摄影测量与遥感的现状及发展趋势.doc

The status quo and developing trend of Photogrammetry and remote sensingABSTRACT: Photogrammetry; Remote Sensing; Developing trendWith all the new science and technology, especially the computer technology, space technology and the rapid development of information technology, human society has been into the information age. Information highway construction, Geo-spatial information science-geomatics generation and formation, digital earth the concept of photogrammetry and remote sensing for the development of the subjects to provide the solid foundation, rare opportunities and clear direction, but also to the further development of the subject put forward a series of challenges.Countries vice President al gore on jan. 31, 1998, put forward the concept of digital earth it, to realize the huge system, will need at least six key technical support, namely, computer science, mass storage, high resolution satellite images, broadband network, interoperability and metadata. Photogrammetry from produce to now, have experienced analog photogrammetric, analytic photogrammetry and digital photogrammetry three stages. With the development of digital photogrammetry, the image scanner, computer, digital photogrammetry software and relevant output device consists of digital photogrammetry system (DPS) will replace traditional light type measuring instrument, photography measurement software and hardware system changes also indicates the photogrammetry industry and the relevant industries change. The former Soviet union on October 4, 1957 launched the worlds first man-made earth satellite in 1959, using automatic interplanetary station detection on the back of the moon. Launched in 1961, Oriental spacecraft; In 1972, the United States launched landsat, won the 79 m resolution multispectral (MSS) drawing Like, marks the remote sensing has from airborne remote sensing into space remote sensing era. In a short span of less than 40 years, space remote sensing career has made remarkable achievements. From the remote sensing platform to remote sensor, from the remote sensing of basic research and applied basic research to the remote sensing application, all has undergone earth-shaking changes.If someone in the 90 s had insisted on in photogrammetry and remote sensing difference between find out that the former main use light machine instrument, the study measured the geometry of the object attribute; The latter mainly use the computer, the research object of physical properties of words, people may do not question what. However, along with the computer technology, the rapid development of space technology, photogrammetry into full digital phase, remote sensing into 1 m high resolution and stereoscopic observation, the situation has changed fundamentally, the gap between more and more small. In fact, the photogrammetry (including photo interpretation) and remote sensing this two different name refers to a the same subject and exist in two different time, remote sensing is photogrammetry development and expansion. At the same time, along with the global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technology development, the relationship between them is more and more inseparable. Then, a comprehensive emerging science and technology - Geomatics arises at the historic moment. The earths space informatics refers to GPS, GIS, RS and space information technology as the main content, and with computer technology and communication technology as the main technical support, used for collecting, measuring, analysis, storage, management, display, dissemination, and application and the earth and space distribution related data a comprehensive and integrated information science and technology. It is one of the earth science frontiers, with 3 s as the representative, including communication technology, the computer technology, the new subject, is the earth information science is an important part of digital earths foundation. This undoubtedly for photogrammetry and remote sensing disciplines a good location, namely earth space informatics is the mathematical basis of digital earth and digital earth is the space information framework for digital earth to provide technical support, And photogrammetry and remote sensing disciplines as the earths space informatics organic composition part, is for digital earth to provide real-time, dynamic, global, cheap and other methods are hard to replace space frame image data derived from semantic and semantic information and not the only technology. In the implementation of digital earths process, photogrammetry and remote sensing disciplines will be more big development.1 Photogrammetry and remote sensing at home and abroad of the current situation1.1 The present situation of the photogrammetryThe present situation of the photogrammetry from the middle of the 19th century to the 20th century s, analog photogrammetric has experienced a long process of development, photogrammetry technology development can say basic around very expensive stereo mapping instrument of. Along with the modulus conversion technology, computer technology and automatic control technology development, the Helava in 1957 put forward use digital projection instead of physical projection concept, Italy and the United States OMI company Bendix cooperation company, in 1961 produced the worlds first analytical plotter AP - 1. Later, to the s and s, due to the progress of microelectronics technology, computer volume smaller, performance enhancement, the price is low, analytical plotter gradually become the main photogrammetric mapping instrument. However, photogrammetry workers are not going to be satisfied, 1978, Wuhan university of science and technology of surveying and mapping Wang Zhizhuo professor put forward to develop the full digital automation mapping system ideas and solutions, and in 1985 completed the full digital automatic mapping software system WUDAMS. In the 90 s, digital photogrammetry workstation won rapid development and into the practical phase.After 1996, the digital photogrammetric workstation and in function and service made significant improvement. Taking China system as an example, based on VirtuoZo by Wuhan technical university of surveying and mapping, international data group (IDG, USA) system and the joint venture company to general company, developed a suitable for Chinas national conditions of microcomputer version of the software. At the same time, use in the United States, Japan, Australia, Hong Kong special administrative region and other countries and regions of the subsidiary, actively participate in the international competition, achieve great success; China surveying and mapping science research institute belongs to China four dimensional surveying and mapping technology Beijing company in recent years has developed the digital mapping series products, including JX - 4 a digital photogrammetric workstation, JSH6080 laser scanning plotter, HX - 23 image digitizer, MapED map editor workstations and automatic digital aerial triangulation software, etc., these products are exported to Japan, Pakistan and other countries; Zhengzhou measuring slow colleges and Xian surveying and mapping institute also developed in similar simple type digital photogrammetry system.At the same time, use in the United States, Japan, Australia, Hong Kong special administrative region and other countries and regions of the subsidiary, actively participate in the international competition, achieve great success; China surveying and mapping science research institute belongs to China four dimensional surveying and mapping technology Beijing company in recent years has developed the digital mapping series products, including JX - 4 a digital photogrammetric workstation, JSH6080 laser scanning plotter, HX - 23 image digitizer, MapED map editor workstations and automatic digital aerial triangulation software, etc., these products are exported to Japan, Pakistan and other countries; Zhengzhou measuring slow colleges and Xian surveying and mapping institute also developed in similar simple type digital photogrammetry system. GPS/INS laser fracture scanner, CCD scanners total integrated air automatic data acquisition system is also included in the national 863 plan to stress the development and test. Into the digital age, digital photogrammetry into photogrammetry and computer science cross discipline, and photography measuring tool also by computer and related input and output equipment gradually replace the expensive light machine equipment, scientific research workers out of the special equipment manufacturers control and mercy, the system manufacturing main into software calculating. This revolutionary change, for the vast number of photogrammetry scientific research workers provides a wider space for development. In a few short years achieved fruitful research results in digital photogrammetry of the semantic information extraction, semantic information extraction, image recognition, image analysis, DTM (DEM) generation, image feature extraction, image matching and 4D products production, etc are obtained the quite big theory and application achievements.Chinas state bureau of surveying and mapping has been spread in the whole nation digital photography measurement applications, the establishment of a Sichuan, Shaanxi, Heilongjiang, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong and Hubei 7 digital surveying and mapping production demonstration base; Wuhan university of science and technology of surveying and mapping designed by ourselves of VituoZo, GeoStar, WuCAPS software such as system formed from image can be practical to spatial data frame of a dragon production line, and has set up a file in the popularization and application of the production unit in China, to realize the full digital photogrammetry and the GPS and GIS organic integration, the whole integrated system has been put into production in Guangdong province land hall, used to establish Guangdong provincial earth spatial data infrastructure.1.2 Remote sensing technology present situationFrom April 1, 1960-1 TIROS meteorological satellite launch so far less than 40 years, remote sensing technology has undergone a fundamental change, mainly displays in remote sensing platform, the remote sensor, remote sensing of basic research and applied domain, etc. From the 70 s in China begin to engage in space remote sensing and application research, remote sensing technology development is manifested in the following aspects.1) Space remote sensing platform aspects. China has launched more than 10 recoverable remote sensing satellite, 2 a land reconnaissance satellite, 3 single polar orbit meteorological satellite and 1 single static meteorological satellite. On September 7, 1988, September 3, 1990 were successfully launched Chinas first generation of polar orbit meteorological satellite FY - 1 a and FY - 1 b; On June 10, 1997 launched Chinas first single static meteorological satellite FY - 2, and will be in the field of meteorological satellite using binary system; May 10, 1995 and the successful launch polar orbit meteorological satellite FY - 1 c, and in August success through the on-orbit test over application department use; In October 1999 and successful launch in China resources satellite; Chinas first single Marine satellite - Marine one (HY - 1) satellite in June 1997 by the national defence technology&industry committee.it owns a project development, is expected to launch in April 2001 the number one 02 batch of second satellite launch. Our country the next step will be in pak-china resources satellite on the basis of the development in space-borne synthetic aperture radar as the main load radar satellite. In the small satellite, China has launched a few tiny satellite (such as SJ - 4, SJ - 5, etc.), Plans to launch of small satellite including HY - 1, 863-2 small satellite, Chinese academy of sciences small satellites and tsinghua 10, etc.; In the proposed small satellite plan has COSMO/SKYMED (and Italy cooperation), ZHJ small satellite (disaster and environmental monitoring small satellite group), solid state small satellites and surveying and mapping small satellite group (by 10 tiny satellite composition, including 3 5 star optical type, 2 single radar type and 2 a high geometric resolution satellite), etc.2）Space remote sensor aspects. Our country proper motion or cooperation developed many kinds of sensors, such as between the resources satellite launch of the CCD camera and SPOT - HRV similar), infrared multispectral scanner (IRMSS) and wide field imager (WFI); Space-borne solar irradiance monitor (STIM); FY - 2 meteorological satellite on the channel scanning radiometer (MCSR); FY - 1 a and 1 b FY meteorological satellite on the very high resolution scanning radiometer; FY - 1 c meteorological satellite on 10 band visible infrared scanning radiometer. Is waging space-borne Marine radar altimeter, space load of resolution imaging spectrometer, polarizer, 10 band ocean color temperature scanner, remote sensing with static type Fourier transform imaging spectrometer, the field earth radiation budget instrument and space-borne microwave radiometer, etc. Various kinds of new type of sensor research and design.3）Aviation remote sensing. Our country is developing advanced airborne for earth observation system design, this system is composed of five remote sensor composition, working band covered the visible light, infrared and microwave the whole series, Platform using the high, medium and low altitude plane composition for application goal of distributed system. The five remote sensing device including: practical modular imaging spectrometer (OMIS), wide visual scene CCD hyperspectral imager, high resolution CCD plane array digital aerial camera, airborne 3 d image maker and airborne L - SAR. Our country also in developing uav remote sensing system development, Chinas military uav system research has achieved good results. Civil, China surveying and mapping institute of science in the national 863 program carried out by UAVRS - 1 HaiJian uav remote sensing system design.4）Remote sensing application. In the daily weather, Marine, environmental forecast and disaster monitoring, resource investigation, land use, urban planning, crop yield estimation, territorial survey, railway line selection, reservoir and port location, desertification monitoring, environmental protection, climate change and national defense, etc has obtained the remarkable social efficiency and the economic efficiency.5) Research based on. Our country to carry out the target radiation characteristics, atmospheric transmission model, the inversion method and radiation scaling and other areas of research. At the same time, in the INSAR and D - INSAR method, imaging spectrometer data processing, remote sensing of spatial reasoning, expert system and data mining (data mining), multi-source remote sensing data fusion and frontier technology also conducted fruitful research.In the international remote sensing, America is put forward from the point of view of global planet earth plan (MTPE). MTPE is supposed to be the global change research plan (USGCRP) a great contribution, among of which, the earth observation system (EOS) is the core of the plan. EOS mainly consists of the following aspects of the earth observation system morning series (EOS - AM series), earth observation system COLOR satellite (EOS - COLOR), earth observation system of aerosol plan (EOS - AM series), earth observation system afternoon series (EOS - PM series), earth observation system of height measurement plan (EOS - ALT series), earth observation system of chemical plan (EOS - CHEM series), the meteorological satellite series (NOAA series) and resources satellite series (LandSat series), etc. Among them, NOAA - 15 and LANDSAT 7 have been launched successfully, EOS - AM satellite will be launched in the near future. At the same time, the United States commercial small satellite plan in a few years ago had come to earth observation company, space imaging companies and orbit science company primarily commercial small satellite company is or has been established for receiving, processing and distribution of high resolution imaging satellite data international strategic organization, they also try to launch a high spatial resolution of small satellite, although failed, but this trend will be inevitable; The European space agency (ESA) has emission and will launch of remote sensing satellite are: remote sensing satellite 1 (ERS - 1) and 2 (ERS - 2), static meteorological satellite (METEOSAT), environment satellite (ENVISAT) and polar orbit meteorological satellite (METOP); Japans national spatial development council (NASDA) in remote sensing field is mainly launched Japan earth resource satellite 1 (JERS - 1), static meteorological satellite (GMS), advanced earth observation satellite (ADEOS); The japan-american also joint implementation the tropical rain forest measurement plan (TRMM), Japan as EOS plan participants for the plan design all kinds of sensor, and plans to launch with 2.5 m resolution 3 line CCD and 10 m resolution SAR and sensor ALOS satellite; French resources satellite series (SPOT series) widely known, has already launched four star, its subsequent SPOT5 simages based will with 3 CCD camera, resolution for 2.5 m, and in 2001 will be heaven; Canadas radar satellite (RADARSAT) also has achieved great success; Indias resources satellite series (IRS series) in the spatial resolution has reached 5.8 m; In fact, the Russian soyuz space station mir, through long-term shooting earths surface image, the use of the 1 m and 3 m main distance camera, has gained a lot of 2 m and 0.5 m resolution space photo, began to sell around the world. With all kinds of remote sensing satellite la