阅读理解解题思路(叶文斌).docx

英语阅读理解题中标题选择题的解题思路（一）一、干扰项的特征1. 夸大事实对于原文中的细节或论断的某方面程度进行了夸大处理；2. 以偏概全概括范围太窄，只含有局部信息；3. 推理过头引申过度，使结论过于绝对化；4. 无中生有捏造原文并不存在的信息,并以此作为依据进行推理。二、正确项的特征1. 正确项含有抽象名词或概括性词语；2. 正确项一般不会出现细节信息，不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词语；3. 那些概括全文、内容全面、含义深刻、说明道理的选项往往是正确的答案；4. 四个选项中，内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个正确答案。三、解题技巧1. 利用主题段来概括标题。一篇文章的第一段或最后一段往往很重要，因为第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心浓缩成一句话或一个短语文章的标题。2. 利用主题句来概括标题。最简单有效的方法是仔细研究文章开头的第一、第二句，因为它们经常是文章的主题句；然后快速浏览文章结尾句。我们可以通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而轻松地确定文章的标题。3. 段落中出现转折时，如therefore, thus, but, however, in fact, in short等文字提示，该句可4. 首段出现疑问句时，对该疑问句的解答就是文章的主旨。5. 作者有意识的重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。6. 逆向思维法，针对这类题型，考生不妨思考一下，“如果我是作者，遇到这样的标题，文章应该写什么内容”。英语阅读理解题中推理判断选择题的解题思路（二）一、推理判断题定义 推理判断题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断的能力。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，在近年高考中所占比例有逐渐加大的趋势。命题方式在推理判断题题干中常含有表示表明、暗示、推论等词汇，如infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，show等;有时提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的词，如probably，most likely，seem等。二、阅读推理判断题类型1. 推断隐含意义 The second paragraph indicates the importance of _.2. 推断作者观点或态度 What does the author think of her mothers English now? 3. 推断写作目的The author intends to_.4. 推断文章出处This text is most probably taken from a _.5. 推断人物的观点、情感、品性Rae Armantrouts colleagues think that she_. 6. 推断读者对象或文章的作者 7. 推断作者的情感How did the author probably feel after he talked with his friend? 三、推理判断题的提问形式和标志性词语1. 推断隐含意义 It can be inferred from the text that_. The story indicates that_. 标志性词语：infer, indicate, suggest, imply, conclude.2. 推断作者观点或态度 What does the author think of _? Whats the authors attitude toward_? In the authors opinion, _. 标志性词语：according to the writer, attitude, think, opinion, consider.3. 推断写作目的 What is the authors main purpose in this passage? In the passage the author wants to tell_. The article is intended to _. 标志性词语：purpose, intend to, show, want .4. 推断文章出处 Where would this passage most probably appear? The passage is most likely a part of _. 标志性词语：be taken from, appear, a part of, be taken out of .5. 推断人物的观点、情感、品性Sb think that _.What do we know/learn about sb in the text? How did feel about? 标志性词语：attitude, learn form, know from, feel about .6. 推断读者对象或文章的作者 Who probably wrote the letter? Who is the passage written for? Who are the intended readers of the passage? 标志性词语：the intended reader, writer, author7. 推断作者的情感How does the author feel about_? The writer probably feels that_. 标志性词语：feel, feel about.四、推理判断题的注意事项 1. 如何推断隐含意义做这类推理题时，要注意以下几点：首先，一定要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知，推断未知;其次，要全面分析已知信息，进行深层处理，不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全;最后，答案一般要依靠合理推理得出，而不能只选择文章中直接表述的信息为答案。2. 如何推断态度和观点作者的态度、观点、意图往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中，考生应学会揣测和体会。在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。3. 如何推断写作目的推测作者的写作目的，必须要先了解文章的主题，然后分析作者的论述方法、论述的重点和材料的安排。故事类记叙文的目的通常是娱乐读者(to entertain);广告类应用文的目的一般是推销产品或服务(to persuade);议论文的目的是要阐述论点(to argue);科普、文化类说明文的目的大多是介绍知识，帮助大家广闻博见(to inform)。4. 如何推断文章出处做这类推理题时，最重要的是要抓住各段的段落大意和文章的中心思想，这是推理的前提和基础。5. 如何推断人物性格做这类题时一定要注意准确把握字里行间的意思，特别是要注意表达情感色彩、主观态度和个人观点的词语对推断人物性格的主导作用。6. 如何推算数据解答此类题，关键是要善于捕捉有关数字的信息，然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上，运用自己的数学知识，对其进行分析、推算，从而得出正确的结论。五、推断题的最高解题思想（一）立足原文，只推一步例：09年江苏卷B篇P3：Ihandedhermybootsandstuckoutmyfoot.Likemostchildren，Iexpectedtheadulttodoallthework.Aftermuchwigglingandpushing，shemanagedtogetfirstoneintoplaceandthen，withasigh，workedthesecondoneontoo.（第一次穿）P4：Iannounced，“Theyreonthewrongfeet.”Withthegracethatonlyexperiencecanbring，shestruggledtogetthebootsoffandwentthroughthejoylesstaskofputtingthemonagain（第二次穿）ThenIsaid，“Thesearentmyboots.youknow.”Asshepulledtheoffendingbootsfrommyfeet，shestillmanagedtolookbothhelpfulandinterestedOncetheywereoff，Isaid，“TheyaremybrothersbootsMymothermakesmewearthem，andIhatethem！”Somehow，fromlongyearsofpractice，shemanagedtoactasthoughIwasntanannoyinglittlegirlShepushedandshoved，lessgentlythistime，andthebootswerereturnedtotheirproperplaceonmyfeet（第三次穿）Withagreatsighofrelief，seeingtheendofherstrugglewithme，sheasked，“Now，whereareyourgloves？”P5：Ilookedintohereyesandsaid.“Ididntwanttolosethem.soIputthemintothetoesofmyboots.”62Itcanbeinferredthatbeforethelittlegirlfinallywentouttoenjoythefirstsnowofwinter，theteacherhadtohelpherputonherboots_.A.onceB.twiceC.threetimesD.fourtimes妙语点睛：此题问的是，在小女孩出去玩雪之前，老师要和她穿几次靴子。从原文笔者标注出来的第三段和第四段下划线处，我们可知原文已经给了三次穿靴子的信息。第四段和第五段画线之处老师在问你的手套在哪里？(Now，whereareyourgloves？)小女孩回答我把它们放在我的靴子脚趾头处了。(Ididntwanttolosethem.soIputthemintothetoesofmyboots.)由此我们可推导：在女孩出去玩雪之前，老师又得帮小女孩把靴子脱了，把手套取出来，再把靴子穿上，最后小女孩才能出去玩。由此可知，MissFinlayson会帮作者穿4次鞋。其中前三次是原文给的，简称立足原文；最后一次穿是我们根据手套还在靴子里推导出来的。在此各位要注意，我们只推了一步。因为我们没有继续往下凭空推导，比如老师帮小女孩把手套拿出来之后又把她塞在靴子里的口罩或者防滑鞋套取出来。所以，62题非常完美地论证了笔者的论点：“立足原文，只推一步。”（二）推得近的推得远的首先大家需要明白一个概念，什么叫推得近的大于推得远的。这点我们在本章猜测题猜句子含义这一节中讲过：先发生的动作叫推得近的，后发生的动作叫推得远的。在推断题中我们应该优先选先发生的动作。例：14年江苏省苏州中学高三期初考试D篇第68题：68.ItcanbeinferredthatthesheepwouldbreakoutbleatingduringSnowballsspeechto.A.expresstheirsupportforSnowballB.stresstheessenceofAnimalismC.drownSnowballsmessagewithmeaninglessnoiseD.forceSnowballoutsothatNapoleoncouldhavethefloor妙语点睛：C选项表明羊发出噪音是为了淹没Snowball的演讲信息，D选项是羊发出叫声是为了把Snowball赶下台这样Napoleon就可以占有舞台发表演讲了。常理告诉我们，应该是C项的“淹没Snowball的演讲信息”这个动作先发生，然后动作二“Snowball受不了羊的噪音”，最后才有动作三“Snowball下台把舞台让给Napoleon”。据此分析，C项是先发生的动作，归为推得近的；D是后发生的，归为推得远的。所以此题优先选推得近的C项。【注意】主旨型和细节型推断题的做法与细节题的“三步走，三原则，三句读，点对点”惊人地相似。即第一步：划定位词（细节型推断题以A作为定位词找回原文；主旨型推断题回A、B、C、D四项中划公共定位词。如无，则A、B、C、D四项中逐一划定位词），划定位词要遵循三原则，详情请见此节中细节题划定位词的三原则。第二步：根据定位词找回原文，三句读。即读定位词在的当句，看有没有找到答案，如果没有，则分别读其下句和上句。第三步：在A、B、C、D四项中寻找满足“立足原文，只推一步”或“推得近的推得远的”两条原则中其中一条的正确选项。六、解题方法1. 抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。例 2003安徽春季D篇69. The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _.A. suffer from poor healthB. feel tired and nervousC. dream more oftenD. breathe quickly解析 解题时抓住第一段After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the day. The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day. 中Sleep is necessary for good health.去理解。利用逆向思维，我们很容易推断出这一结论：一个人睡眠不足会对他的健康有害(suffer from poor health), 所以答案为。2. 整合全文（段）信息进行推断做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。例NMET1998 D篇 65 Which of the following is the immediate cause of the sinking of the Bismarck？A The British air strikesB The damage done by the HoodC Gunfire from the British warshipsD Luetjens decision to run for France解析 德国军舰Bismarck号素有不沉舰的美称，然而最后还是葬身海底。造成这种下沉的直接原因是什么？短文中未直接陈述。这就需要我们利用短文中的信息综合起来去推断。德军舰第一次与英军舰交火后，But in the fight，the Bismarck was slightly damaged可见，英军舰Hood号给德军舰Bismarck号造成的损坏不足以使它下沉。故B不对。第一次交火后，德军舰Bismarck号上的指挥官Luetjens命令军舰驶向法国进行维修（Her commander decided to run for repairs to France，which had at that time been taken by the Germans），这更不是使它下沉的直接原因。D也不对。5月26日，英国空军发现 Bismarck并向Bismarck开火（Trying to slow the Bismarck down so that their ships could catch up with her，the British fired at her from the airThe Bismarck was hit），Bismarck被击中。正如文中所讲，英国空军主要是想拦截Bismarck号，使它减速，以便后面的英舰赶上。这表明英空军对 Bismarck开火也不足以使Bismarck下沉，A也不对。On the morning of May 27，the last battle was foughtFour British ships fired on the Bismarck，and she was finally sunk 5月27日四艘英国战舰赶到并一齐向Bismarck开火（Four British ships fired on the Bismarck），最后使她下沉（She was finally sunk）。这就是直接原因，故正确选项为C。3. 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨文意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性 词汇或句子，对我们掌握文章主旨文意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。例 NMET2000年阅读理解B篇59 The writers purpose in writing this story is _A to tell an interesting experienceB to show the easiest way out of difficultyC to describe the trouble facing a newly married womanD to explain the difficulty of learning to cook from books从原文中 As I was not experienced in cooking , I thought if a dozen was good , two dozen would be better , so I doubled everything .I had been defeated , I put the dough in the rubbish bin outside so I wouldnt have to face Doug laughing at my work , I dont know who was more embarrassed(尴尬)by the whole thing Doug or me. 可看出文章叙述了一位新婚主妇按烹调书做发面失败的尴尬经历。 但是全文充满了一种讽刺幽默的笔调, 文章最后一句带俏皮感，说明主人公心情并不沉重，而是感到有点好笑，所以答案应选A。作者写作目的是自述一次有趣的经历。选项B肯定为错误答案，因为它与本文首句(The easy way out isnt always easiest)不合; D反映作者写作目的是解释从书本上学烹饪的困难，也不对，因为作者并未详细介绍主人公从书本上学烹饪是如何力不从心的; 主人公并不会天天面对这种烦恼，选项C为错误答案。虽然全文语境含贬义，但文章的言外之意需要读者对作者写作意图做深层挖掘,若不然就会被误导而作出错误判断。4. 根据文章的结论推断作者的态度作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想 倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。例 Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read about is murder， bribery（行贿），and deathFrankly，Im sick of all this bad newsThis authors attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _ A complain B apologizeC amuse D inform解析 作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只登载坏新闻，如凶杀、行贿受贿和死亡等；二是在字里行间流露出自己的抱怨情绪 （对坏新闻厌恶透了），故应选A。5. 根据上下文的逻辑得出结论逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时，应把握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按事件发展的经过描写，也可按因果关系, 对比关系来描写。例 We are in the computer ageWe often see computers at workThey are especially useful in automatic control，data processing（数据处理）and solving complicated problemsAnd they are finding their way into the homeThe part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing dayMore and cleverer computers will continue to appearThey will run faster，have more functions and work much more skillfullyThey will take over more tasks from us，helping to change the face of our worldSome people even think that sooner or later computers will replace usHoweverWhich of the following statements will best continue the third paragraph？A Computers will soon stop developingB Many people like computers very muchC Computers are as clever as manD I do not think computers will replace us completely解析 本文采用了对比关系法来描写，前面描写了计算机的长处，但作者用However一词预示着将引出相反的观点，故答案为D。6. 结合已有的知识进行推断知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用自己 掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。知识推断题一般都是针对细节。解答此类题，不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识，而且还需要对细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解。例 NMET1996 A篇53. After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?A. It is a childrens hospital.B. It has strict rules about visiting hours.C. The conditions there arent very good.D. The nurses and doctors there dont work hard.解析 本文讲述了一位母亲采用拖地计谋混进病房探视女儿的故事。由常识可知医院内拖地并非医生 护士的工作，选项D不对。C项与文中的Its a fine hospital意思相矛盾。A项依据不充分，女儿未必都是儿童。正确答案是B。文中I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. 则暗示此规章在探视时间上是严格规定的，而且在实际生活中我们都知道医院探视病人是有严格的制度的。七、推理题干扰项特点： 1、不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上进行推理而得出了观点。 2、虽然可以以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为基础进行推理，但推理过头，概括过度。3、不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点，要严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理；4、推理的根据来自于上下文；5、如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案；6、如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案；7、如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案；8、文中的虚拟语气和情态动词（should, must, may, etc.）往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案；英语阅读理解题中主旨大意选择题的解题思路（三）主旨大意题要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。主旨大意就是反映文章主题思想，主题思想往往借助与主题句来体现，主题句往往存在于文章开头，结尾或中间。一、主旨大意题的类型：1确定文章的标题和主题(titleortopic) 标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。要确定文章标题，首先，要在阅读原文的基础上，考虑标题是否与主题密切相关；其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容。不能只概括短文中的某些事实或细节；然后，要注意标题范围不应太大或太小；最后，标题应简练并能吸引读者。即:1、独特新颖2、概括性强3、短小精炼。常见的标题型题干：1)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_.2)Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled_.3)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?4)Whatsthetopicofthearticle?如:Inthe1930s,alotofpeopleintheUSAwereoutofwork.AmongthesepeoplewasamannamedAlfredButts.Healwayshadaninterestinwordgamesandtofillhistimeheplannedagamewhichhecalled“Lexico”.However,hewasnotcompletelysatisfiedwiththegame,sohemadeanumberofchangestoitandchangeditsnamefrom“Lexico”to“Alph”andthento“CrissCross”.Hewantedtomakesomemoneyfromhisnewgamebuthedidnthaveanyrealcommercial(商业性的)success.Q:Thetextismainlyabout_.A.Lexico B.ThreemenC.AwordgameD.AlfredButts.【解题思路】答案A和C以偏概全。因此此题的正确答案应为D。 2.主题句（topicsentence）及主旨大意(mainidea)的概括 一篇文章一般表达一个中心内容或主题。这个中心内容或主题通常用一个句子来概括，此句叫做主题句。一般来说，说明文和议论文都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能在文中直接找到主题句，要求读者把握每段的主题句，弄清段于段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.常见的主题句和主旨型题干：1)Whatisthetopicsentenceofthepassage?2)Thisarticle/text/passagemainlytellsthat_.3)Whichofthefollowinggivesageneralideaofthepassage?4)Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthepassage?如:JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Q:Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer.B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.【解题思路】此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstatedmainidea)。由于文中主要涉及了JoshuaBingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：JoshuaBingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是。 二、主旨大意题的解题方法：1.用演绎法展开的文章，经常把主题句放于段首，先概括，后论证。第一句是主题句。Scientists have worried for a long time over the effect of a seriously large asteroid hitting the Earth. After all, it is likely that the force of such an object from space wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.These fears were reignited on October 8 when a huge asteroid hit the atmosphere above an island in IndonesiaWhat really concerns scientists is that our telescope were unable to detect the objectThere have been surface hits by asteroids in the quite recent past(Teens 高三11期第6版2009年11月9日)The article is mainly about _.A. worries about asteroid hitB. the damage caused by asteroid hitC. predictions of the next big asteroid hitD. ways to protect the Earth from asteroid hit 2.用归纳法展开的文章，中心句一般放于段末。作者先向读者呈现事实，再得出结论。There was a mirror inside the coffin: Everyone who looked inside it could see himself. There was also a sign next to the mirror that said: “ There is only one person who is capable of setting limits to your growth: it is YOU.“Your life changes when YOU change, when you go beyond your limiting beliefs, when you realize that you are the only one responsible for your life (Teens 高三17期第8版2009年12月21日)The writers purpose in writing the article is to tell us that_.A. changing our life is down to us.B. our work and life are closely connected with others.C. the harder we work, the more successful we ll become.D. well have a better future if people do not hinder our development. 3.主题句位于文中，前后段均为说明、支持主题思想的段落。如下面文章，前面两段描述了孩子地位在不同时代的变化，用therefore 和also resulted in 引出结论。最后，作者再用一段来详细说明教育方式变化的具体体现。黑体部分是主题句。In the complex and technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in contact withmany other members.Therefore, viewing children as necessary members of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as those of subordination. This acceptance of children as equal participants in the family is reflected in various laws protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs.This new view of children and the frequent contact between the members of society also resulted in an increasing interest in child-raising techniques. People today spend much time seeking the proper way to raise children.（2008福建完形填空）The text tells us that _.A. the position of children in the family and in the society has greatly improvedB. the change of the raising-children way results from the improvement of the position of childrenC. children lived a more miserable life than adultD. the position of children becomes important with the development of society. 4.无明显主题句，作者把主题思想分散于文章中，需要读者运用抽象概括、推理判断能力归纳出文章的主题思想。这类文章经常出现在描写文中。黑体字是文中的主要线索。Anthony Horowitz was miserable as a child. He couldnt win the attention of his very healthy parents, who sent Horowitz to a boarding school where he was also bullied by his classmates. He did badly in his studies, and his teacher had a low opinion of him. The only one thing he remembered was his desire to write. When he was ten years old, he asked his parents to get him a typewriter for his birthday because he wanted to be a writer.Now, at 55, Horowitz is one of the worlds most successful childrens book authors.His Alex Rider series has sold more then 5 million copies, and the eight book featuring the young spy, Crocodile Tears, came out this monthThat style has also made Horowitz a successful writer of television shows for adults in Britain because, he said, writing books for kids is a lot like wr