第九讲 虚拟语气.doc

- 153 -第九讲 虚拟语气第九讲 虚拟语气一、虚拟语气与陈述语气的区别语气（mood）是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有陈述语气（indicative mood），祈使语气（imperative mood）以及虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）。陈述语气与虚拟语气所表示的概念不一样。前者陈述一个事实，或提出一个想法，而后者是用来表示非真实的假设，或者用来表示命令、建议或说话人的主观感想，它表达的是说话人的怀疑、忧虑、要求、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。此外，陈述语气与虚拟语气在形式上也不一样。例如：If it rains tomorrow, the match will be cancelled. 如果明天下雨，比赛就取消。（陈述语气，天气表明下雨的可能性很大）If it rained tomorrow, the match would be cancelled. 万一明天下雨，比赛就取消。（虚拟语气，说话人认为下雨的可能性很小）Oil floats if you pour it on water. 把没倒在水里，油就浮起来。（陈述语气，表示的假设是科学事实）If I have enough money next year, I will go to Japan. 假若明年有钱，我就去日本。（陈述语气，表示的假设是可能发生或实现的）二、虚拟语气用于非真实条件状语从句中1. 谓语形式非真实性条件句表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句和主句（表结果）皆须用虚拟语气。用于此处的虚拟语气有三种情况，分别是：与现在事实相反的虚拟语气；与过去事实相反的虚拟语气；与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。三种情况下的主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词时态对应形式如下表所示：从句谓语动词主句谓语动词与现在事实相反过去式 (be用were)would / should / could / might + 动词原形与过去事实相反had + 动词过去分词would / should / could / might + have + 动词过去分词与将来事实相反1）should + 动词原形2）were to + 动词原形would / should / could / might + 动词原形说明：1）与现在事实相反， If + 主语 + 过去式（be动词的过去式一律用were），主语 + would / should / could / might + 动词原形。例如：If I knew the answer to all your questions, Id be a genius. 假如我能回答你所有问题，那我就成天才了。（不可能实现的事实）What would you do if you saw an injured bird? 假如你看到一只受伤的鸟，你会怎么办？（与现实相反）2）与过去事实相反， If + 主语 + had + 过去分词，主语 + would / should / could / might + had + 过去分词。例如：The soup would have been better if it had had less salt. 这汤如果少放点盐就好了。（与过去事实相反）If it had been raining this morning, I would have taken my umbrella.如果今天上午一直下雨的话，我就会带着雨伞。（与过去事实相反）3）与将来事实相反， If + 主语 + should / were to + 动词原形，主语 + would / should / could / might + 动词原形。例如：What would happen, if I put the paper on the fire? 假如我把纸放在火上，那会怎么样？（与将来事实可能相反）If it should rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off. 要是明天下雨的话，足球赛将会推迟。（表示将来情况成为事实的可能性极小）2. 连词if的省略当虚拟条件从句中含有助动词had, were, should时，可将它们提到句首而省略连词if。例如：Were you in my position (=If you were in my position), you would do the same.假如你处在我的位置，你也会这样干的。Had I time (=If I had time), I would come. 假如我有时间，我会来的。Had they not (= If they hadnt) wasted their time, they would have arrived there on time.要不是他们浪费时间，他们肯定会按时到那儿的。Should they attack us (= If they should attack us), well wipe them out completely.假如他们进攻我们的话，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。 注意，在否定的条件从句中，not等否定副词不能同时提前。如我们可以说：Were it not their fault, we wouldnt have done so bad. 要不是因为他们的过失，我们怎么也不会做得这么糟糕。但不以说：Werent (Were not) it their fault, we wouldnt have done so bad.3. 错综时间非真实条件句中的主句和从句可以表示时间层面（现在、过去或将来）相同的情况（如上述表格说明的情况），也可以表示在不同的时间层面下发生的动作或存在的状态，即主句与从句动作不在同一时间发生，这就是错综时间虚拟条件句，也即通常所说的混合虚拟条件句。在这种情况下，主句与从句谓语动词的形式必须根据各自表示的具体时间加以调整。例如：If you were older, I would have allowed you to go there alone yesterday. 如果你再大点，我就会让你昨天自己去那里。（现在与过去的交错）If they hadnt been trained hard, they wouldnt be doing so well now. 如果他们没有被认真培训过，他们现在就不会干得这么好了。（过去与现在交错）If the work were going on smoothly now, the whole work would be completed next week.如果目前进展顺利的话，全部工作到下周就会完成。（现在与将来的交错）If it hadnt been raining those days, the work would be completed next week. 如果不是那些天一直下雨的话，这工作下周就可以完成。（过去与将来交错）4. 含蓄条件非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不明显地表示出来，只暗含在上下文中，或是用某些介词短语、副词、连词、比较级、非谓语形式、并列分句等方式含蓄地表示出来，这就是含蓄条件句。例如：That would have been considered miraculous in the past. 要是在过去，那会被看作是奇迹的。（隐匿条件）A more careful student wouldnt have made such glaring mistake. 一个认真一些的学生是不会犯这样明显错误的。（隐匿条件）But for their help, we couldnt have finished the work on time. 要不是他们帮助，我们不会按时完成工作。（介词短语引起）Without trees our entire world would be a much drier place. 如果没有树木的话，整个世界会变得更干燥。（介词without引起）Given more attention, the work could have been better. (过去分词引起)The traffic was very heavy, otherwise I would have been here 50 minutes sooner.(并列分句表示虚拟)此外，非真实条件句除用if 引导外，还可以用when, unless, lest, suppose (supposing), as if / though, in case, even if / though, for fear that, on condition that等词语引导。例如：Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否则我不会上学。Susan is walking slowly as if she were tired. 苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。Suppose / Supposing you were given a chance to study in America, would you accept it? 假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？Even if you had enough money, you could never buy health and happiness.即使你有足够的钱，你也买不来健康和幸福。还有一种省去（表结果的）主句的非真实条件句，它常表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用if (only) 来引导。如：If I had never married. 我要是不结婚就好了。If only you would listen to reason. 你如听从道理就好了。 三、虚拟语气用于名词性从句中1. 虚拟语气用于主语从句中在主语从句中，虚拟语气用should + 动词原形，should可以省略，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。常用于下面三种结构中： 型如：It is / was strange (important, necessary, incredible, urgent, possible, natural, desirable, advisable, essential, preferable, ridiculous, vital, imperative, best, appropriate, obligatory, proper, crucial, etc.) that。例如：It is necessary that he be sent to prison at once. 他必须被立即送往监狱。It will be better that we (should) meet some other time. 我们最好是另改时间约会吧。 型如：It is / was a pity (shame, wish, no wonder, suggestion, etc.) that。例如：Its my desire that a medical man should stay here. 我希望有一个医务人员在这里。It was Toms suggestion that everyone have a map. 汤姆建议每人有张地图。It is thought to be of importance to a man that he know himself.一个了解自己被认为是很重要的。 型如：It is / was suggested (desired, settled, proposed, requested, decided, advised, agreed, declared, ordered, demanded, arranged, recommended, required, urged, preferred, expected, planned, etc.) that。例如：It was arranged that they should leave the following spring. 按照安排他们第二年春天离开。It is desired that we should get everything ready by tonight. 希望我们能在今天晚上之前将一切准备就绪。It was not to be expected that the enemy should give up fighting without a struggle. 不要期望敌人会放弃挣扎。2虚拟语气用于宾语从句中虚拟语气用于宾语从句中又有四种情况： 用在动词wish后面，表示愿望。宾语从句可以用过去式表示与现在事实相反；用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反；用“would / could等 + 动词原形”则表示将来不能实现的愿望。可译作“可惜”，“就好了”，“悔不该”，“但愿”等。例如：I wish I were as strong as you. 我要是和你一样强壮就好了。How I wish I had gone there with you! 多么希望我和你一起去那儿。I wish you would stay a little longer. 希望你再待一会儿。 用在would / had rather, would (just) as soon, would sooner等后面的宾语从句中。从句中使用过去式表示某种愿望（英式英语）或者与现在事实相反的愿望（美式英语）；使用过去完成时则表示与过去事实相反的愿望。例如：Id rather you came next weekend. 我宁愿你下周到来。（愿望）Jane would rather it were winter now. 简宁愿现在是冬季。（与现在事实相反的愿望）Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to someone else. 我宁愿她把重活留给别人。Tom would rather that his brother hadnt gone to the park last Sunday. (In fact, his brother had gone to) 用在一些表主观意愿、心理活动等意义的动词引起的宾语从句中。宾语从句要用should + 动词原形或只用动词原形。这类动词有：suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist, advise, beg, decide, deserve, determine, prefer, inquire, recommend, urge, vote, ask, suppose, promise, declare, maintain (坚持认为)，etc. 例如：The teacher recommended that each student (should) buy the dictionary. 老师推荐让每个学生都买这个词典。The boss ordered that the goods be delivered at once. 老板指令这些商品立即运出。I propose that we not set off early. 我建议不要出发这么早。In the past men generally preferred that their wives work at home. 过去男人们一般喜欢让妻子在家里干活。The doctor suggested that the patient should have a bath every day.医生建议病人每天都要洗澡。 在形式宾语句中，如果宾语补足语是由上述主语从句中型提到的形容词，则真正的宾语也要用虚拟语气即should + 动词原形或只用动词原形。如：I think it advisable that we not take any action against it for the time being. 建议目前不采取任何行动反对这件事。I dont think it desirable that this method be introduced at once. 我认为还不需要马上介入这种方法。3虚拟语气用于表语从句和同位语从句中从句谓语动词用should + 动词原形或只用动词原形。主要用在上述动词和形容词的同源名词，如advice, agreement, bill (议案、决议), command, condition, decision, idea, hope, wish, importance, order, plan, preference, proposal, regulation, request, requirement, suggestion等名词引起的表语从句和同位语从句中。例如：The doctors advice is that the patient be kept quiet. 医生建议让病人保持安静。（表从）Our demand is that another experiment be made. 我们要求再做一次实验。（表从）His order that the troops not be sent at once was carried out.他的不要立即派遣军队的命令被执行了。（同位语从句）What do you think of the idea that we go out for dinner this evening? 今晚我们出去吃饭，你认为这个主意怎么样？（同位语从句）四、虚拟语气用于定语从句中这种从句常用在型如：it is / was (high, about) time that 句型中。从句的谓语动词用过去式，be动词用were 表示，意为“该到的时候了”，含有“已经晚了一点”的意思。例如：It is time we left. 我们该走了。It is about time you got dressed. 你该穿好衣服了。It is high time he were taught a lesson. 该是他接受教训的时候了。五、虚拟语气在简单句中的应用情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常用在日常会话中（参见情态动词的用法）。例如：It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 对你来说不要熬夜太晚会更好。Would you mind opening the door? 你不介意把门打开吧？Would you please do me a favor? 请你帮我个忙好吗？Would you like a cup of tea? 来杯茶吧？I would like to thank you again. 我想要再谢谢你。I wouldnt have dreamed of it. 我做梦都不会想到的。You might stay here forever. 你可以永远呆在这儿。What would you think of my sister singing? 你认为我妹妹唱得怎么样？How should I know? 我怎么会知道呢？六、虚拟语气用于某些公式化语句中这种形式的虚拟语气常以动词原形用在某些公式化语句中，可表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义。例如：Long live our motherland! 祖国万岁！God bless you! 上帝保佑你！God damn it! 该死的！ Heaven forbid! 天理不容！So be it then. 但愿如此 / 就这样吧。Far be it from me to spoil the fun. 我极不愿扫人的兴。Suffice it to say that the manager is on the whole pleased with his work. 只说这样一句就够了：经理对他的工作基本满意。May you have a pleasant journey. 祝你旅途愉快。（may须置于句首）Long may you live! 祝你长寿！Let it be understood that both sides are willing to reach an agreement. 应该理解的是，双方都乐意达成协议。Home is home, be it ever so homely. 尽管很朴素，家毕竟是家。（让步）Everything around us, be it air or water or stone, is matter. 我们周围的一切，无论是空气、水还是石头，都是物质。（表让步）Be he too weak to walk too much, I will advise him to walk a little every day. 尽管他很虚弱，不能多走，我还是劝他每天走走。（表让步）七、考点聚焦和点拨虚拟语气是近年来PET考试的一个必测项目，测试内容涉及到虚拟语气的各个方面。虚拟语气的用法比较复杂，但就考点来看不外乎上述六大方面的用法。解这类题的关键是要迅速发现题中的信号词，确定虚拟语气适用类型（上述六个方面），然后按各类虚拟语气的特定表达方式确定动词的形式。同时还要考虑是用主动语态还是被动语态。真题回放1. The manager of the company insisted that all the staff members _ the new safety rules. (02.6A)A) would observe B) observe C) observed D) will observe 2. I think its high time we _ strict measures to stop pollution. (02.12A)A) will take B) take C) took D) have taken 3. _ last Friday, he would have got to Paris. (03.6A)A) Would he leave B) Had he left C) If he is to leave D) If he was leaving4. We could not have fulfilled the task in time if it _ for their help. (04.6A)A) was not B) is not C) had not been D) has not been 5. I could have called you yesterday, but I _ your telephone number. (01.6A)A) didnt have B) wont have C) hadnt had D) wouldnt have 6. Frankly speaking, Id rather you (say) _ nothing about it for the time being. (03.12A)7. Is it necessary that the task (finish) _ today? (99.6A)8. (Give) _ more instructions, the students would have done the exercises much better. (04.6A)答案解析1. 正确答案为B。本题考查的是be-型虚拟语气，即不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用should + 动词原形，should可以省略。be-型虚拟语气主要用在主语从句，一些表主观意愿、心理活动等意义的动词引起的宾语从句及上述动词和形容词的同源名词引起的表语从句和同位语从句中。2. 正确答案为C。It is high time (that)这个句型的意思是“现在是必须的时候了”，从句的谓语动词要用过去式形式，表示对现在时态的虚拟语气。3. 正确答案为B。虚拟语气用于表示过去的条件句中，主句用would have + 过去分词，从句用had + 过去分词。从句中有助动词had等时，往往可以省略if而把had等提到句首。 4. 正确答案为C。虚拟语气用于表示过去的条件句中，句式结构为：主句用主语+ would / should / could / might have + 过去分词，从句用if + 主语 + had + 过去分词，表示与过去事实相反的假设。5. 正确答案为A。本题考查的是一种混合语气句式。前一分句是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟结果句，谓语动词用虚拟语气；而but之后的分句说明过去的一个事实，而不是假设，要用与yesterday保持一致时间的陈述语气。注意，此题与错综时间虚拟条件句表达的意义并不一样。6. 正确答案为said。would rather / sooner型虚拟语气句中，动词用过去式，表示“宁愿”、“希望”或婉转的责备。7. 正确答案为be finished。本题考查的是be-型虚拟语气句。应当注意的是，从句主语task与动词finish之间具有逻辑上的动宾（或被动）关系，要用被动语态形式。8. 正确答案为Given。含蓄条件句。非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不明显地表示出来，只暗含在上下文中，或是用某些介词短语、副词、连词、比较级、非谓语形式、并列分句等方式含蓄地表示出来。此句的条件从句可以补充为If they had been given more instructions。八、专题训练I) Choose the best from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. 1. This ATM has been out of service for a few days. It should _ last week. A) fix B) be fixed C) have fixed D) have been fixed 2. We didnt finish the work in time. You _ us since you were there. A) might help B) should help C) could have helped D) must have helped3. _ he was seriously ill, I wouldnt have told him the truth. A) If I knew B) If I know C) Had I known D) Did I know 4. The manager has requested that every department head _ a meeting on Oct. 5.A) attended B) attends C) attend D) to attend5. I didnt go with them to the beach yesterday. But I do wish I _ there. A) have been B) had been C) was D) am 6. Its high time we _ something to stop road accidents. A) did B) are doing C) will do D) do 7. It is important that the committee _ about the project at once. A) will be informed B) be informed C) is informed D) being informed 8. It is necessary that the problem _ in some way or other. A) is settled B) was settled C) be settled D) has been settled 9. If I _ in your age, I would join the army. A) am B) was C) should be D) were 10. If Watergate _, Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency. A) had not occurred B) did not occur C) had not been occurred D) were not to occur 11. The professor gave orders that the test _ before 5:30. A) be finished B) will finish C) will be finished D) would be finished 12. The dean of studies would have come to see you had it been possible, but he _ so busy then. A) had been B) would be C) were D) w