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Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens吸烟会加重青少年的抑郁情绪 While some teenagers may puff遇到on cigarettes to self-medicate自我治疗 against the blues抑郁，有些青少年可能会用吸烟来进行所谓的“自我治疗”消除抑郁，scientists at the University of Toronto1 and the University of Montreal2 have found that smoking may actually increase depressive symptoms in some teens.然而加拿大多伦多大学和蒙特利尔大学的科学家却发现，事实上，吸烟会加重某些青少年的抑郁情绪。 “This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived emotional benefits of smoking among teens,” “这项研究是检验吸烟是否可以给青少年带来精神欢愉的几项研究之一，”says lead researcher Michael Chaiton，首席研究员迈克尔查顿如是说，a research associate3 at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto他是多伦多大学安大略省烟草研究组织的助理研究员，“Although cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating effects or to improve mood，“尽管吸烟能在短时间能起到自我治疗的作用，能振奋精神，in the long term4从长远看we found that teens who started to smoke reported5 higher depressive symptoms.”但根据青少年自我报告的情况，我们发现，从长远看，吸烟的青少年往往有更多的抑郁症状。 As part of the study，这项研究的内容之一是，some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use of cigarettes to affect mood约662名高中生完成一份包括20道问题的问卷，问卷的问题是关于吸烟对情绪的影响。Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants，urban and rural schools，and schools located in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods6入选的中学学生既有讲法语的，也有讲英语的，他们就读的学校有城市的，也有乡村的，并分布在高档、中档和低档不同社区。Participants were divided into three groups: 参与调查者分成三组： never smokers；一组从不吸烟，smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate自我治疗，improve mood or physical state；一组吸烟但不是为了自我治疗，调节情绪或者改善身体状态，smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate另一组是利用吸烟自我治疗的吸烟者。Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how felt too fired to do things：参与者被问及下列问题：had trouble going to sleep or staying asleep；felt unhappy，sad，or depressed；felt hopeless about the future；felt vexed烦虑的，antsy烦躁的or tense；and worried too much about things多久会感到倦怠不堪，不想做任何事；多久会出现难以入睡甚至不能入睡的情况；每隔多久会不开心、难过或沮丧；多久会出现对未来绝望的心态；每隔多久会感到烦恼紧张，对所有事情都过分焦虑。收集到的答案用来衡量抑郁症状的轻重。 Smokers who used cigarettes as mood improvers had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked, says co-researcher Jennifer 0Loughlin，a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine7“通过吸烟缓解抑郁的吸烟者比不吸烟的青少年更容易加重抑郁症状，”蒙特利尔大学社会和预防医学系教授，研究合作者詹妮弗奥洛克林总结说，“0ur study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of developing depressive symptoms.我们研究发现，问卷反馈回来盼那些利用吸烟获得精神慰藉的青少年更容易加重抑郁。” The association between depression and smoking exists principally 一among teens that usecigarettes to feel better抑郁和吸烟之间的联系主要体现在那些利用吸烟愉悦心情的青少年身上。Its important to emphasize that depressive symptom scores8 were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke, says DrChaiton “值得重视的是，那些在问卷中反映吸烟能带来精神安慰的青少年，他们在问卷中所得的抑郁评分也较高，”查顿博士说。注释： 1the University of Toront0：(加拿大)多伦多大学 2the University of Montreal：(加拿大)蒙特利尔大学3research associate：助理研究员 4in the long term：从长远看5reported：用的是主动态，是自我“报告”的意思。研究人员用问卷的方式进行调查。被调查的青少年自我填写问题的答案。6high，moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods：高档、中档和低档社区7the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine：蒙特利尔大学社会和预防医学系。此处the University of Montreal是定语，修饰Department of Social and Preventive Medicine。 8scores：得分。指问卷的统计数字。Batteries Built by Viruses病毒电池 What do chicken水痘 pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢?Theyre all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms微生物that can pass from person to person这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。Its no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 steer clear of2 viruses is whats on peoples minds病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。 Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, though3然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些疾病携带者。In Cambridge, Massachusetts4, 在马萨诸塞州剑桥市， scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the worlds smallest rechargeable batteries他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。 Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，but theyre not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher，但这对于工程师安吉拉贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。who first came up with5 the idea安吉拉贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, 在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院， she and her collaborators合作者，协作者bring together different areas of science in new ways她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。In the case of the virus-built batteries, 在由病毒构成的电池里，the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。 Belchers team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang， an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery“Were working on things we traditionally dont associate with nature” says Hammond Many batteries are already pretty smallYou can hold AC and D batteries6 in your handThe coinlike batteries that power watches are often smaller than a pennyHowever。every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year beforeAs these devices shrink, ordinary batteries wont be small enough to fit inside The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small packageRight now，Belchers model battery，a metallic金属的disk completely built by viruses，looks like a regular watch batteryBut inside，its components are very smallso tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscopeHow small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size，pluck拔，摘，采one hair from your headPlace your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair ispretty thin，right? Although the width of each persons hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about l o of these virusbuilt battery parts，side to side，across one hairThese microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses7 许多电池已经很小了。A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。然而，个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。这些设备变小了，普通电池就无法安装进去了。 理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。目前，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池。但里面的部件却非常小小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。 这些电池部件到底有多小呢?从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度是不是很细呢?尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约l0个病毒电池部件。这些微电池可能会改变我们对病毒的看法。注释：1no wonder：不足为奇的，难怪2steer clear of：避开，绕开3though：意思为“然而，可是”。在句中使用时通常放在句末。4Cambridge，Massachusetts：马萨诸塞州的剑桥市。本文第三段提到的the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge即指坐落于剑桥市的麻省理工学院。麻省理工学院于1861年由著名自然科学家威廉巴罗吉杰斯创立。这是美国的一所私立研究型大学，培养高级科技人才和管理人才，是以理工科为主的、世界一流的综合性大学。5came up with：提出6A，C and D batteries：A、C、D均为电池型号。7These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses：这些微型电池可能会改变我们看待病毒的方式。作者想表达的意思是：人们一直认为病毒有害无益，现在病毒可用来制作电池，人们对病毒的看法可能会因此而发生变化。答案与题解：1C短文第一段的大致意思是，许多疾病都由病毒引起，诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人们想尽办法躲避病毒。这是C所表达的意思。A不是正确选择，因为文章并没有说人们想方设法去杀死病毒。B的后半句的内容(病毒肉眼看不见)和D的内容(吃药治疗病毒引起的疾病)文中没有提到.2C短文的第二段明确提供了答案。3D 根据上下文，shrink在此的意思是“收缩”，即“缩小”。所以，它的反义词是expand(增大，扩张)。C不是正确选择，因为extend的意思是become longer，即“延伸”或“加长”。A的意思是“加宽”，也不是答案。B的意思是“伸展，展开”，在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反义词，但在第五段这个语境里，B不是最佳选择。4D第六段第二句中提到的metallic disk是指“金属圆盘”，它是微型电池的外形，其内部是由病毒构成的电池部件。微型电池不是由金属组成的，所以A不是答案。本段提到，这种电池looks like a regular watch battery，与手表里电池外形相似，但并不等同手表电池，所以B也不是正确选择。文章只是说电池的部件(但并没有说整个电池)小到只能用显微镜才能看到，所以C也不是正确的选择。D才是第六段所要表达的主要内容，因此是答案。5A 短文最后一段的第四句(“you could probably fit about lo of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair”)提供了本题的答案。Longer Lives for Wild Elephants野生大象寿命更长 Most people think of zoos as safe places for animals，where struggles such as difficulty finding food and avoiding predators食肉动物dont exist. 多数人认为动物园对于动物来说是安全的，因为它们没有猎食的困难，也不受其他肉食动物的威胁； Without such problems, animals in zoos should live to a ripe成熟的old agel没有这些问题，所以动物园内的动物应该寿命较长。 But that may not be true for2 the largest land animals on Earth. 但是地球上最大的陆地动物却并非如此。Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor health科学家已经发现动物园里的大象面临着很多健康问题，They develop diseases，joint problems and behavior changes例如生病、关节问题和行为改变等，Sometimesthey even become infertile不生育的or unable to have babies有时甚至会失去生育能力。 To learn more about how captivity监禁；束缚affects elephants, 为了了解禁闭生活对大象的影响，a team of international scientists compared the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands一队国际科学家将在动物园出生的雌象与生活在自然环境中的雌象的寿命进行了对比。Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care，documenting factors such as birth dates，illnesses，weight and death动物园保留了所饲养动物的详细记录，包括出生Et期、疾病、体重，和死亡等因素。These records made it possible for the researchers to analyze 40 years of data on 800 African and Asian elephants in zoos across Europe有了这些记录，研究人员能够分析全欧洲800头非洲象和亚洲象历时40年的数据。The scientists compared the life spans of the zoo-born elephants with the life spans of thousands of female wild elephants in Africa and Asian elephants that work in logging camps3，over approximately the same time period科学家将动物园出生的大象与同一时间段的几千头非洲野生雌象、在伐木场劳动的亚洲象进行了寿命对比。 The team found that female African elephants born in zoos lived an average of l 6.9 years这些科学家发现，动物园出生的非洲雌象平均寿命是16.9年，Their wild counterparts who died of natural causes lived an average of 56 yearsmore than three times as long而自然死亡的野生大象平均寿命是56年是动物园大象的3倍多。Female Asian elephants followed a similar pattern亚洲雌象情况类似：In zoos, they lived l 89 s years, while those in the logging camps lived 41.7 years动物园雌象寿命是l8.9年，而伐木场雌象的寿命是41.7年。 Scientists dont yet know why wild elephants seem to fare过活，生活so much better than their zoo-raised counterparts科学家尚不清楚野生大象比动物园大象活得更好的原因。Georgia Mason，a biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada who led the study, 负责这一研究的加拿大圭尔夫大学生物学家乔治亚梅森认为，thinks stress and obesity过度肥胖；肥胖症may be to blame4压力和肥胖是问题的根源。Zoo elephants dont get the same kind of exercise they would in the wild，and most are very fat动物园大象不像野生大象那样活动，因此非常肥胖。Elephant social lives are also much different in zoos than in the wild，where they live in large herds and family groups动物园大象的社会生活也很不同，不像野生大象那样过着群居的生活。 Another finding from the study showed