非谓语动词用法.doc

非谓语动词用法初中新教材一改旧教材过分强调语法的作用，强调语言的交际能力，注重听、说、读、写、译、演基本技能的综合的训练。新教材扩大了信息量、词汇量，非常具有时代性、实用性。但新教材淡化了语法，几乎没有语法的系统讲解，笔者认为，英语中不能过分强调语法作用，但也不能完全不学语法，因为没有较好的语法基本功就不会有好的交际能力。针对初中学生对非谓语动词比较茫然的现状，对其用法作如下。一、非谓语动词的种类非谓语动词，顾名思义，即不能作句子的谓语用的动词，也称动词的非限定形式。主要分为动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词和动名词四种，非谓语动词也有动词的特征，可有自己的状语和宾语。二、动词不定式（TheInfinitive）动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，有加“to”和省to两种形式，可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语，宾语补足语、状语等成份。1、动词不定式作主语。TogetanInjectionisalittlepainful.Tocomplaintoomuchisntagoodthing.注：（1）不定式作主语，整个结构看成一个整体，谓语用单数形式，还可用it作形式主语而把不定式放于句末，保持句子平衡。如IttakesmetwohourstofinishmyEnglishhomework.ItsdifficulttoLearnEnglishWell.(2)不定式作主语有两种特殊结构，一般认为是由for或of引导其逻辑主语，如Itsimportantforuslearnaforeignlanguage.Itsdifficultforustofinishitontime.Itskind/good/niceofyoutohelpme.Itsclever/foolish/polite/careful/carelessofyoutodothat.2、动词不定式作表语。Myjobistofeedanimals.Ourdutyistokeeptheclassroomcleanandtidy.Hiswishistobecomeasinger.3、动词不定式作宾语Hewantstoborrowabookfromme.Ihopetoseemypenfriendassoonaspossible.Childrenlovetoplaygames.Ifounditdifficulttogetonwithhim.(it为形式宾语，真正宾语为不定式)注：不定式有时与疑问句where,how,what,which,when,who等连用，作动词的宾语。如：WhattodoIdontknowHowtodoitWheretogoWhentosetoffWhichonetochooseWhotoaskHegaveatalkonhowtostudyEnglishWell.4、不定式作定语Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink/toread/toeat?Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.5、不定式作宾语补足语。分省“to”和加“to”两种。Itoldhimtodoithimself.(加to)Heaskedmetobuysomeorangesforhim.（加to）edidntexpecthimtobethewinner.(加to)Ioftensawhimgotothecinemalastyear.(省to)Pleaselettheboycomein.（省to）Thebossmakestheworkersworktenhoursaday.(省to)注：感观动词（see,watch,notice,hear,feel）和使役动词（have,let,make）后用省to不定式作宾补，但改成被动语态时，不定式前加to，宾语补语相应变成主语补语。如；Theworkersaremadetoworktenhoursaday.6、作状语Theywenttotheshoptobuysomeschoolthings.(目的状语)Mysistertoyoungtogotoschool.（结果状语）三、现在分词（ThePresentParticiple）和过去分词（ThePastParticiple）现在分词由动词加“ing”构成（构成方式略）表示主动或正在进行；过去分词由规则动词加“ed”或查不规则动词表，一般表示被动或动作已完成。分词主要起形容词和副词作用，可在句中作表语定语，状语、宾补等成份。1、作表语Thenewsisexciting.TheresultisamazingThewindowisbroken.Thedoorislocked.2、作定语Doyouknowtheyoungmanstandingunderthetree?Thewomanwearingaredcoatismyaunt.IliketoreadbookswrittenbyLuXun.SheaskedGrandmatoputabookmarkineachoftheborrowedbooks.Thenwecanseemanydinosaursdiscoveredbyyouinthemuseums.3、作状语Alotoflandhasgonewiththetrees,leavingonlysand.(结果)Theywakeuptheirparents,calling“MerryChristmas”（伴随）Givenmoretime,Icanfinishtheworkmyself.（条件）4、作宾补Ihearagirlsinginginthenextroom.Illhavemyhaircuttomorrow.Wehadourpicturestakeninthemiddleofthesquare.四、动名词（TheGerund）在形式上，动名词与现在分词无法区别，但现在分词里一个动词性的形容词，而动名词则是一个动词性的名词，它具有名词的绝大多数特征，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补等成份。1、作主语Seeingisbelieving.（眼见为实）Sellingcomputerstoforeigncountriesishisjob.Pickingapplesismuchbetterthanhavingclasses.注：动名词作主语可与表语对调位置；有时也可用it作形式主语，而将动名词放于句末。如：Hisjobissellingcomputerstoforeigncountries.（主语与表语可互换）Itsnousecomplainingaboutothers.2、作表语Hisjobisfeedinganimals.TheonlythingthatIwanttodoissleeping.3、作宾语，分为动词宾语与介词宾语两种。TomenjoyslivinginBeijing.Haveyoufinishedreadingthatnovel?Wouldyoumindmyopeningthedoor.IoftenpracticespeakingEnglishwithforeigners.Thankyouforteachingussowell.Whataboutgoingfishingtomorrow?注：有些动词后加不定式和动名词作宾语有两种截然不同的含义。如：goontodosth（接着做另一件事）goondoingsth（继续做同一件事）forget/remembertodosth（记住或忘记去做某事，还未做）forget/rememberdoingsth（记住或忘记做过某事，事先已做过）stoptodosth（停下来做某事）stopdoingsth（停止做某事）4、作定语aswimmingpool游泳池asleepingcar卧铺车厢areadingroom阅览室awalkingstick手杖注：现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的不同之处在于：现在分词相当于一个定语从句的作用，可改成定语从句，而动名词相当于一个名词作定语，说明被修饰词的类别、功能或性质，不可以改成定语从句。Thesleepingchild=thechildwhoissleepingThewomantalkingwithmyfatherismyEnglishteacher.=Thewomanwhoistalkingw