动词不定式.docx

动词不定式(一)一、 构成：to+动词原形 (肯定) not to +动词原形 (否定)二、 形式：形式 语态 主动语态被动语态一般形式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing三、 作用：动词不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语。四、 用法：1. 不定式作主语：不定式作主语时，句中的谓语通常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首，如： To teach the three children is my job this afternoon. 教这三个孩子是今天下午我的工作。 (2)用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe名词to do 用于此句型的名词有：pity, shame, pleasure, ones duty, ones job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。 Its our duty to take good care of the old. 照顾老人是我们的责任。 It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? 你完成这份工作花了多长时间？ Itbe形容词(of sb)to do Its kind of them to help. 他们来帮忙真是太好了。 注意：该句型常用的形容词有kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等描述某人的品德、特征的形容词。（不定式前的sb.可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于sb is+形容词+to do sth） Itbe形容词(for sb)to do 用于此句型的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, possible, important, impossible, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等。如： It was impossible for them to complete the task in such a short time. 在如此短的时间内完成任务对她们来说是不可能的。 It系动词+形容词+to do It seems quite hopeful to buy a house in the near future. 买房看来是有盼了。 2. 不定式作宾语：不定式作宾语主要存在如下句型结构 动词+to do 能以不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：afford, aim, appear, arrange, ask, bother, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake等，如： I happen to know the answer to your question. 动词+疑问词+to do 常用此结构的动词有：decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell等，如： I have not decided what to wear today. Please show us how to do that. 主语+动词+it+补语+to do (其中使用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语动词不定式置于句末) I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. 动词+宾语+ to do (不定式作宾语) 常用这种结构的动词有：ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help, intend, like, love, need, prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish, 如： I wish you to go to the meeting with me. 注意： believe, consider, count, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, prove, realize, suppose, think等动词后可接to be型不定式作宾补，如： The police proved him to be a thief. He declared himself to be a college student. hope, demand, suggest等动词不能后接动词不定式作宾补。 在主动结构中，下列动词后作宾补的动词不定式应省略to：“五看”(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)、“三使”(make, let, have)、“两听”(hear, listen to)、“一感觉”(feel)。例如： Who made him work all night long? 但是，改为被动结构后，应补出省略的to。例如： He was seen to break the window. 介词+ to do 一般来讲，介词的宾语主要是动名词，但在下列介词后面通常用动词不定式作宾语，如：be about/ do nothing but/ cannot help but/ can not but/ nothing except/ nothing else than等。 Nothing can be done except to wait, hope and pray. 除了等待、期盼和祈祷外，什么都没用。 He did nothing else than laugh. 他只是笑了。 3. 不定式作表语： 动词不定式作表语常用于以下结构： My wish/ job/ aim/ goal is The next step/ measure is。 Your job is to type the papers in the office. The next measure is to stop the river from being polluted. 4. 不定式作定语： 不定式作定语时，一般都是作后置定语，修饰前面的名词或者代词，不定式与所修饰的词之间主要关系如下： (1)主谓关系：被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑主语，如 We need someone to help with the work. (2)动宾关系：被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语，如 I have many letters to write. (3)同位关系：不定式与所修饰的名词指的是一回事，如 We have made a plan to learn from Lei Feng. 注意：这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、打算、能力、意向等意义的名词，如ability, attempt, wish等。 I have no wish to quarrel with you. (4)状语关系：被修饰的名词实际上表示动词不定式动作的方式、时间等，这些名词多是抽象的，如： Thats the way to do it. I have no time to go there. (5)不定式与其所修饰的词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，而该动词为不及物动词时，其后需加上适当的介词，构成及物动词短语。 I am looking for a room to live in. I need a piece of paper to write on. 5. 不定式作状语： (1)作目的状语：在in order to/ so as to等句型中作目的状语，不定式的逻辑主语通常是句子主语，如 She worked extra hard in order to finish on time. She strated singing so as to change the subject. 注意：不定式作目的状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词之后， 一般放在句子后部，为了表示强调也可以放在句子前面，在句首时，前面可加in order，但不能加so as，如： To save the child, he laid down his life. 他为了抢救那个儿童而献出了自己的生命。 (2)作结果状语：不定式作状语表示结果，其逻辑主语一般也是句子的主语。在soas to/ suchas to/ only to/ enough to/ tooto等结构中，不定式都是表示结果。 I am not such a fool as to believe that. 我才不会傻到相信那件事。 The question is so obvious as to need no reply. 这个问题很清楚，不必回答。 (3)作原因状语：不定式作原因状语时，一般放在句尾，其逻辑主语也是句子的主语，常在一些形容词或过去分词后说明产生这种情绪的原因。 They were very sad to hear the news. (4)表条件：动词不定式有时也可以表示条件，一般置于句首，否定不定式表示条件多置于句尾，这时谓语动词常含有will, shall, should, would, can, must等，如 One would be careless not to see the mistake. 发现不了这个错误就太粗心了。 To look at the picture, you would like it. (5)作独立成分，通常用来表示说话人的态度 To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. Sad to tell, he committed suicide. 说来令人悲伤，他自杀了。【随堂练习】1. I remembered the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. A. locking B. to lock C. having locked D. to have locked2. George returned after the war, only _ that his wife had left him. A. to be told B. telling C. being told D. told 3. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better _ silent. A. remain B. be remaining C. having remained D. to remain4. Its important for the figures _ regularly. A. to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated 5. Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing but we seem _ the art of communicating face-to-face. A. losing B. to be losing C. to be lost D. having lost 6. Simon made a big bamboo box _ the little sick bird till it could fly. A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep7. More TV programs, according to government to officials, will be produced _ peoples concern over food safety. A. to raise B. raising C.to have raised D. having raised8. The ability _ an idea is as important as the idea itself. A. expressing B. expressed C. to express D. to be expressed9. Thai is the only way we can imagine _ the overuse of water in students bathrooms. A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce10. I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term. A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed11. His first book _ next month is based on a true story. A. published B. to be published C. to publish D. being published12. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _ first is the library. A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired13. All of them try to use the power of the workstation _ information in a more effective way. A. presenting B. presented C. being presented D. to present 14. _ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends. A. Competing B. Having completed C. To have completed D. To complete15. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _ reduce unemployment pressures