无锡市2014年高三英语一轮复习(艺考生)：专题十情态动词和虚拟语气学生版.doc

【知识要点】 虚拟语气的基本用法一、语气的定义和种类1.语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2.语气的种类1)陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？How good a teacher she is! 她是多好的一位老师啊！2)祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：Never be late again! 再也不要迟到了。Dont forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。3)虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观 愿望、假设或推测等。如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed! 祝您成功！二、简单句中的虚拟语气1.情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office？请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。2.表祝愿1)常用“may+动词原形”表示“祝愿，但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）如：May good luck be yours! 祝你好运！May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就！May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩得痛快。May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。May you be happy. (注意be) 祝你幸福。2)用动词原形，如：Long live the people! 人民万岁！“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！3.表示强烈愿望（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）4.表命令1)命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。2)句子尾通常加上感叹号：！ 3)虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be, go4)否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词do，加上not。Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气) 别工作那么卖力。5.在一些习惯表达中，如：Youd better set off now.你最好现在就出发。Id rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。三、名词性从句中的虚拟语气1.宾语从句中的虚拟语气1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：从句用过去时或过去进行时(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be用were，实义动词用过去式。如：I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)I wish I were a bird.但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。如：I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadnt wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)He wishes he hadnt lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)： 从句动词“would/should/could/might+动词原形”(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。如：I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop) 我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)I wish you would be quiet.(would + be) 我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive) 你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到) 注意： 如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。如：I wished I hadnt spent so much money. 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。如果that 从句中用would, 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求。如：I wish you would help me. 我希望你能帮我。2)在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的that从句应用虚拟语气，且均以should+动词原形表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order表示“主张”的：maintain, urge表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist 如：When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job.”当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work.他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English speaking country.我们建议学生应在说英语的国家待上两三年。在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如：order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +. (should) doI suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 我建议我们下周开个会。注意：在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气。 She insists that she is right. 她坚持说她是对的。She insisted that I should finish the work at once.她一再坚持我应该马上完成这项工作。或者说，suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。判断改错: (错)Your pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.(对)Your pale face suggests that you are ill.(错)I insisted that you (should) be wrong.(对) I insisted that you were wrong. 3)在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等。I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。4)would rather，would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 would rather, would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去时表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。表示“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事的懊悔”。 The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office.经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。To be frank，Id rather you were not involved in the case.坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。Id rather you didnt make any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。注意：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形I would rather stay at home today.今天我愿待在家里。would rather.than.中用动词原形I would rather stay at home than go out today. 今天我想待在家里而不想外出。5)“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书并留在那，但她说她喜欢留在中国。2.主语从句中的虚拟语气1)“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that.”结构中的虚拟语气在It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that.结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should 动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去should）常用的形容词：natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)，necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)，probable (很可能的), possible (可能的) desirable (极好的)，advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），incredible（惊人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（紧迫的）。常用的过去分词(Past Participle): required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求), desired (要求)，suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)，ordered (命令) 如：It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible.这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。注意：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。2）在It is 名词that.的主语从句中的虚拟语气在It is 名词that的主语从句中，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词有：advice，decision，desire，demand，idea，motion，order，pity，preference，proposal，recommendation，requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。如：It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad.我建议派他去国外深造。3.虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should 动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有： demand (要求), desire (请求),requirement (要求)，advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)，order (命令)，necessity (必要地), preference (优先)，proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法)， recommendation以及resolution等。如：We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone.由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。虚拟语气考点透析 考点一、虚拟语气的基本用法 1.与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，基本结构为：主语+动词的一般过去时（be动词用were）+其他成分+if+should/would/could.+动词原形+其他成分。例如： If it were not for the fact that she _ sing，I would invite her to the party. A.couldnt B.shouldnt C.cant D.might not 2.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，基本结构为：主语+动词的过去完成时+其他成分+if+should/would/could.+have done+其他成分。例如： If the weather had been better，we could have had a picnic.But it _ all day. A.rained B.rains C.has rained D.is raining 3.与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，基本结构为：主语+动词的一般过去时/should do/were to do+其他成分+if+should/would/could.+动词原形+其他成分。例如： If I _ plan to do anything I want to，Id like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. A.would B.could C.had to D.ought to 考点二、含蓄虚拟条件句 这样的虚拟句不含有if从句，而是以but for/without/or/otherwise等引导的句子代替if从句，主句的谓语动词的形式与前面虚拟语气的基本用法相同。例如： Thank you for all your hard work last week.I dont think we _ it without you. A.can manage B.could have managed C.could managed D.can have managed 考点三、主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句 在有些虚拟条件句中，主从句时间不一致，应根据不同情况区别对待。例如： Its hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A.wouldnt have fallen B.had not fallen C.should fall D.were to fall 考点四、名词性从句中的虚拟语气 在含有表示坚持、建议、命令、要求等含义的名词性从句和在it做形式宾语或形式主语的复合句中，宾语补足语是necessary/strange/essential/natural/a pity/a shame等表示“惊奇、惋惜或者理应如此”等含义时，从句中的谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”，其中should可以省略。例如： Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York？ I agree，but the problem is _ he has refused to. A.will not be sent；that B.not be sent；that C.should not be sent；what D.should not send；what 考点五、wish/if only/would rather从句中的虚拟语气 具体说来其基本结构为：wish/if only/would rather+主语+动词一般过去时（表示与现在事实相反，其中be动词用were）/动词过去完成时（表示与过去事实相反）/would+动词原型（表示与将来事实相反）。例如： Look at the trouble Im in，if only I _ your advice！ A.followed B.would follow C.had followed D.should follow 典题链接1. She might have been in time for the train, but she _ late.A. startedB. has startedC. was to startD. had started2. I lost your cell phone number, otherwise, I _ you long before.A. had calledB. have calledC. would have calledD. should call3.Its so near! We should have walked there.Yes, a taxi _ necessary at all.A. wasntB. isntC. hadnt beenD. wont be4. _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the sports meeting.A. WouldB. ShouldC. MightD. If5._ the traffic jam, we would have arrived earlier.A. In spite ofB. Because ofC. But forD. Due to6. Without your timely help, we _ in big trouble that day.A. had beenB. would beC. would have beenD. were7. Its high time you _ to make the decision yourself.A. shall learnB. learnC. learntD. have learnt8. If you _ me earlier, you _ sorry now.A. had listened to; wouldnt have beenB. were to listen to; shouldnt have beenC. had listened to; wouldnt beD. listened to; wouldnt be9.Im feeling terribly drunk now.Well, Id rather you _ like a fish in the party.A. didnt drinkB. hadnt drunkC. werent drinkingD. not drink10. The man insisted that he_ nothing wrong and _ free.A. did; setB. had done; should be setC. do; be setD. had done; must be set11. If only I _ an umbrella! I was wet through.A. tookB. should takeC. had takenD. take虚拟语气考点典型陷阱题分析1. I forget where I read the article, or I _ it to you now. A. will showB. would showC. am going to showD. am showing 2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _.”A. Hed better give up drinkingB. He shouldnt have drunk so muchC. Health is more important than drinkD. I wonder why he is always doing so3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _ you if you had so high a fever.”A. doB. areC. willD. would4. “He will come tomorrow.” “But Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow.”A. will comeB. is comingC. cameD. had come又如：Id rather you left right now. 我宁愿你现在就离开。I would much rather it was forgotten. 我更愿这事被遗忘掉。Id rather he hadnt told me about it. 我宁愿他没告诉我这事。请再做以下试题：(1) “Shall I come tomorrow ?” “Id rather you _.”A. wontB. didntC. dontD. wouldnt (2) “Ive told him about it.” “But Id rather you _.”A. didntB. hadntC. dontD. wouldnt (3) “He will take you as well.” “But Id rather he _.”A. wontB. didntC. doesntD. wouldnt 5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he _ at once.A. should be; be operated onB. were; must be operated onC. was; should be operatedD. was; be operated on请做以下类似试题：(1) The patient insisted that he _ ill and _ to the hospital.A. wasnt, wasnt sentB. wasnt, shouldnt be sentC. shouldnt be, wasnt sentD. shouldnt be, shouldnt be sent(2) The man in prison insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ set free.A. should do, should beB. had done, should beC. had done, had beenD. should do, had been(3) I advised that he _ to the hospital at once, but he insisted that he _ quite well then.A. was sent; feltB. be sent; was feelingC. he sent; feelD. should be sent; should feel6. _ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung. A. Was he given upB. Had he given up C. Did he giveD. If he gave up又如：Were they to cease advertising, prices would come down.= If they were to cease advertising, prices would come down. 如果他们停止做广告，价钱会降下来。Had I been there, I would have filmed the occasion.= If I had been there, I would have filmed the occasion. 如果我在那里，我会把那场面拍摄下来了。精编陷阱题训练1. “I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.” “Its time you _.”A. doB. did C. hadD. would2. If I hadnt been lucky enough to meet you. I really _ what I would have done.A. dont knowB. hadnt knownC. wasnt knowingD. wouldnt know3. “Ive told everyone about it.” “Oh, Id rather you _.”A. dontB. hadntC. couldntD. wouldnt4. It has been raining for a day, but even though it hadnt rained, we _ there by tomorrow. A. cant getB. wont getC. hadnt gotD. wouldnt get5. “Do you know his address?” “No, I also wish I _ where he _.”A. knew, liveB. knew, livesC. know, livesD. know, lived 6. “Isnt it about time you _ to do morning exercises?” “Yes, it is. Would you like to join us?”A. beginB. have begunC. beganD. had begun7. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldnt have fallenB. had not fallenC. should fallD. were to fall8. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _ a goal.A. had scoredB. scoredC. would scoreD. would have scored9. If only he _ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. A. liesB. layC. had lainD. should lie10. Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night _ for us to live. A. would be freezing coldB. will be freezing coldlyC. would be frozen coldD. can freeze coldly11. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she _ something she would regret later. A. had saidB. saidC. might sayD. might have said12. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired.A. drove; didnt getB. drove; wouldnt getC. were driving; wouldnt getD. had driven; wouldnt have got13. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaksB. has brokenC. were brokenD. had been broken14. But for the help you gave me, I _ the examinations.A. would have passedB. would passC. wouldnt have passedD. wouldnt pass 情态动词的基本用法1.比较can 和be able to1)cancould 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could)，只用于现在时和过去时(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。2)只用be able to中情况：位于助动词后；情态动词后；表示过去某时刻动作时；用于句首表示条件；表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.=He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.战争爆发前，他就逃离欧洲了。注意：could不表示时态，表示提出委婉的请求（注意在回答中不可用could）。在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。Could I have the television on?Yes，you can./No，you cant.He couldnt be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。2.比较may和might1)表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。May God bless you!愿上帝保佑你！He might be at home.他有可能在家。注意：might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。2) may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为“不妨，还是好”。You may(just) as well tell me the truth.你还是对我说实话好。3.比较have to和must1)两词都是“必须”的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，即主观上的必要。My brother was very ill，so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事） 2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。He had to look after his sister yesterday. 昨天他不得不照看他的妹妹。3)在否定结构中：dont have to 表示“不必”；mustnt表示“禁止”You dont have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。You mustnt tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。4.must表示推测1)must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。2)must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。比较：He must be staying there.他现在肯定在那里。He must stay there.他必须待在那里。 3)must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。I didnt hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。4)must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。Why didnt you answer my phone call?Well，I must have been sleeping，so I didnt hear it.5)否定推测用cant。If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock，he cant be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。5.表示推测的用法can，could，may，might，must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：1)情态动词+动词原形表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。I dont know where she is，she may be in Wuhan.我不知道她在哪儿，她可能在武汉。2)情态动词+动词现在进行时表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。At this moment，our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。3)情态动词+动词完成时表示对过去情况的推测。We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年12月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。The road is wet.It must have rained last night.地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。Your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。5)推测的否定形式，疑问形式用cant，couldnt表示。Mike cant have found his car，for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。注意：could，might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can，may。6.情态动词+have+过去分词1)may(might)have+done sth.can (could)have+done sth.表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。Philip may (might)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.飞利浦在那场车祸中有可能伤的很严重。2)must ha