英语句子结构_词法__句法.doc

英语词法和句法 1.词法(morphology)词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法。英语词类的形式变化有：名词和代词的数、格和性的形式变化；动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化；以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。2.句法(syntax)句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律。 词类和句子成分的关系 在句子里，一定的句子成分由一定的词类来担任。现将哪些句子成分通常由哪些词类来担任列述如下：主语：名词和代词Beijing is the capital of our country.北京是我国的首都。(名词Beijing作主语)She is fond of sports.她爱好运动。(代词She作主语)谓语动词：动词My brother rides. his bicycle to work.我哥哥骑自行车上班。(动词rides作谓语动词)表语：名词、代词和形容词His father is a doctor.他父亲是个医生。(名词doctor作表语)The lesson is easy and Short.这课书又容易又短。(形容词easy和short作表语)That classroom is ours，那个教室是我们的。(代词ours作表语)宾语：名词和代词I love music.我热爱音乐。(名词music作宾语)The medicine is good for her.这药对她有效。(代词her作宾语)定语：形容词Li Hong is an excellent teacher.李红是一位好老师。(形容词excellent作定语)状语：副词Our monitor does well in English.我们班长英语学得好。(副词well作状语)句子成分(members of the sentence)概念句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。句子成分分类1主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：讲述“谁”We work in a big factory. 讲述“什么”The classroom is very big. 数词作主语Three are enough. 三个人就够了不定式作主语To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.从句作主语What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物. 在“There be ”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：There are some bottles of milk in the box. 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house.2谓语谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如：He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job.He can speak German.3表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。 形容词作表语You look younger than before. 名词作表语 My father is a teacher. 副词作表语Everyone is here.介词短语作表语They are at the theatre.不定式作表语My job is to teach them English.动名词作表语Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.4宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如：名词作宾语He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语He often helps me.不定式作宾语He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China.从句做宾语I believe that they can finish the work in time.直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。5宾语的补足语 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:名词作宾补If you let me go, Ill make you king.形容词作宾补Dont make your hands dirty.副词作宾补We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building.带to的不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to lie down.现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken.在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有：“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。 We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如：Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如： Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home.When got there, we found him out.“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如： We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种： A 要求带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。 I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。 I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. 形式宾语形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.宾语+what 从句Call me what you like.Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.6定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如： 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine. 代词作定语 Whats your name?名词作定语They made some paper flowers.介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink.从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如： Well go to have something English. If you dont know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me?介词短语作定语时要后置。如： Do you know the boy behind the tree?The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink? I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.注 动词不定式作主语时，to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。 Do you have any piece of music to listen to? nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.7状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如： He did it carefully They missed me very much. Without his help, we couldnt work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well.短语、从句和句子 短语(phrase)具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词，叫做短语。短语在句子里可以单独作为一个句子成分。短语的种类很多，但本书只用下列几个短语名称：a)不定式短语(infinitive phrase)如He 1ikes to read newspapers after lunch(他喜欢在午饭后读报)中的to read newspapers after lunch。b)动名词短语(gerundial phrase)如：Staying indoors all day is unhealthy(整天呆在家里不利于健康)中的staymg indoors all day。c)分词短语(participial phrase)如：I saw many people walking along the lake(我看见许多人在湖边散步)中的walking along the lake。d)介词短语(prepositional phrase)如：He came by bus(他乘公共汽车来)中的by bus。从句(clause)内含主语部分和谓语部分，表达一定的概念，但不成为一个独立句子的一组词，叫做从句。从句在句子里可以作为一个句子成分，一般由连词、关系代词或关系副词所引导。从句在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等句子成分；a)主语从句(subject clause)如What I want to say is this(我要说的是这么一点)中的what I want to say。b)表语从句(predicative clause)如This is what I want to say(这是我要说的)中的what I want to say。c)宾语从句(object clause)如I have said what I want to say(我说完了我要说的话)中的what I want to say。d)定语从句(attributive clause)如This is the thing I want to say(这就是我要说的)中的I want to say。e)状语从句(adverbial clause)如If you want to say something，say it clearly(假如你要说什么，就应说清楚)中的if you want to say something。从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：a)简单句(simple sentence)只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分，如：The peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.中华人民共和国于一九四九年成立。b)并列句(compound sentence)包括两个或两个以上的简单句，中间常由连词连接，如：Toms father worked from morning till night but he got very little money.汤姆的父亲从早干到晚，但挣得的钱很少。c)复合句(complex sentence)内含一个或一个以上的从句，如：Its a long time since I saw you last.好久没有看见你了。从说话人说话的目的来看，句子可分为：a)陈述句(declarative sentence)用来叙述一件事，如：I saw him yesterday.昨天我看见他了。b)疑问句(interrogative sentence)用来提出疑问，如：Did you see him yesterday?你昨天见到他了吗?c)祈使句(imperative sentence)表示请求、命令等，如：Please come in.请进来。d)感叹句(exclamatory sentence)表示喜怒等各种情感，如：What a beautiful voice she has!她嗓子多好啊!英语句型一、简单句（the simple sentence）在英语中，每出现一次主谓结构就构成一个句子。 主语(Subject)+谓语（Predicate）谓语分为 简单谓语 和 复合谓语 。简单谓语 是指谓语由一个动词或短语动词充当。复合谓语 包括两种情况：动词性复合谓语、名词性复合谓语。其中动词性复合谓语由“情态动词(modal verb)+不定式”构成；名词性复合谓语由“系动词（vi）+表语”构成。谓语的形式及时态被主语所限定，因主语的改变而相应的改变 ，因此称谓语为限定形式；称非限定形式为非谓语动词。 非谓语动词由不定式（to do）、动名词(-ing)、分词(-ed、-ing) 充当。第一句型 主语 +不及物动词(vi) 1. We study hard at school everyday. 主语 vi 方式状语 地点状语 时间状语 2.He slept alone for three hours in the bedroom. 主语 vi 方式状语 时间状语 地点状语 3.Stpehen apologized to us for his words at once. 主语 vi 宾补 原因状语 时间状语第二句型 主语+系动词+表语（Predicative） 系动词不能独立构成谓语，须和表语连在一起才能构成谓语。系动词的分类：感官动词Look, sound, taste, smell, appear终止性动词表变化的动词Become, come, get, make, run, work表依旧的动词Remain, stay, stand, keep, continue延续性动词1. House are too expensive in the big city now.主语 系动词 程度状语 表语 地点时间状语2. None of these answers is right.主语 主语的定语 系动词 表语 3. He is my brothers best friend in their school. 主语 系 定语 表语 地点状语(修饰名词的单词或短语叫定语；修饰谓语动词的单词或短语叫状语)第三句型（并列宾语） 主语+及物动词（vt）+宾语(Object) 1. He left his wallet at home this moring. 主语 vt 宾语 地点状语 时间状语2. My mother enjoy the play very much. 主语 vt 宾语 程度状语3. You must have meet her yesterday. 主语 助动词 vt 宾语 时间状语第四句型（双宾语） 主语+vt+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物） 一般情况句型四中间接宾语放在直接宾语之前，若要把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前则要在直接宾语与间接宾语之间加“to”或“for”（sth. tofor sb.）。 常见的to for动词如下: For buy, choose, cook , fetch, find, doGet, leave, make, order, paint, playSave, sing, spare, win, gain, prepare To Afford, allow, assign, award, bring, denyGive, hard, lend, offer, owe, passPromise, send, post, pay, refuse, recommendReturn, sell, show, teach, tell, throw, wish 句型四的被动语态只能提前一个宾语，另一个宾语仍放在谓语动词之后，未被提前的这个宾语叫保留宾语(画“”的部分)。1.The firm give Sam a beautiful gold watch 前位定语 主语 vt 间接宾语 前位定语 宾语 as a present for his work. 目的状语被动语态1(提前间接宾语)：Sam was given a beauitiful gold watch as a present for his work.被动语态2（提前直接宾语）：A beautiful gold watch was given to Sam as a present for his work.2.He showed me his new cellphone bought last week 主语 vt 间宾 直接宾语 过去分词短语作定语just now.时间状语上面句中的“a”“beautiful”“gold”“his”“new”为单个的定语（非短语、句子）其位置应在所修饰的词之前。第五句型（复合宾语） 主语+vt+宾语（Object）+宾语补足语该句型中“宾语+宾语补足语”这种结构合称为复合宾语（The structure of complex object）。常见复合宾语：drivemake sb madcrazywildget sth cleandirtydrywetopenshutclosedkeepleave sthsb coolfreshshutopensafeorderlywipe sth cleandryout该句型变被动语态时宾补（在被动语态中叫主补）不得提前。该句型中宾补由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语及非谓语动词充当，其中非谓语动词包括不定式和分词，在该句型中不定时可以省略不定时符号“to”。省略不定式符号的动词共“11个半”：help(可省可不省)feelhear,listenhave,make,letsee,notice,watch,observe,look at半个“帮助”，一个“感觉”，两个听说，三个“让”，四个“看”。以上这些词其后有不定时做宾补时省略“to”,被动时还原“to”。1.The parents called their baby “Tony”. 前位定语 主语 vt 定语 宾语 宾语补足语2.We all made my deskmate monitor of the class. 主语 同位语 vt 定语 宾语 宾补 宾补的定语3.We found it hard to keep food fresh in hot days. 主语 vt 形式宾语 宾补 keep的复合宾语 状语 词序(word order) 词序就是词或句子成分在句子中的排列顺序。英语里的词和句子成分在句子里的位置比较固定。现将句子成分和虚词在陈述句中的一般位置举例说明如下：1)主语的位置 在陈述句基本结构的最前面。如：We help each other.我们互相帮助。2)谓语动词的位置 在主语之后。如：We go to school every day.我们每天上学。3)表语的位置 在连系动词之后。如：Its fine today.今天天气很好。4)宾语的位置 在及物动词或介词之后。如：I like this place.我喜欢这个地方。(及物动词的宾语的位置)There are many trees in this place.这地方有许多树。(介词的宾语的位置)5)定语的位置 单词作定语，一般放在被修饰语的前面，短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰语的后面。如：The school library has many books on agriculture.校图书馆有许多关于农业的书。(many和on agriculture，都修饰books，many在books的前面，on agriculture则在它的后面)6)状语的位置 修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前；修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前，有的放在动词之后。如动词有宾语，状语一般须放在宾语之后。如：The Summer Palace is very beautiful.颐和园非常美丽。(very为状语，修饰形容词beautiful，放在beautiful之前)I know him well.我十分了解他。(well为状语，修饰动词know，放在know之后)The students often go on a picnic.这些学生经常出去野餐。(often为状语，修饰动词go，放在它的前面)We take exercise every day.我们每天都运动。(every day为状语，修饰动词take，在宾语exercise之后)注关于以上所讲各个句子成分在句子里的位置，详见第十六章各有关部分。7)冠词的位置 冠词在名词之前。如：I met a friend at the bus-stop.我在公共汽车站遇到一位朋友。8)介词的位置 介词一般也放在名词或代词之前。如：There is a map of China on the wall.墙上有一幅中国地图。9)连词的位置 连词一般放在同类的词、短语或从句之间。如：They worked quickly and efficiently.他们工作速度快，效率高。He works just as hard as everyone else although he is over sixty.他尽管六十多岁了，仍和大家一样努力工作。10)感叹词的位置 感叹词常放在句子最前面。如：Oh，its you!啊，是你呀! 英语动词时态英语时态是英语语法中的第一首难关，攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态，而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。英语各种时态构成表：以play为例： 一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在playishashasplaysam playinghave playedhave been playingare过去playedwashad playedhad been playingwere playing将来shallshallshallshallwill playwill be playingwill have playedwill have been playing过去shouldshouldshouldshould将来would playwould be playingwould have playedwould have been playing一、一般现在时：1. 构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。(1) 直接加 “s”，works, takes(2) 以辅音加 “y” 结尾，变 “y” 为 “i”, 再加 “es” carry carries(3) 以 “o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”goes dresses watches brushes 2. 功能：(1) 表现在的事实、状态或动作：eg：. Birds fly. . She loves music. Marys parents get up very early.(2) 表习惯性动作或职业，常与 often, sometimes, usually, always, every week, seldom, occasionally, frequently 等时间副词连用。eg：. I always take a walk after supper. . She writes to me very often. . Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picenic occasionally.(3) 表客观真理，格言警句或事实：. The earth moves round the sun. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Two and two makes four. No man but errs. 人非圣贤，熟能无过。(4) 表将来： A. 在由 when, after, before, as, as soon as, although, because, if, even if, in case, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。 （黄金重点，所有考试都不放过它！）例如： . Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow. . Even if it rains this afternoon, Ill meet you. . Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. （不错的句型，背下！） . Ill be right here waiting for you wherever you go. （很感人的句型！） B. 按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。 . The play begins at 6:30 this evening. . When does the plane take off? . He leaves for that city next week. . According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning. （按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。）测试精编：1. The Browns _ a nice car and browns brother _ a nice jeep. A. have/have B. has/has C. have/has D. has/have2. If their house _ not like ours, what _ it look like? A. is/is B. is/does C. does/does D. does/is3. _ you think he will come?If it _ tomorrow, he will not come. A. Do/rains B. Are/rains C. do/will rain D. Are/will rain4. The little child _ not even know that the moon _ around the earth. A. do/move B. do/moves C. does/moves D. did/moved5. Many a student _ fond of films, but a good student seldom _ to the cinema. A. are/goes B. is/goes C. are/go D. is/go二、现在进行时： is/am/are +现在分词1. 表示现在正在进行的动作。如 . The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea? . Dont you think you eat too much? Youre putting on weight. (体重增加) . The workers are building a new bridge across the reiver.2. 表示现阶段正进行的动作。 . He is taking physics this semester. （本学期） . We are preparing for our final examination this week.3. go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 用于进行时态时表示 即将开始的动作。 . Look! The bus is coming. 看！车来了！ . The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying. . Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.4. 与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶。 . He is always thinking of others.（他总是想着别人。） . The boy is continually making noises. （这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。） . The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late. （老师一直在批评她迟到。）5. 下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。（此条戒律请背10遍！）believe（相信），doubt（怀疑），see（看见），hear（听见），know（知道）understand（理解），belong（属于），think（认为），consider（认为），feel（觉得）look（看起来），seem（看上去），show（显示），mind（介意），have（有）sound （听起来），taste（尝起来），require（要求），possess（拥有），care（关心）like（喜欢），hate （讨厌），love（喜爱），detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）【简单记忆】： 永远不要说 Im believing或 He is seeing a house. 再简单一点说，这些动词后面不要随意加 ing. 可怕的是：我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错！ 注意：have a party / think about 可以用进行时，因为这里have 意为“举行”；think 意为“考虑”。测试精编：1. How can you _ if you are not _? A. listening/hearing B. hear/listening B. be listening/heard C. be hearing/listening to2. The girl even wont have her lunch before she _ her homework. A. will finish B. is finishing C. had finished D. finishes3. Those who have applied for the post（职位）_ in the office. （此题超前） A. are being interviewed B. are interviewing C. interviewing D. to be interviewing4. The old scientist _ to do more for the country. A. is wishing B. has been wishing C. wishes D. has been wished5. If he _, dont wake him up. A. still sleeps B. is still sleeping C. still has been sleeping D. will be sleeping still三、一般过去时。定义动词的过去式：1. 表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。 . We visited the school last spring. . I went to school by bike when I was in middle school. . China was founded in 1949.2. 表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。（参） . She told me that she would not go wit