大学英语四级实用英语构词法.docx

大学英语四级实用英语构词法语法English Grammar英语主语和谓语动词在数方面的一致关系一,主谓一致主谓一致有许多原则,概括起来不外乎三种一致原则,即语法形式一致,概念一致(语言内容上一致),毗邻一致(谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致).1.语法形式一致(1)单数主语,单个动词不定式,动名词短语以及句子作主语,谓语动词要用单数形式.复数主语,用and或bothand连接的动词不定式短语,动名词短语以及主语从句作主语,谓语动词则用复数形式.例如:1) The performance was very funny.2) Serving the people is my great happiness.3) Whether well go depends on the weather.4) Many natural materials are becoming scarce.5) Both you and I are students.6) What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper.注1:在what引导的主语从句中,如果主语补语是复数时,谓语动词用复数形式.例如:What we have to learn are the pieces of language that produce inversion.注2:修饰语对主语的数不起影响.例如:The performance of the first three clowns was very funny.(2)由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than等引起的结构跟在主语后面,不能看作是并列主语,该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响,主语如是单数,其谓语动词仍然用单数形式.例如:1) My mother, as well as my father, has a key to the office.2) The man together with his wife and children sits there watching TV.3) His sister no less than you is wrong.4) The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students.注:有时在with结构里,加上both之后,with就具有and含义.例如:Grandpa Wang with his son, both looking very happy, are taking a walk in the park.(3)有些代词只能指单数可数名词,当它们在句子中作主语时,尽管在意义上是多数,谓语动词仍要用单数形式.这类代词有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等.例如:1) Neither likes the friends of the other. (两人都不喜欢对方的朋友.)2) Everything around us is matter. (我们周围的所有东西都是物质.)(4)在neither of与either of的结构里,一般语法书都认为谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式,但在美国的TOEFL考试内要求用单数形式.例如:1) Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard.2) Has either of them been seen recently(5)当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事,and后的名词前没有冠词,谓语动词应该用单数形式;在and后面的名词前有冠词,谓语就用复数形式.例如:1)The bread and butter is served for breakfast. (早饭供应黄油面包.)2)The bread and the butter are on sale. (正在出售黄油和面包.)(6)当one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of结构作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式.例如:1)One of those students has passed the examination.2)A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.(7)form of, type of, kind of结构的谓语视form, type与kind的单复数而定.these/those kind/type of后是复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式.例如:1) The kind of books an author writes depends on the kind of man who he is.2) Some new types of cars are now on show.3)These kind of recorders are good.(8)由one and a half +复数名词作主语时,谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定.例如:One and a half apples is left on the plate.(9)由the majority of +名词作主语时,谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定.例如:1) The majority of the damage is easy to repair.2) The majority of criminals are non-violent.(10)plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等+可数与不可数名词作主语时,不可数名词的谓语只用单数,可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定.例如:1)Half of this building is to be completed by spring.2)Half of the buildings have been painted completely.3)There is plenty of water in the pail.4)There are plenty of eggs in the box.5)There is loads of milk on the farm.6)There are loads of big red apples on the ground.注:当名词前有其他量词修饰时,谓语动词的单复数形式通常取决于量词.例如:1)Row upon row of soldiers is marching towards us on the field.2)A body of volunteers has been organized to aid the helpless in their struggle for survival.(11)由all of, most of, a lot of, some of, none of, plenty of , the rest等+名词作主语时,谓语动词的单数形式应与名词一致.例如:1)None of the books satisfy the students.2)None of this meat is fit to eat.3)All of the research work was designed by the chief engineer.4)All of the students are against the plan for an outing at this time of the term.(12)由more than one (或more than one +单数名词),many a +单数名词作主语,谓语动词要用单数形式.例如:1)More than one student has passed the examination.2)Many a boy learns to swim before he can read.注:如果more than后面是复数名词,则谓语动词要用复数.例如:More than two hundred students have attended the lecture.(13)quantity of +不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式; quantities of +可数与不可数名词,谓语动词用复数形式.例如:1)Great quantities of milk are needed in this city.2)There is a large quantity of milk.(14)如果名词词组中心词是分数或百分数+ of +名词,谓语动词的单,复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单,复数形式.例如:1)Over three-quarters of the swampland has been reclaimed.2)Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.(15)定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致.例如:1)He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.2)Keep cool is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident.注:当one之前有the only等限定词修饰时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式.例如:He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.2.概念一致(语言内容上一致)(1)有些集合名词如crowd, family, team, orchestra(管弦乐队), group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等,它们作主语时,谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定.如果它们作为一个集体单位时,动词用单数形式,如就其中的各个成员来说,则谓语用复数形式.例如:1)His family is going to move.2)His family are very well.3)The public is / are requested not to leave litter in the park.注:如这类词后跟有定语从句时,定语从句的谓语动词也遵循概念一致的原则,强调具体成员时,谓语动词用复数,关系代词用who;强调整体时,谓语动词用单数,关系代词用which.例如:1)The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.2)The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.(2)有些表示总称意义的名词,形式上是单数,而意义上却是复数,谓语动词要用复数形式,如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry(家禽)等.例如:1)Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common.2)The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.(3)有些名词形式上是复数,而意义上却是单数.如news, means, works.还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称,如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等,它们作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式.例如:1)Politics is a complicated business.2)Here is the news.(4)用and连接的单数主语,前面有each, every, many a, no等修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式.复数主语与each连用时,应不受each的影响,谓语动词仍用复数形式.例如:1) Each pen and each paper is found in its place.2) Every boy and girl is treated in the same way.3) Many a boy and many a girl has seen it.4) The old workers and the young each have their own tools.(5)表示重量,度量,衡量,价值的复数名词作主语,谓语动词常用单数形式.例如:1) Twenty miles is a long way to walk.2) Three pints isnt enough to get me drunk.(6)国家,单位和书报的名称,作为一个单一的概念,其谓语动词要用单数形式.例如:1)War and Peace is the longest book Ive read.2)General Motors has recently closed down a plant. (通用汽车公司最近关闭了一家工厂.)(8)the +形容词作主语时,如主语指的是一类人,谓语动词用复数形式;如果指的是单个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式.例如:1) The blind are taught trades in special schools.2) The departed was a good friend of his.3.毗邻一致(就近原则)(1)由连词or, neitheror, eitheror, not only also, nor等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则,与贴近它的主语一致.例如:1) He or you have taken my pen.2) Either you or he is no telling the truth.3) Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.(2)在there be的结构中,谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则.例如:1)There is a desk and four benches in the office.2)There are two chairs and a desk in the office.二,指代一致指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称,数,性等方面与所指的词保持一致.1.人称一致(1)当代词指代名词或另一个代词时,须在人称上与所指代的词保持一致.例如:1)I recognized one of the girls, but I didnt speak to her.2) That woman said that she was over fifty.3) They asked whom they should apply to.(2)当代词指代集合名词时,用单数人称代词强调整体,用复数人称代词强调个人.例如:1) The committee have discussed their report on the disaster.2) The audience are raising their hands to signify their approval.(3)当everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody等作主语时,相应的代词一般采用单数形式.例如:1) If anyone calls, tell him Ill be back later.2) Everyone thinks he is the center of universe.注:在非正式文体中,特别是在会话体里,常用代词的复数形式是为了故意不具体说出所指的那个人的性别.例如:1) Has anybody brought their camera2) No one could blamed themselves.(4)由neither nor, not only but also, either or, not but, or等连结的并列主语,其后的附加疑问部分主语用复数代词.例如:1) Neither you nor I am wrong, are we2) Both Tom and Jack came, didnt they2.性,数,格一致(1)代词的性一般仅限于第三人称.例如:1) China will always do what she has promised to do.2) The boy stood at the door with his hat in his hand.(2)当or或nor连接阳性名词或阴性名词时,代词一般和近者保持一致.例如:1) Neither John nor Mary has got what she wanted.2) If you should see Mary or Thomas, tell him the news.(3)单数名词由and连接时,相应的代词一般用复数形式.例如:1) Food and rent are more expensive than they used to be.2) Jim and Mary spoke on the subject as if they were experts.3.应注意的问题(1)当句子的主语是one,并要在句子中多次出现时,一般用第三人称单数代词来代替后面将出现的one或ones;当one在句子中泛指人时,在反意疑问句中也可用you来代替.例如:1) One should never blame his friends when he friends when he finds himself in trouble.2) One cant be too careful, can you (one)English Grammar虚拟语气虚拟语气一直都被认为是英语学习中的一个难点,因此也便成为了各类考试的热点.现就虚拟语气的一些问题归纳如下,以帮助解决拟语气这个语法难点.一,动词wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气1.用wish表示现在的祝愿和报歉.其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be和were(was),实义动词用过去式.例:I wish the were at home this time.2.用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾.其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时或could+现在完成时.例:I wish I hadn t hurt him so much.3.用wish表示对将来事情的愿望.其句子结构为宾语从句的谓语为would/could/might+动词原形.例:I wish I might be able to come tomorrow .二,用在一般虚拟条件句中的虚拟语气(一)表示与现在,过去,将来事实相反的假设1.与现在事实相反的假设.其句子结构为:从句:if+主语+动词的过去式(be变were)+其他主句:主语+would(should, could, might)+动词原形+其他例:If I were you, I would go with him.2.与过去事实相反的假设.其句子结构为:从句:If+主语+过去完成时+其他主句:主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他.例:If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.3.表示对将来事实实现的可能性不大的假设.其句子结构为:从句:If+主语+should (were to )+动词原形+其他主句:主语+would (could, should, might)+动词原形例:If he were to go tomorrow. He might tell you.(二)从句和主句要根据各自发所生的时间选用符合具体时间的虚拟语气形式1.从句表示过去,主句表示现在.If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.2.从句表示将来,主句表示过去.If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.3.从句表示过去,主句表示将来.If we hadn t made adequate preparations, we shouldn t dare to do the experiment next week.4.从句表示将来,主句表示现在.If we shouldn t have an exam this afternoon. I would go shopping now.三,可以引起与事实相反的方式状语从句,用虚拟语气由as if,as though引起的与事实相反的句子,不论主句的谓语是现在时或者说过去时,其谓语表示的时间概念和句子结构,都基本上与wish后的宾语从句相同.例:John pretends as if he didn t know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.(用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设)The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.(用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实)They talked and talked as if they would never meet again (would+动词原形,表示与将来事实相反)四,在表示建议,命令,要求,忠告等动词的后面,其宾语从句的谓语用should+动词原形表示虚拟语气常用的此类动词有:表示要求的:ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg表示提议,劝告,建议的:move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote表示决定,命令的:decide, order表示主张的:maintain, urge表示同意,坚持的:consent, insist例:The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.上述动词的名词形式,demand, desire, requirment, advice, order, decision, recommendation, suggestion,以及necessity, preference, plan, motion, idea等名词,其后的表语从句或同位语从句,也用should+动词原形表示虚拟语气.现代英语,特别是美国英语,常省去should,例:The advice is that we (should) leave at once.He idea that we (should)visit Great Wall was warmly welcomed.五,在It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that结构中,主语从句的谓语也用should+原形动词表虚拟语气美国英语中省去should,常用的形容词和过去分词有:表示要求的:required, demanded, requested, desired, desirabl.表示建议的:suggested, recommended,表示迫切,紧近,重要的:imperative, urgent, necessary, essential, important, vital表示适当,较好的:appropriate, advisable, better, preferable表示可能的:probable, possible表示命令的:ordered例:It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.It is required that nobody (should)smoke here.六,由下列名词或短语引导,或含有某些词的从句中应用的虚拟语气1.Iest以免,惟恐引导的从句用shuld+动词原形.He took a map with him lest he (should ) lose his wag there.2.whether不管,无论引导的让步状语从句,有时用动词原形.All things, whether you know or don t know, exist in the world.3.用would rather/had rather would just as soon表示宁愿,但愿,后面的宾语从句谓语用过去式或动词原形表示对将来的要求,用过去时表示对现在的愿望,用过去完成时表示对过去做的事的懊悔.Don t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.I would rather you go tomorrow.I would rather everything hadn t happened in the past.4.用had hoped表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情,其宾语从句的谓语用would+动词原形.I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.5.在It is(high/about)time+that引导的定语从句中,定语从句的主谓语用一般过去时,偶尔也可以用would(或should)+动词原形,或had rather (would rather)+动词原形.It is hihg (about)time that we left/should leave/ had better leave/had rather leave/ were leaving.(注意与This is the first/secondtime后从句中用现在完成时的区别.6.用without/but for/in the absence of 表示要不是,如果没有(相当于if it were not for)表示条件时,句中一般用虚拟语气.(也可用陈述语气)Without your help, I couldn t finish my work on time.In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.7.由providing (that)/ provided (that)/on condition that/ in order that引导的条件从句或目的从句,根据情况,可用虚拟语气.(有时也可用陈述语气)They are willing surrender provided they are given free passage.8.在if引导的虚拟条件句中,若有were, had, should,在书面语中可省去if ,将were等提到主语前,形成倒装.Should there be a good film tomorrow. I would go to the theatre with you.Were it not for your help. I wouldn t be succeed.English Grammar非谓语动词的一般式和完成式非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生,非谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前.1.动词不定式例1:A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同时发生)例2:All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非谓语动词动作发生在后)例3:He is said to have studied English for three years. (非谓语动词动作发生在前)注:动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等过去式的动词后面,表示未实现的行为.例如:1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. (我本想把这本书邮寄给你的.)2)He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的,但是他病了.)2.动名词例1:I am thinking of getting a new dictionary. (非谓语动词动作发生在后)例2:We enjoy watching colour TV. (与谓语动词动作同时)例3:He forgot having promised to write things for us. (非谓语动词动作发生在前.)3.分词例1:Singing a song, he came into the room. (非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生)例2:Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非谓语动词动作发生在前)非谓语动词的比较1.动名词和动词不定式在用法上的比较(1)一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的,一般的,时间概念不强,不是指某一次的动作;而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为.例如:1)I like swimming, but I dont like to swim today.2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening(2)动词不定式的逻辑主语,常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词;而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词,也可能是泛指一般人物,在句子里是找不着的.例如:1)I hate to be sitting idle. (我不想闲坐着.)(指自己)2)I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. (我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说.)(可能指自己,也可能泛指一般人)(3)有些词后既可接动名词亦可接动词不定式,但意义不同,如stop, remember, forget, neglect, omit, dislike, detests, begin, continue, start, regret, intend, attempt, propose等.例如:When the teacher came in, the students stopped talking. (talking是宾语,指停止讲话这个动作)When the teacher came in, the students stopped to talk. (to talk是目的状语,指停下前一动作来进行talk)Remember, forget doing something (指已做过的事)Remember, forget to do something (指未做过的事)2.动名词和现在分词在用法上的区别(1)作定语的区别.分词往往表示它所修饰的词所做的动作,即逻辑主语是它所修饰的词;动名词往往表示与它所修饰的词有关的动作,即所修饰的词不能充当逻辑主语.例如:the raging storm (= the storm that is raging) (狂暴的风雨)(分词)scorching heat (= heat that is scorching) (炙人的热气)(分词)sleeping car (= a car for sleeping) (动名词)working method (= method of working)(动名词)(2)作表语的区别.分词作表语时保持它的形容词特征,动名词作表语时保持它的名词特征.动名词作表语时常可与主语互换位置,分词则不行.例如:The novel is interesting. (现在分词)My job is teaching English. (动名词)(3)作状语的区别.分词具有副词特征,可以直接用作状语;动名词不具有副词特征,不能单独作状语,只有与介词结合时才能作状语.例如:1) Hearing the news, they immediately set off for the station. (分词作状语)2) Given another chance, Ill do it much better. (分词作状语)3) After finishing his homework, he went to the reading-room. (动名词与介词一起作状语)4) On coming in she laid a file of documents upon the table. (动名词与介词一起作状语)3.动词不定式作宾语补语和现在分词作宾语补语的区别动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作,而分词则说明宾语的动作正在进行.例如:1)Just then he heard someone sing in the next room. (在那时,他听见有人在隔壁房间里唱歌.)2)Just then he heard someone singing in the next room. (在那时,他听见有人正在隔壁房间里唱歌.)English Grammar动词的时态英语共有16种时态,根据近几年曝光的四,六级考卷分析,时态测试重点主要有:完成时态现在完成时,过去完成时,将来完成时;进行时态现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,完成进行时;一般时态.一,一般时态1,一般现在时(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常和副词usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week等连用.例如:1)The moon moves round the earth.2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.(2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment以及if,unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时.例如:1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.(3)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定,计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave等.例如:1)The plane leaves at three sharp.2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.(4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as等引导的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时.例如:1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.2)Youll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.2.一般过去时(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的,可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词,短语或从句连用.例如:We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.(2)表示过去习惯性动作.例如:1)He always went to class last.2)I used to do my homework in the library.(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)3.一般将来时1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态.例如:I shall graduate next year.2)几种替代形式:1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情.例如:Im going to buy a house when weve saved enough money.2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,具有必要的强制性意义.例如:I am to play tennis this afternoon.3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情.例如:He was about to start.4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事.例如:The train is due to depart in ten minutes.5)be on the point/verge of +v ing强调即将发生的某种事态.例如:The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.二,进行时态1.现在进行时(1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连用.例如:Dont disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作,常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用.例如:My father is forever criticizing me.(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情.具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词.即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词.常用的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等.例如:They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.(4)有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示感觉,感情,存在,从属等的动词.如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of