时间生物学 英文.doc

ChronobiologyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.TimeMajor ConceptsPast Present FutureEternityArguments for eternityBroad StudiesChronologyHistory(Paleontology)FuturologyPhilosophyPresentism Eternalism,FatalismPhilosophy of Space and TimeReligionCreationEnd TimesDay of JudgementImmortalityAfterlife ReincarnationKalachakraTime measurement and StandardsMetric Time Hexadecimal timeRelatedSpacetime,Motion SpaceEvent ContinuumTime Travel (Grandfather Paradox) v t eChronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms.1 These cycles are known as biological rhythms. Chronobiology comes from the ancient Greek (chrnos, meaning time), and biology, which pertains to the study, or science, of life. The related terms chronomics and chronome have been used in some cases to describe either the molecular mechanisms involved in chronobiological phenomena or the more quantitative aspects of chronobiology, particularly where comparison of cycles between organisms is required.Chronobiological studies include but are not limited to comparative anatomy, physiology, genetics, molecular biology and behavior of organisms within biological rhythms mechanics.1 Other aspects include development, reproduction, ecology and evolution.Contentshide 1 Description 2 History 3 Recent developments 4 Other fields 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External articlesedit DescriptionThe variations of the timing and duration of biological activity in living organisms occur for many essential biological processes. These occur (a) in animals (eating, sleeping, mating, hibernating, migration, cellular regeneration, etc.), (b) in plants (leaf movements, photosynthetic reactions, etc.), and in microbial organisms such as fungi and protozoa. They have even been found in bacteria, especially among the cyanobacteria (aka blue-green algae, see bacterial circadian rhythms). The most important rhythm in chronobiology is the circadian rhythm, a roughly 24-hour cycle shown by physiological processes in all these organisms. The term circadian comes from the Latin circa, meaning around and dies, day, meaning approximately a day. It is regulated by circadian clocks.The circadian rhythm can further be broken down into routine cycles during the 24-hour day:2 Diurnal, which describes organisms active during daytime Nocturnal, which describes organisms active in the night Crepuscular, which describes animals primarily active during the dawn and dusk hours (ex: white-tailed deer, some bats)Many other important cycles are also studied, including: Infradian rhythms, which are cycles longer than a day, such as the annual migration or reproduction cycles found in certain animals or the human menstrual cycle. Ultradian rhythms, which are cycles shorter than 24 hours, such as the 90-minute REM cycle, the 4-hour nasal cycle, or the 3-hour cycle of growth hormone production. Tidal rhythms, commonly observed in marine life, which follow the roughly 12-hour transition from high to low tide and back. Gene oscillations some genes are expressed more during certain hours of the day than during other hours.Within each cycle, the time period during which the process is more active is called the acrophase.3 When the process is less active, the cycle is in its bathyphase or trough phase. The particular moment of highest activity is the peak or maximum; the lowest point is the nadir. How high (or low) the process gets is measured by the amplitude.edit HistoryA circadian cycle was first observed in the 18th century in the movement of plant leaves by the French scientist Jean-Jacques dOrtous de Mairan (for a description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin see this page). In 1751 Swedish botanist and naturalist Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linn) designed a floral clock using certain species of flowering plants. By arranging the selected species in a circular pattern, he designed a clock that indicated the time of day by the flowers that were open at each given hour. For example, among members of the daisy family, he used the hawks beard plant which opened its flowers at 6:30 am and the hawkbit which did not open its flowers until 7 am.The 1960 symposium at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory laid the groundwork for the field of chronobiology.4It was also in 1960 that Patricia DeCoursey invented the phase response curve, one of the major tools used in the field since.Franz Halberg of the University of Minnesota, who coined the word circadian, is widely considered the father of American chronobiology. However, it was Colin Pittendrigh and not Halberg who was elected to lead the Society for Research in Biological Rhythms in the 1970s. Halberg wanted more emphasis on the human and medical issues while Pittendrigh had his background more in evolution and ecology. With Pittendrigh as leader, the Society members did basic research on all types of organisms, plants as well as animals. More recently it has been difficult to get funding for such research on any other organisms than mice, rats, humans56 and fruit flies.edit Recent developmentsMore recently, light therapy and melatonin administration have been explored by Dr. Alfred J. Lewy (OHSU), Dr. Josephine Arendt (University of Surrey, UK) and other researchers as a means to reset animal and human circadian rhythms. Additionally, the presence of low-level light at night accelerates circadian re-entrainment of hamsters of all ages by 50%; this is thought to be related to simulation of moonlight.7Humans can be morning people or evening people; these variations are called chronotypes for which there are various assessment tools and biological markers.In the second half of 20th century, substantial contributions and formalizations have been made by Europeans such as Jrgen Aschoff and Colin Pittendrigh, who pursued different but complementary views on the phenomenon of entrainment of the circadian system by light (parametric, continuous, tonic, gradual vs. nonparametric, discrete, phasic, instantaneous, respectively; see this historical article, subscription required).There is also a food-entrainable biological clock, which is not confined to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The location of this clock has been disputed. Working with mice, however, Fuller et al. concluded that the food-entrainable clock seems to be located in the dorsomedial hypothalamus. During restricted feeding, it takes over control of such functions as activity timing, increasing the chances of the animal successfully locating food resources.8edit Other fieldsChronobiology is an interdisciplinary field of investigation. It interacts with medical and other research fields such as sleep medicine, endocrinology, geriatrics, sports medicine, space medicine and photoperiodism.91011The notion of biorhythms, a classic example of pseudoscience, which attempts to describe a set of cyclic variations in human behavior based on physiological and emotional cycles, is not a part of chronobiology.12edit See alsoChronobiology生物钟学From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia从维基百科,自由的百科全书Jump to:跳转到:navigation导航,search搜索Overview of human 概述的人类”circadian biological clock昼夜节律生物钟 with some physiological parameters.“与一些生理参数。Time时间Major Concepts主要概念Past过去Present礼物Future未来Eternity永恒Arguments for eternity参数为永恒Broad Studies广泛的研究Chronology年代学History历史(Paleontology古生物学)Futurology未来学Philosophy哲学Presentism现代主义Eternalism人,Fatalism宿命论Philosophy of Space and Time哲学的空间和时间Religion宗教Creation创造End Times结束时间Day of Judgement最后审判日Immortality不朽Afterlife来世Reincarnation转世KalachakraKalachakraTime measurement and Standards时间测量和标准Metric Time度量时间Hexadecimal time十六进制时间Related相关Spacetime时空,Motion运动Space空间Event事件Continuum连续Time Travel时间旅行 (Grandfather Paradox祖父悖论) vV tT eEChronobiology is a field of生物钟学是一个领域的biology生物学that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to检查周期(循环)现象在生物体和他们的适应solar太阳能- and和lunar月球-related rhythms.有关的节奏。11These cycles are known as biological rhythms. 这些周期被称为生物节律。Chronobiology comes from the ancient Greek生物钟学来自古希腊(chrnos, meaning time), and(chronos,意思是“时间”),和biology生物学, which pertains to the study, or science, of,这是该研究,或科学的life生活. 。The related terms chronomics and chronome have been used in some cases to describe either the相关条款chronomics和chronome已经被使用在某些情况下描述要么molecular分子mechanisms involved in chronobiological phenomena or the more quantitative aspects of chronobiology, particularly where comparison of cycles between organisms is required.机制参与chronobiological现象或更多的定量方面的时间生物学,特别是在比较需要的生物之间的循环。Chronobiological studies include but are not limited to comparativeChronobiological研究包括但不限于比较anatomy解剖学,physiology生理学,genetics遗传学,molecular biology分子生物学and和behavior行为of organisms within biological rhythms mechanics.在生物节律的生物力学。11Other aspects include development, reproduction, ecology and evolution.其他的方面包括发育、生殖、生态和演化。Contents内容hide 11 Description描述 22 History历史 33 Recent developments最近的事态 44 Other fields其他领域 55 See also参见 66 References引用 77 Further reading进一步阅读 88 External articles外部文章edit编辑 Description描述The variations of the timing and duration of biological activity in living organisms occur for many essential biological processes. 变化的时限、生物活性生物中发生的许多基本的生物过程。These occur (a) in animals (eating, sleeping, mating, hibernating, migration, cellular regeneration, etc.), (b) in plants (leaf movements,这些发生在动物身上(a)(吃饭,睡觉,交配,冬眠,迁移、细胞再生,等等),(b)在植物(叶运动,photosynthetic光合reactions, etc.), and in microbial organisms such as fungi and protozoa. 反应等),和在微生物生物如真菌和原生动物。They have even been found in他们甚至被发现bacteria细菌, especially among the,尤其是在cyanobacteria蓝藻(aka blue-green algae, see(又名蓝绿藻,看到bacterial circadian rhythms细菌生理节律). )。The most important rhythm in chronobiology is the最重要的是节奏生物钟学circadian rhythm昼夜节律, a roughly 24-hour cycle shown by physiological processes in all these organisms. ,一个大约24小时循环显示在所有这些生物体的生理过程。The term circadian comes from the术语昼夜来自Latin拉丁circa, meaning around and dies, day, meaning approximately a day.大约在,意思是“约”而死,”天”,意思是“大约一天。 It is regulated by“这是受circadian clocks生物钟.The circadian rhythm can further be broken down into routine cycles during the 24-hour day:生理节奏可以进一步被分解成常规周期在一天24小时:22 Diurnal昼夜, which describes organisms active during daytime,它描述了生物活跃的白天 Nocturnal夜间, which describes organisms active in the night,它描述了生物活跃在夜间 Crepuscular黄昏的, which describes animals primarily active during the dawn and dusk hours (ex: white-tailed deer, some bats)描述动物主要活跃在黎明和黄昏小时(例:白尾鹿,有些蝙蝠)Many other important cycles are also studied, including:许多其他重要的周期也进行了研究,包括: Infradian rhythms超昼夜的节奏, which are cycles longer than a day, such as the annual migration or reproduction cycles found in certain animals or the human,这是周期超过一天,如年度迁移或生殖周期发现在某些动物或人类menstrual cycle月经周期. Ultradian rhythms次昼夜的节奏, which are cycles shorter than 24 hours, such as the 90-minute,这是周期比24小时短,比如90分钟REM cycle快速眼周期, the 4-hour,4nasal cycle鼻周期, or the 3-hour cycle of,或者一个3小时的周期growth hormone生长激素production.生产。 Tidal rhythms潮汐节奏, commonly observed in marine life, which follow the roughly 12-hour transition from high to low tide and back.,通常观察到海洋生物,它按照大约12小时的过渡从高到低潮和背部。 Gene oscillations基因振荡 some genes are一些基因expressed表示more during certain hours of the day than during other hours.在一天的特定时段比在其他时间。Within each cycle, the time period during which the process is more active is called the在每一个周期,时间期间,这个过程称为更为活跃acrophaseacrophase.33When the process is less active, the cycle is in its当这个过程是不活跃,周期是在它的bathyphasebathyphaseor trough phase. 或波谷。The particular moment of highest activity is the peak or maximum; the lowest point is the nadir. 特定时刻的最高峰值或最大活动;最低的点是最严重的。How high (or low) the process gets is measured by the多高(或低)流程得到测量amplitude振幅.edit编辑 History历史A circadian cycle was first observed in the 18th century in the movement of plant leaves by the French scientist一个生理周期是在18世纪第一次观察到在运动的植物叶子由法国科学家Jean-Jacques dOrtous de Mairan让-雅克d Ortous de Mairan(for a description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin see(一个描述在植物的生理节奏,林奈德Mairan,达尔文见this page这个页面). )。In 1751 Swedish在1751年瑞典botanist植物学家and和naturalist博物学家Carolus LinnaeusCarolus林奈(Carl von Linn) designed a(卡尔冯Linne)设计了一个floral clock花钟using certain species of使用某些种类的flowering plants开花植物. 。By arranging the selected species in a circular pattern, he designed a clock that indicated the time of day by the flowers that were open at each given hour. 通过将选中的物种在循环模式,他设计了一款时钟,显示一天的时间,是开放的花在每个给定小时。For example, among members of the例如,成员之间的daisy family黛西家族, he used the,他使用了hawks beard鹰的胡子plant which opened its flowers at 6:30 am and the植物开出了花在6:30和hawkbithawkbitwhich did not open its flowers until 7 am.这没有打开它的花朵,直到早上7点。The 1960 symposium at1960年的研讨会Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory冷泉港实验室laid the groundwork for the field of chronobiology.奠定了基础,时间生物学领域。44It was also in 1960 that也是在1960年Patricia DeCoursey帕特里夏德库西invented the发明了phase response curve相位响应曲线, one of the major tools used in the field since.,一个主要的工具在现场使用的自。Franz Halberg弗朗茨Halbergof the的University of Minnesota明尼苏达大学, who coined the word circadian, is widely considered the father of American chronobiology.,谁创造了这个词的生理,被广泛认为是“父亲的美国时间生物学。 However, it was“然而,这是Colin Pittendrigh科林Pittendrighand not Halberg who was elected to lead the Society for Research in Biological Rhythms in the 1970s. 并不是Halberg当选领导社会研究生物节律在1970年代。Halberg wanted more emphasis on the human and medical issues while Pittendrigh had his background more in evolution and ecology. Halberg希望更强调人类和医疗问题而Pittendrigh有他的背景更在演化与生态。With Pittendrigh as leader, the Society members did basic research on all types of organisms, plants as well as animals. 与Pittendrigh作为领导者,社会成员做基础研究在所有类型的微生物、植物和动物。More recently it has been difficult to get funding for such research on any other organisms than mice, rats, humans最近它已经很难获得资金,进行这样的研究在任何其他生物比老鼠,老鼠,人类5566and和fruit flies果蝇.edit编辑 Recent developments最近的事态More recently,最近,light therapy光线疗法and和melatonin褪黑激素administration have been explored by Dr.政府已经探讨了博士。Alfred J. Lewy阿尔弗雷德j路易 (OHSUOHSU), Dr.),博士。Josephine Arendt约瑟芬阿伦特 (University of Surrey萨里大学, UK) and other researchers as a means to reset animal and human circadian rhythms. 、英国)和其他研究人员来重置动物和人体生理节律。Additionally, the presence of low-level light at night accelerates circadian re-entrainment of hamsters of all ages by 50%; this is thought to be related to simulation of moonlight.此外,存在低级夜晚的灯光加速昼夜再保险夹带仓鼠的所有年龄的50%;这被认为是与仿真的月光。77Humans can be morning people or evening people; these variations are called人类可以早晨类型的人或晚上的人;这些变化被称为chronotypes类型for which there are various assessment tools and biological markers.对于有不同的评估工具和生物标志物。In the second half of 20th century, substantial contributions and formalizations have been made by Europeans such as在20世纪下半叶,实质性的贡献,主要是由欧洲人如Jrgen Aschoff尤尔根Aschoffand Colin Pittendrigh, who pursued different but complementary views on the phenomenon of和科林Pittendrigh,追求不同但补充意见的现象entrainment夹带of the circadian system by light (parametric, continuous, tonic, gradual vs. nonparametric, discrete, phasic, instantaneous, respectively; see受到光的生理系统(参数、连续,主音,逐渐与非参数、离散,阶段性,瞬时分别;看到this historical article这一历史的文章, subscription required).,订阅要求)。There is also a food-entrainable biological clock, which is not confined to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 还有一个food-entrainable生物钟,这并不局限于视交叉上核。The location of this clock has been disputed. 这个钟的位置一直有争议的。Working with mice, however, Fuller et al. concluded that the food-entrainable clock seems to be located in the dorsomedial使用老鼠,然而,Fuller等人得出结论,food-entrainable时钟似乎是位于电解毁损家兔下丘脑背内侧hypothalamus下丘脑. 。During restricted feeding, it takes over control of such functions as activity timing, increasing the chances of the animal successfully locating food resources.在限制喂养,它接管控制等功能活动,增加机会的时机动物成功定位食物资源。88edit编辑 Other fields其他领域Chronobiology is an interdisciplinary field of investigation. 生物钟学是一门跨学科的调查。It interacts with medical and other research fields such as它与医疗和其他研究等领域sleep medicine睡眠医学,endocrinology内分泌学,geriatrics老年病学,sports medicine运动医学,space medicine太空医学and和photoperiodism光周期性.9910101111The notion of概念的biorhythms生物节律, a classic example of,一个经典的例子pseudoscience伪科学, which attempts to describe a set of cyclic variations in human behavior based on physiological and emotional cycles, is not a part of chronobiology.,它试图描述一组循环变动在人类行为中基于生理和情感上的周期,不是一个生物钟学的一部分。1212edit编辑 See also参见 vV tT eEEthology行为学and和parts of the day部分天Photoperiodism光周期性DiurnalityDiurnality (Diurnal cycle昼夜循环)Nocturnality夜间活动的习惯CathemeralCathemeralCrepuscular黄昏的 (Matutinal早起的Vespertine薄暮的)Circadian rhythm昼夜节律Chronotype时间类型Diel vertical migration一昼夜的垂直迁移Solunar theory日月引起的理论 Bacterial circadian rhythms细菌生理节律 CircaseptanCircaseptan, 7-day biological cycle,7天的生物周期 Sense of time时间感 Suprachiasmatic nucleus视交叉上核 Alexander Chizhevsky亚历山大Chizhevsky Michel Siffre米歇尔Siffreedit编辑 References引用1. a一个 bBPatricia J. DeCoursey; Jay C. Dunlap; Jennifer J. Loros (2003). 帕特里夏j德库西;杰伊c邓洛普;詹妮弗jLoros(2003)。Chronobiology. 生物钟学。Sinauer Associates Inc.Sinauer Associates Inc .。ISBNisbn978-0-87893-149-1978-0-87893-149-1. 2. Nelson RJ. 纳尔逊RJ。2005. 2005。An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology. 介绍行为内分泌学。Sinauer Associates, Inc.: Massachusetts. Sinauer Associates Inc。:马萨诸塞州。Pg587.Pg587。 3. Refinetti, Roberto (2006). Refinetti教授,罗伯托(2006)。Circadian Physi