift valley /rif vAli/ /ft/z/ shift zeal /Fif zi:l/ /ft/T/ shift the target /Fif T tB:git/ /ft/h/ shift hairstyle /Fif hZEstail/ /ft/dV/ shift joint /Fif dVRint/ /ft/+/l/ shift learning /Fif l:niN/ /ft/m/ shift matrix /Fif meitriks/ /ft/n/ drift net /drif net/ /ft/+/w/ left wheel /lef wi:l/ /ft/+/j/ shift Europe into several countries /Fif juErEp/ /ft/+/r/ shift reaction /Fif ri:AkFEn/Ft/+辅音 /Ft/+/p/ mashed potatoes /mAF pEteitEuz/ /Ft/t/ finished todays work /finiF tEdeis wE:k/ /Ft/k/ finished class /finiF klB:s/ /Ft/f/ cherished friends /tFeriF frendz/ /Ft/s/ pushed switch /puF switF/ /Ft/+/W/ pushed them /puF Wem/ /Ft/F/ finished shaping /finiF FeipiN/ /Ft/+/tF/ smashed church /smAF tFEtF/ /Ft/b/ smashed bulk /smAF bQlk/ /Ft/d/ smashed defence /smAF difens/ /Ft/g/ smashed gate /smAF geit/ /Ft/v/ smashed vase /smAF vB:z/ /Ft/z/ smashed zeal /smAF zi:l/ /Ft/T/ push the boat out /puF TE bEut aut/ /Ft/h/ smashed hut /smAF hQt/ /Ft/dV/ smashed dream /smAF dri:m/ /Ft/+/l/ finished late /finiF leit/ /Ft/m/ dashed man /dAF mAn/ /Ft/+/n/ finished now /finiF nEu/ /Ft/+/w/ dashed with /dAF wiT/ /Ft/+/j/ smashed Europe /smAF juErEp/ /Ft/+/r/ smashed resistance /smAF rizistEns/ /nd/+辅音 /nd/p/ lend paper to /len peip tu:/ /nd/t/ yearned to /jn tu:/ /nd/k/ lend colour to /len kQl/ /nd/f/ found five /faun faiv/ /nd/s/ planned strategy /plAn strAtidVi/ /nd/W/ lend thermos /len W:ms/ /nd/F/ a thousand ships /Wausn Fips/ /nd/tF/ a thousand chairs /Wausn tFZz/ /nd/b/ bend back /ben bAk/ /nd/d/ a thousand dollars /Wausn dRls/ /nd/g/ shined glass /Fain gla:s/ /nd/v/ compound verb /kRmpaun vb/ /nd/z/ a thousand zooms /Wausn zu:mz/ /nd/T/ lend the name to sb /len Ti neim/ /nd/h/ a thousand hats /Wausn hAts/ /nd/dV/ a thousand judges /Wausn dVQdViz/ /nd/l/ lend-lease /len li:s/ /nd/m/ tinned meat /tin mi:t/ /nd/n/ lend now /len nau/ /nd/w/ lend oneself to /len wQnself tu:/ /nd/j/ lend you /len ju:/ /nd/r/ a thousand riddles /Wausn ridlz/ /ld/+辅音 /ld/p/ mild punishment /mail pQniFmnt/ /ld/t/ yield to /ji:l tu:/ /ld/k/ build castles /bil kB:slz/ /ld/f/ build for /bil fR:/ /ld/s/ field study /fi:l stQdi/ /ld/W/ pulled through /pu:l Wru:/ /ld/F/ cold shower /ku Fau/ /ld/tF/ spoiled child /spRil tFaild/ /ld/b/ chilled beef /tFil bi:f/ /ld/d/ build down /bil daun/ /ld/g/ old girl /ul g:l/ /ld/v/ old valley /ul vAli/ /ld/z/ old zoo /ul zu:/ /ld/T/ settled there /setl T/ /ld/h/ old hand /ul hAnd/ /ld/dV/ build joint /bil dVRint/ /ld/l/ hold light /hu lait/ /ld/m/ old man /ul mAn/ /ld/n/ old nun /ul nQn/ /ld/w/ sealed with /si:l wiT/ /ld/j/ old yacht /ul jRt/ /ld/r/ world religion /w:l rilidVn/zd/+辅音 /zd/p/ seized power /si:z pau/ /zd/t/ seized time /si:z taim/ /zd/k/ refused consent /rifju:z knsent/ /zd/f/ refused freight /rifju:z freit/ /zd/s/ seized someone by /si:z sQmwQn bai/ /zd/W/ raised throat /reiz Wrut/ /zd/F/ caused shutdown /kRz FQtdaun/ /zd/tF/ raised cheque /reiz tFek/ /zd/b/ refused both /rifju:z buW/ /zd/d/ caused division /kRz diviVn/ /zd/g/ seized goods /si:z gudz/ /zd/v/ raised voice /reiz vRis/ /zd/z/ caused zealot /kRz zelt/ /zd/T/ caused the result / kRz T rizQlt/ /zd/h/ seized hold of /si:z huld v/ /zd/dV/ raised gently /reiz gentli/ /zd/l/ caused loss /kR:z lRs/ /zd/m/ caused me much trouble /kRz mi mQtF trQbl/ /zd/n/ raised noise level /reiz nRiz levl/ /zd/w/ refused wood /rifju:z wud/ /zd/j/ caused you /kRzd ju:/ /zd/r/ caused result /kR:z rizQlt/ /vd/+辅音 /vd/p/ solved problem /sRlv prRblm/ /vd/t/ loved typing /lQv taipiN/ /vd/k/ loved kidding /lQv kidiN/ /vd/f/ loved flower /lQv flau/ /vd/s/ involved state /invRlv sdeit/ /vd/W/ loved threatening others /lQv WretniN QTz/ /vd/F/ loved shaving /lQv FeiviN/ /vd/tF/ loved church going /lQv tF:tF guiN/ /vd/h/ loved him /lQv him/ /vd/b/ moved back /mu:v bAk/ /vd/d/ loved dating /lQv deitiN/ /vd/g/ involved government /invRlv gQvmnt/ /vd/v/ loved voting /lQv vutiN/ /vd/z/ loved zoo going /lQv zu: guiN/ /vd/T/ loved the place /lQv T pleis/ /vd/h/ loved him /lQv him/ /vd/dV/ involved judgment /invRlv dVQdVmny/ /vd/l/ saved life /seiv laif/ /vd/m/ loved my parents /lQv mai pZrnts/ /vd/n/ moved nothing /mu:v nQWiN/ /vd/w/ loved washing /lQv wRFiN/ /vd/j/ loved yachting /lQv jRtiN/ /vd/r/ solved riddles /sRlv ridlz/ /md/+辅音 /md/p/ assumed position /zu:m pziFn/ /md/t/ armed to the teeth /B:m tu: T ti:W/ /md/k/ assumed condition /zu:m kndiFn/ /md/f/ armed forces /B:m fC:siz/ /md/s/ assumed settling day /zu:m setiN dei/ /md/W/ seemed thousands of them /si:m Wausndz v Wem/ /md/F/ seemed showy /si:m Fui/ /md/tF/ seemed changed /si:m tFeindVd/ /md/b/ seemed bad /si:m bAd/ /md/d/ assumed data /zu:m deit/ /md/g/ seemed greedy /si:m gri:di/ /md/v/ assumed value /zu:m vAlju:/ /md/z/ seemed zealous /si:m sels/ /md/T/ deemed the results unsatisfactory /di:m T rizQlts/ /md/h/ deem highly of /di:m haili v/ /md/dV/ seemed joyful /si:m dVRiful/ /md/l/ seemed like /si:m laik/ /md/m/ assumed median /zu:m mi:djn/ /md/n/ assumed nothing /zu:m nQWiN/ /md/w/ charmed with /tFa:m wiT/ /md/j/ doomed year /dum jiE/ /md/r/ assumed result /zu:m rizQlt/ /Nd/+辅音 /Nd/p/ belonged partly to /bilCN pB:tli tu/ /Nd/t/ belonged to /bilCN tu/ /Nd/k/ belonged comfortably to /bilCN kQmftbli tu/ /Nd/f/ longed for /lRN fR:/ /Nd/s/ ringed seal /riN si:l/ /Nd/W/ banged through /bAN Wru:/ /Nd/F/ banged shut /bAN FQt/ /Nd/tF/ banged church gate/bAN tF:tF geit/ /Nd/b/ ringed barrel /riN bArl/ /Nd/d/ kinged domain /kiN dumein/ /Nd/g/ dinged gossip /diN gRsip/ /Nd/v/ kinged valley /kiN vAli/ /Nd/z/ ringed zone /riN zun/ /Nd/T/ dinged that into my mind /diN TAt intu mai maind/ /Nd/h/ wronged her /rRN h:/ /Nd/dV/ kinged Georgia /kiN dVC:dVj/ /Nd/l/ dinged loudly /diN laudli/ /Nd/m/ wronged me /rRN mi:/ /Nd/n/ dinged nothing /diN nQWiN/ /Nd/w/ his wronged wife /his rRN waif/ /Nd/j/ kinged Europe /kiN juErEp/ /Nd/r/ kinged region /kiN ri:dVn/ /nt/+辅音 /nt/p/ dormant partner /dR:mn pB:ntn/ /nt/t/ Lent term /len t:m/ /nt/k/ dormant capital /dR:mn kApitl/ /nt/f/ lament for /lmen fR:/ /nt/s/ dormant seed /dR:mn si:d/ /nt/W/ lent three books to /len Wri: buks tu/ /nt/F/ lent ships to /len Fips/ /nt/tF/ the dress lent charm to that girl /len tFB:m tu/ /nt/h/ lent her /len h:/ /nt/b/ dormant bud /dR:mn bud/ /nt/d/ lent dogs to/len dRgz/ /nt/g/ lent grills to /len grilz/ /nt/v/ dormant volcano /dR:mn vRlkeinu/ /nt/z/ lent zooms to /len zu:m/ /nt/T/ lamented the death /lmen T deW/ /nt/h/ lamented his acts /lmen his Akts/ /nt/dV/ lent George a book /len dVR:dV buk/ /nt/l/ absent landlord /Absn lAndlC:d/ /nt/m/ absent minded /Absn maindid/ /nt/n/ lent nothing /len nQWiN/ /nt/w/ absent without leave /Absn wiTaut li:v/ /nt/j/ lent you /len ju:/ /nt/r/ lent Rose a pen /len ruz pen/lt/+辅音 /lt/p/ bolt press /bul pres/ /lt/t/ an insult to /n insQl tu:/ /lt/k/ assault craft /sR:l krB:ft/ /lt/f/ a cult figure / kQl fig/ /lt/s/ bolt spring /bul spriN/ /lt/W/ insult three people /insQl Wri: pil/ /lt/F/ bolt shoulder /bul Fuld/ /lt/tF/ bolt chisel /bul tFizl/ /lt/b/ assault boat /sR:l but/ /lt/d/ insult directly /insQl direktli/ /lt/g/ assault gun /sR:l gQn/ /lt/v/ insult Vivian /insQlt vivin/ /lt/z/ cult zeal /kQl zi:l/ /lt/T/ insult the intelligence of audience /insQl Ti intelidVns/ /lt/h/ insult her /insQl h:/ /lt/dV/ insult George /insQl dVR:dV/ /lt/l/ cult leader / kQl li:d/ /lt/m/ insult more /insQl mR:/ /lt/n/ insult nurse /insQl n:s/ /lt/w/ bolt wire /bul wai/ /lt/j/ insult Yankee /insQl jANki/ /lt/r/ bolt retaining catch /bul riteiniN cAtF/ 类型二：前一词以 “破音/擦音+ /t/ /d/”结束，后一词以辅音开头，则其中/t/ /d/失音/pt/+辅音 /kt/+辅音（如完结于skt则脱k而不是t） /tFt/+辅音 /bd/+辅音 /gd/+辅音 /dVd/+辅音 /Vd/+辅音/pt/+辅音 /pt/p/ prompt payment /prRmp peimnt/ /pt/t/ abrupt turn /abrQp t:n/ /pt/k/ kept quiet /kep kwait/ /pt/f/ prompt for summary info /prRmp fR: sQmri infR:/ /pt/s/ abrupt stop / abrQp stRp/ /pt/W/ kept thinking /kep WiNkiN/ /pt/F/ prompt shipment /prRmp Fipmnt/ /pt/tF/ abrupt change /abrQp tFeindVi/ /pt/b/ prompt book /prRmp buk/ /pt/d/ abrupt distribution /abrQp distribju:Fn/ /pt/g/ prompt goods /prRmp gudz/ /pt/v/ swept valley /swep vAli/ /pt/z/ kept zealous /kep zelEs/ /pt/T/ kept there /kep TZE/ /pt/h/ kept her waiting /kep h: weitiN/ /pt/dV/ abrupt junction /abrQp dVQNkFn/ /pt/l/ kept lots of evidence /kep lRts v evidns/ /pt/m/ abrupt maneuver /abrQp mnu:v/ /pt/n/ prompt note /prRmp nut/ /pt/w/ jumped well /dVQmp wel/ /pt/j/ kept yelling /kep jeliN/ /pt/r/ prompt renewal /prRmp rinju:l/ /kt/+辅音如完结于skt则脱k而不是t例如：risked prison /rist prizn/ asked him /B:st him/ /kt/p/ checked pattern /tFek pAtn/ /kt/t/ an extinct title /n ikstiNkt taitl/ /kt/k/ lacked clothes /lAk kluTz/ /kt/f/ soaked from /suk frRm/ /kt/s/ checked surface /tFek s:fis/ /kt/W/ kept thinking /kep WiNkiN/ /kt/F/ kept sharing /kep FZEiN/ /kt/tF/ kept cherrys /kep tFeriz/ /kt/b/ rosy-cheeked boys /rzi tFi:k bRis/ /kt/d/ choked down /tFuk daun/ /kt/g/ asked girls /ask gE:lz/ /kt/v/ extinct volcano /ikstiNk vRlkeinu/ /kt/z/ asked zoologist /ask zEuRlEgist/ /kt/T/ asked them /ask Tem/ /kt/h/ choked her / tFuk h:/ /kt/dV/ liked jam /laik dVAm/ /kt/l/ talked long /tR:k lRN/ /kt/m/ talked more / tR:k mR:/ /kt/n/ looked nice /luk nais/ /kt/w/ picked one /pik wQn/ /kt/j/ asked you /a:sk ju:/ /kt/r/ kept riding /kep raidiN/ /tFt/+辅音 /tFt/p/ reached Paris /ri:tF pAris/ /tFt/t/ fetched time /fetF taim/ /tFt/k/ punched card /pQtF kB:d/ /tFt/f/ reached for /ri:tF fR:/ /tFt/s/ fetch some water /fetF sQm wR:tE/ /tFt/W/ parched throat /pB:tF Wrut/ /tFt/F/ reached shore /ri:tF FR:/ /tFt/tF/ punched chair /pQtF tFZE/ /tFt/b/ reached back /ri:tF bAk/ /tFt/d/ punched desk /pQntF desk/ /tFt/g/ pinched bar /pintF bB:/ /tFt/v/ pinched vision /pintF viVEn/ /tFt/z/ reached zone /ri:tF zEun/ /tFt/T/ fetched the farm /fetF TE fB:m/ /tFt/h/ fetched headway /fetF hedwei/ /tFt/dV/ a punched jaw /pQtF dVR:/ /tFt/l/ reached lower /ri:tF lEuE/ /tFt/m/ fetched me /fetF mi:/ /tFt/n/ pinched nut /pintF nQt/ /tFt/w/ fetched way /fetF wei/ /tFt/j/ reached yard /ri:tF jB:d/ /tFt/r/ fetched routine /fetF ru:ti:n/ /bd/+辅音 /bd/p/ absorbed power meter /bsRb pauE mi:tE/ /bd/t/ grabbed tightly /grAb taitli/ /bd/k/ absorbed cost /bsRb kRst/ /bd/f/ absorbed fraction /bsRb frAkFEn/ /bd/s/ rubbed shoulders with /rQb FEudEz wiT/ /bd/W/ absorbed through /bsRb Wru:/ /bd/F/ stabbed shoulder /stAb FEuldE/ /bd/tF/ grabbed chances /grAb tFB:ns/ /bd/b/ grabbed back /grA bAk/ /bd/d/ rubbed down /rQb daun/ /bd/g/ absorbed gradually /bsRb grAdjuEli/ /bd/v/ grabbed vase /grAb vB:z/ /bd/z/ absorbed zest /bsRb zest/ /bd/T/ grabbed them /grAb Tem/ /bd/h/ grabbed hold of /grAb hEuld Ev/ /bd/dV/ rubbed gently /rQbi dVentli/ /bd/l/ absorbed layer /bsRb leiE/ /bd/m/ absorbed moisture /bsRb mRistF/ /bd/n/ absorbed nothing /bsRb nQWiN/ /bd/w/ absorbed what /bsRb wRt/ /bd/j/ not grabbed yet /nRt bsRb jet/ /bd/r/ absorbed radiation /bsRb reidieiFEn/ /gd/+辅音 /gd/p/ lagged piping /lAg paipiN/ /gd/t/ lagged type /lAg taip/ /gd/k/ tagged compound /tAg kRmpaund/ /gd/f/ begged for /beg fR:/ /gd/s/ lagged surface /lAg sE:feis/ /gd/W/ dragged through /drAg Wru:/ /gd/F/ bagged sugar /bAg FugE/ /gd/tF/ bagged trousers /bAg trauzEz/ /gd/b/ lagged behind /lAg bihaind/ /gd/d/ begged directly /beg directly/ /gd/g/ begged giving /beg giviN/ /gd/v/ lagged version /lAg vE:FEn/ /gd/z/ lagged zone /lag zEun/ /gd/T/ begged the man /beg TE mAn/ /gd/h/ lagged here for a week /lAg hiE/ /gd/dV/ begged Jesus /beg dVi:zEs/ /gd/l/ begged leave /beg li:v/ /gd/m/ begged money /beg mQni/ /gd/n/ begged nothing /beg nQWiN/ /gd/w/ begged one /beg wQn/ /gd/j/ not lagged yet /nRt lAg jet/ /gd/r/ become bagged recently /bikQm bAgd ri:sEntli/ /dVd/+辅音 /dVd/p/ changed promptly /tFeindV prCmptli/ /dVd/t/ changed title /tFeindV taitl/ /dVd/k/ changed color /tFeindV kQl/ /dVd/f/ judged fairly /dVQ fZli/ /dVd/s/ changed surface /tFeindV sE:fis/ /dVd/W/ changed through time /tFeindV Wru: taim/ /dVd/F/ changed show /tFeindV FEu/ /dVd/tF/ charged traffic /tFB:dV trAfik/ /dVd/b/ caged bird /keidV bE:d/ /dVd/d/ changed dog /tFeindV dCg/ /dVd/g/ charged gas /tFB:dV gAs/ /dVd/v/ charged value /tFB:dV vAlju:/ /dVd/z/ damaged zone /dAmidV zEun/ /dVd/T/ damaged the building /dAmidV TE bildiN/ /dVd/h/ charged her /tFB:dV hE:/ /dVd/dV/ damaged jade /dAmidV dVeid/ /dVd/l/ damaged letter /dAmidV letE/ /dVd/m/ charged minutes /tFB:dV minits/ /dVd/n/ changed name /tFe