Unit 4 Grade 8 (下)单元教学资料总汇.doc

Unit 4 单元教学资料总汇一、 学习目标：1. 掌握直接引语与间接引语的意义、功能及用法；2. 进一步熟练过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时）。二、学习重点难点：1. 直接引语（Direct Speech）是指原封不动的引用原话，把它放在引号内，例如：Mother told me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can go out and play with your friends.”They said, “We want to have a rest.” 间接引语（Reported Speech，又叫Indirect Speech）即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是：Mother told me that I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends.They said they wanted to have a rest.2. 当我们把直接引语变成间接引语时，由于引述动词（said，told等）一般都是过去时形式，因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况：1）现在时间推移到过去时间所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变成过去进行时，现在完成时变成过去完成时。例如：She said, “I am hungry.” She said (that) she was hungry.He said, “The family are fighting among themselves.” He said (that) the family were fighting among themselves.Tom said, “I have found whats wrong with the computer.” Tom said he had found what was wrong with the computer.在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变，即：a）当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时：He said, “The word laser is an acronym（首字母缩略词）.” He said the word laser is an acronym. b）当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时：“Im forty,” he said. He said he is forty.c）当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时：He said, “It must be pretty late. I really must go.” He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.He said, “You mustnt smoke in the room.” He said I mustnt smoke in the room.2）过去时间推移到过去的过去这里需要注意以下几点：a）当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时，一般过去时要变成过去完成体。例如：He said, “I didnt know you.” He said he hadnt known me.当“过去的过去”已经不言自明，或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时，一般过去时形式可以不变。例如： Ann said, “She was born in 1981.” Ann said she was born in 1981.b）过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时，也可以不变。例如：Robert said, “I was joking with Mary.” Robert said he had been joking with Mary.Robert said he was joking with Mary.c）过去完成时仍为过去完成时，不需改变。例如：He said, “We hadnt returned to the store when she came.” He said they hadnt returned to the store when she came.d）时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如：John said, “When I lived in London I often saw Jane.” John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane.John said when he lived in London he often saw Jane.3）将来时间推移到过去将来时间最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如：He said, “Were spending next weekend at home.” He said they were spending the next weekend at home.She said, “The milk will go off（变质）if you dont drink it today.” She said the milk would go off if I didnt drink it that day.They said, “Were going to Hawaii this summer vacation.” They said they were going to Hawaii that summer vacation.但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如：He said,“Illbewaitingforyoutomorrow.” Hesaidhewillbewaitingformetomorrow.4） 人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化由上面的例子可以看出，当直接引语变成间接引语时，除动词时态变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。a） 人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第三人称，或者第二人称变为第一人称；限定词也作相应的变化。例如：Hesaid,“Weloveourcountry.”Hesaidtheylovetheircounty.b） 指示代词this，these分别变成that/it，those/they或them；指示限定词this，those通常变为that，those或the。例如：“Thishouseisveryexpensive,”shesaid.Shesaidthathousewasveryexpensive.Thechildrencamebackwithtwowalletsandsaid,“Wepickedtheseuponthepavement.”Thechildrencamebackwithtwowalletsandsaidtheyhadpickedthemuponthepavement.c） 时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况：i）时间状语和动词时态两者都变。例如：Hesaid,“Itwascompletesayearago.”Hesaidithadbeencompletedayearbefore.ii）时间状语不变，动词时态可变可不变。例如：Shesaid,“WeleftParisat8a.m.”ShesaidtheyhadleftParisat8a.m.ShesaidtheyleftParisat8a.m.iii）时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间（如同一年、同一月、同一天等），时间状语可不变。例如：Mr.Blacksaid,“WestartedlearningChineselastmonth.”Mr.BlacksaidtheyhadstartedlearningChineselastmonth.（同一月引述）Mr.BlacksaidtheyhadstartedlearningChinesethepreviousmonth.（可在同一月引述，也可不在同一月引述）时间状语在间接引语中的变化规则如下：直接引语 间接引语today thatdaythismorning/afternoon,etc. thatmorning/afternoon,etc.yesterday hedaybefore,thepreviousday(the)daybeforeyesterday twodaysbeforetomorrow thenextday,thefollowingday(the)dayaftertomorrow twodaysafter,intwodaystimenextweek/month,etc. thenextweek/month,etc.lastweek/month heweek/monthbeforenow thend） 地点状语here通常变为there；但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地，可仍用here，也可用具体地点代替here。例如：Shesaid,“Ifirstmetyourbrotherhere.”Shesaidshefirstmetmybrotherthere.“Arethechildrenhere?”Fatherasked.Fatheraskedwhetherthechildrenwerehere.好了，让我们来检查一下这些知识点的掌握情况。一、请将下面的直接引语变成间接引语：1. Theplumbersaid,“IcantfixthebathtubtodaybecauseImsick”_2. Grandmasaid,“Grandpaisfeelingmuchbettertoday.”_3. Mr.andMrs.Davissaid,“WewontbeabletocometodinnerthisSaturdaynight.”_4. Thelandlordsaid,“Ihaventreceivedthismonthsrentyet.”_5.CousinSuesaid,“ImsorryIdidnthavetimetocomeoverandvisitlastSaturday.”_6.UncleHarrysaid,“Illcallbacklater.”_7. Theneighborsacrossthestreetsaid,“Wewererobbedlast night!”_8. Sallysaid,“ImatmyfriendJulietshousenow.”_9. Mothersaid,“Yoursisterandbrother-in-lawaregoingtohaveababy.”_10. Auntysaid,“Therewasabigfireatthehighschool.”_二、请用第三人称转述下面三封电子邮件。1. Subject:MothersDayInItalywecelebratetheMothersdayonthe2ndSundayofMay,thatswhystudentsdontgotoschoolandadultsarenotatwork.Sonsanddaughtersusuallygivetheirmotheralittlepresentlikeflowers,chocolatesorapieceofcostumejewelry.ElisabettafromItaly2. Subject:FathersDayIbelieveFathersDayoccursonthethirdSundayofJune.Weuseittogiveourfathersachancetorestandrelax,anddothingstheyenjoy,suchasfishing,golf,etc.Theyneedabreak!UsuallymyfamilywillbuyDadacard,takehimtoeatandplay.FromtheUnitedStatesbyMelissa3.Subject:ChristmasOntheChristmasevewedancearoundtheChristmastreeandSaintNicolaus.InmyfamilyweeatPorridgeintheeveningandwehaveaChristmastreeinthelivingroom.IntheChristmastreewehavecandlesandotherdecorationslikeredgoldenballsandredhearts.FromSwedenbyGresa参考答案：一、1.Theplumbersaidhecouldntfixthebathtubthatdaybecausehewassick.2.GrandmasaidGrandpawasfeelingmuchbetterthatday.3.Mr.andMrs.DavissaidtheywouldntbeabletocometodinnerthatSaturdaynight.4.Thelandlordsaidhehadntreceivedthatmonthsrentyet.5.CousinSuesaidshewassorryshehadnthadtimetocomeoverandvisitthepreviousSaturday.6.UncleHarrysaidhewouldcallbacklater.7.Theneighboracrossthestreetsaidtheyhadbeenrobbedthenightbefore.8.SallysaidshewasatherfriendJulietshousethen.9.Mothersaidmysisterandbrother-in-lawweregoingtohaveababy.10.Auntysaidtherehadbeenabigfireatthehighschool.二、1.ElisabettafromItalysaidinItalytheycelebratedtheMothersDayonthe2ndSundayofMay,andthatwaswhystudentsdidntgotoschoolandadultswerenotatwork.Shesaidsonsanddaughtersusuallygavetheirmotheralittlepresentlikeflowers,chocolatesorapieceofcostumejewelry.2.MelissafromtheUnitedStatessaidshebelievedFathersDayoccurredonthethirdSundayofJune.Shesaidtheyusedittogivetheirfathersachancetorestandrelax,andtodothingstheyenjoy,suchasfishing,golf,etc.Shesaidtheyneededarest.Melissaalsosaidusuallyherfamilywouldbuyherfatheracard,takehimtoeatandplay.3.GresafromSwedensaidontheChristmasevetheydancedaroundtheChristmastreeandSaintNicolaus.ShesaidinherfamilytheyeatPorridgeintheeveningandtheyhadaChristmastreeinthelivingroom.ShealsosaidintheChristmastreetheyhadcandlesandotherdecorationslikeredgoldenballsandredhearts.学科：英语教学内容：HesaidIwashard-working.TitleHesaidIwashard-workingTopicTellingastoryFunctionsReportwhatsomeonesaidStructuresReportedspeechSimplepasttenseCanforabilityTargetlanguageWhatdidyourmathteachersay?HesaidIwashard-working.Icanspeakthreelanguages.Whatdidshesay?Shesaidshecouldspeakthreelanguages.Vocabularyhard-working,reportcard,candobetter,speaking,listeningaverage,OKRecyclingsoapoperas,party,surprise,house,drinks,snacks,lazy,beach,tomorrowmath,Spanish,history,scienceWhy,IcanGoodFriday,SaturdayLearningStrategiesListeningforkeywordsSelf-evaluatingWordsandExpressions:(n.名词adj.形容词adv.副词v.动词prep.介词)单词/短语词性词义讲解与例句reportv.报道；报告Shereportsdirectlytotheboardofdirectors.她直接向董事会负责。surprisen.惊奇Tomysurprise,everyonepassedthefinalexam.令我惊奇的是，每个人都通过了考试。madadj.十分恼火的bemadat对。非常恼火Shewasmadwithmeforlosingmykeys.她为我丢了钥匙而生我的气。howeveradv.无论如何Thisbookisexpensive,however,itsworthit.这本书很贵，却很值。messagen.消息；信息Theresamessageforyoufromyourcousin.你表兄给你捎来个口信。responsen.回答；答复Theymakeaquickresponsetomyinquiry.他们对我的询问很快做了答复。supposev.假定；认为Isupposeyouareright.我想你说得对。WearenotsupposedtoplayfootballonSundays.不准我们在星期天踢足球。hard-workingadj.努力工作的Everyoneknowsthatheishard-working.每个人都知道他工作努力。averageadj.平常的；普通的Heisamanofaverageability.他是个能力一般的人。end-of-yearexamn.年终考试Hedidwellintheend-of-yearexam.他年终考试考得不错。reportcardn.成绩报告单Haveyougotyourreportcard?你拿到成绩报告单了吗？nervousadj.紧张的IfeltverynervouswhenIwentintohisoffice.走进他的办公室时，我感到很紧张。envelopen.信封Canyoulendmeanenvelope?可以借我一个信封吗？luckilyadv.幸运地Luckily,thepolicecamerightnow.很幸运，警察马上就来了。semestern.学期Asaseniorthreestudent,heisverybusythissemester.上高三了，他这学期特别忙。luckyadj.幸运的Sevenismyluckynumber.7是我的幸运数字。startv.使开始；引起Itstartedraining.开始下雨了。getoverv.恢复；克服Ittookmealongtimetogetovermycold.我的感冒过了很久才好。Canwegetoverthisdifficulty?我们能克服这个困难吗？WordsandExpressionsfromtheReading:单词/短语词性词义讲解与例句foreignadj.外国的Doyouhaveforeignteachersinyourschool?你们学校有外教吗？Preferv.宁愿；较喜欢Heprefersdoingtotalking.他喜欢做而不喜欢说。Doyouprefercoffeeortea?你喜欢咖啡还是茶？choosev.选择；挑选Hechosenottogoabroaduntillater.他决定晚点出过。Whomshallwechooseforourschoolfootballteamleader?我们该选谁当学校足球队长？impressiveadj.给人印象深刻的animpressiveOlympicGames给人印象深刻的奥运会exoticadj.来自外国的Itisanexoticword.那是个外来词。contactn.接触；交往Pleasemaintainaclosecontact.请保持密切联系。communicatev.联络；交流Heseldomcommunicateswithothers.他很少与人交流。changev.变化；改变Youhavechangedalotduringtheseyears.这些年你变了很多。presentn.现在；目前Atpresent,heisonholiday.目前，他在度假。SentencesandPhrases(句型与词组)GrammarFocusDirectspeechReportedspeechIammadatMarcia.ShesaidshewasmadatMarcia.IamhavingapartyforLana.ShesaidshewashavingapartyforLana.IgotothebeacheverySaturday.HesaidhewenttothebeacheverySaturday.Iwillcallyoutomorrow.Hetoldmehewouldcallmetomorrow.Icanspeakthreelanguages.Shesaidshecouldspeakthreelanguages.本单元重点：直接引语和间接引语，需要注意的是：直接引语变间接引语时，人称和时态要发生变化，时态得和主句的时态保持一致。Sentencesfromthepassage(重点句讲解)Iaskedherwhyshewantedtodothat,andshesaidthatshehadforgottentodohers.我问她为什么要那么做，她说她忘记做作业了。forgettodosth.忘记做某事(还没有做)forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事(已经做过了)e.g.Whenyouleavetheclassroom,dontforgettoturnoffthelights.离开教室时，别忘记关灯。Iforgotmeetinghimbefore.我不记得以前见过他了。类似的还有：remembertodosth.记得做某事(还没有做)rememberdoingsth.记得做过某事(已经做过了)e.g.“Remembertofinishyourhomeworkontime,LiMing”,hismothersaid.李明妈妈说，“记得按时完成作业。”Iremembertellingthisstoryforseveraltimes.我记得这个故事给你讲过好几次了。IsaidIdidntthinkitwasagoodideaforhertocopymyhomework.我说，抄我的作业并不是什么好事。注意的think用法：如果think引导的宾语从句，其从句表示否定意思时，不是否定从句，而是否定主句。e.g.翻译下列句子：我认为给你父亲说这件事的时机还不成熟。Idontthinkitistherighttimeforyoutotellyourfatheraboutthat.我认为他不是一个好演员。Idontthinkheisagoodactor.我认为你说的并不正确。Idontthinkyouareright.Yesterdayshetoldmeshewassorryshedgottenmad.昨天她告诉我，她为自己当时生气而抱歉。Nowadays,manystudentspreferusingEnglishnamesinalanguageclassroom.如今，许多学生喜欢在上语言课的时候用英文名字。prefer的用法：preferv.更喜欢；宁愿prefersth.tosth.喜欢胜过preferdoingsth.todoingsth.喜欢而不喜欢prefertodoratherthando宁愿而不愿e.g.Doyouprefercoffeeortea?你喜欢咖啡还是茶？Hepreferstalkingtodoing.他喜欢说，却不喜欢做。Theyprefertodieratherthansurrender.他们宁死不屈。Andforyoungpeople,havinganEnglishnameiscoolforthemwhentheytalktotheirforeignpenpals.而且对年轻人来说，有了英文名字，和笔友交谈时也很酷。havinganEnglishname中having是动词ing形式,用来做主语。e.g.Gettingupearlyeverydayishisgoodhabit.每天早起是他的习惯。Swimmingisherfavoritesport.游泳是她最喜欢的运动。LearningEnglishandhavingEnglishnamesarebothpopularinChina.TheyarealsoimportantforChinascontactwiththeworld.学习英语，而且有英文名字在中国很流行。这些对中国和世界的接触也很重要。contact的用法：contactn.e.g.beincontactwith和.接触，有联系Theyhavebeenincontactwitheachotherforfiveyears.他们互相保持联系已经有五年了。Shecomesintocontactwithmanypeople.她和许多人有联系。contactv.e.g.Shecontactedmeassoonasshearrived.她一到就和我联系了。Ontheotherhand,somepeoplewhocometoChinachooseChinesenames另一方面，一些人来到中国，也起了中文名字。ononehand一方面ontheotherhand另一方面e.g.Ononehand,heisacleverboy;ontheotherhand,healwaysmakeshismotherangry.一方面，他是个聪明的孩子；可另一方面，他老惹母亲生气。【同步达纲练习】单项选择。()1.Thiscoatisexpensive,_,itsworthit.A.but B.however C.although D.as()2.Hemadeaquickresponse_hismothersquestion.A.to B.for C.at D.as()3.Canyou_thisdifficulty?A.getup B.getinto C.getover D.getto()4.Sorry,Iforgot_thebooktoschool.A.bringing B.tobring C.taking D.totake()5.Heprefers_toschoolonfootratherthan_thebus.A.togo;totake B.going;takingC.togo;take D.go;take()6.Petersaidhewassorryhe_thekey.A.lost B.hadlost C.loses D.lose()7.Theysaidthey_apartyat8:00lastnight.A.werehaving B.arehaving C.had D.have()8.We_studyhardforourparentsandourselves.A.can B.must C.may D.shall()9.Theres_foryoufromyourbrother.A.message B.amessageC.themessage D.messages()10.Whenheheardthesadnews,hisface_white.A.grew B.became C.got D.turned阅读理解。(A)Singaporeismadeupofmanykindsofpeople.ThelargestgroupsareChinese,MalaysandIndians.Eachgrouphasitsownspecialweddingcustoms.Chineseweddings:Beforethewedding,themothersofthebrideandthegroomdothehairforthem.Thebrideandthegroommaketeaforthegroomsparents,auntsanduncles.Thentheygotothebridesfamilytogivegifts.Afterthattheytakesomepictures.Theyrideinacarwithred,pinkandgoldribbondecoration.Intheeveningthereisabigdinner.Thewomenwearpinkorgolddressesbecausethoseareluckycolors.Thebrideusuallywearsaredorpinkdressatthedinner.Malayweddings:Malaysweddingslasttwodaysinthecityandmanydaysinthecountry.ThefirstdayisaSaturdayevening.OnSundaymorning,thebrideandthegroommeettheirfriends,andthefriendsthrowyellowriceoverthemtowishthemgoodluck.Intheeveningthereisabigdinner.Thefriendsusuallytakesomehard-boiledeggswhentheyleaveforhome.Indianweddings:AtreeisplantedatanIndianwedding.Afterthebrideandthegroomplantthetree,theychangetheirclothes.Usuallythegroomgivestheclothestothebrideandthebrideputstheclotheson.Thefriendsthrowriceatthebrideandthegroomtowishthemgoodluck.Thefriendsdonotwearblackorwhiteclothes.Brightcolorsarethebestforweddings.()1.WhatcanwelearnaboutSingapore?A.Itismadeupofthreekindsofpeople.B.ThelargestgroupofpeopleisMalays.C.Therearedifferentweddingcustoms.()2.Whichweddingmaybethelongest?A.AChineseWedding.B.AMalayWedding.C.AnIndianWedding.()3.Whichistrueofallthethreeweddingcustoms?A.Thefriendshaveabigdinnerforthebrideandthegroom.B.Thefriendswishthebrideandthegroomgoodluck.C.Thefriendsthrowriceatthebrideandthegroom.()4.Whichweddingmaycosttheleastmoneyaccordingtothepassage?A.AChineseWedding.B.AMalayWedding.C.AnIndianWedding.()5.Whatistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.AtanIndianwedding,thebrideandthegroomplantatree.B.AtaMalaywedding,thereisabigdinneronthefirstday.C.AtaChinesewedding,allt