高考英语 重难点语法讲解-独立主格结构.doc

高中语法独立主格结构独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。一、独立主格结构的构成形式1、逻辑主语+v-ing这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如：(1). such being the case, i couldnt help but support him.(2). silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper following it closely.(3). weather permitting, they decided to go for an outing.(4). there being no buses, we had to walk home after work yesterday.(5). the thief fell to the ground, his left foot broken and blood running down from his mouth.(6). time permitting, we could have done it better.(7). it being noisy, she couldnt make herself heard clearly.(8). it being too late, he couldnt find himself any taxis.(9). it being fine, we will go climbing.(10). the greens has been broken into three times, each resulting in their great loss.(11)the thieves ran away separately, each carrying a bag.1. _no bus, we had to walk home.a. there being b. being c. having been d. there was2. _no bus, we had to walk home.a. as there being b. as there was c. being d. there was3. _sunday, the library doesnt open. a. being b. there being c. it being d. having been4. _sunday, the library doesnt open.a. as it being b. being c. it is d. as it is2、逻辑主语+v-ed 该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如：(1). his eyes still fixed on the map, he did some serious thinking.(2). the boy stood at the table, his eyes fixed on the food in the plate.(3). the job finished, we went home straight away. (4). the sum added, we will have enough money for the trip.(5). the actress looked pure and fresh, dressed in a white shirt and army trousers, her hair done up in pigtails.1. _, the train started. a. the signal given b. giving the signal c. the signal being given d. the signal giving2. _, the train started. a. after having given the signal b. after the signal given c. giving the signal d. after the signal was given3. _, the text became easier for us to learn. a. explaining new words b. new words explained c. being explained new words d. having explained new words4. _, the text became easier for us to learn.a. when new words were explained b. explaining new words c. new words explaining d. being explained new words3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主系表”结构。如：(1). he entered the room, his nose red with cold. (2). he sat in the front row,his mouth half open.(3). dinner over, we decided to play bridge.(4). father away, he played games with his friends.1. _, the patient can leave the hospital.a. better conditions b. conditions better c. conditions are better d. being better conditions2. _, the patient can leave the hospital.a. if better conditions b. if conditions better c. if conditions are better d. being better conditions3. _, wed like to go outing.a. being sunday b. sunday ok c. sunday is ok d. if sunday ok4. _, wed like to go outing.a. if sunday is ok b. sunday being ok c. sunday ok d. a,b and c5. _, you can wait a while.a. the play being still on b. the play still on c being still on the play d. a and b6. _, so you can wait a whilea. the play is still on b. the play being still on c. as the play is still on d. the play still on4、逻辑主语+介词短语 该结构相当于不带动词的“主系介词短语”结构。如：(1). -can i help you? -id like to buy a presend for my fathers birthday, one at a proper price but of great value.(2). in half an hour delia came, her right hand in bandage.(3). book in hand, mr smith came in.(4). gun on shoulder, the soldiers are marching on.1. the boy followed the nobleman here, _.a. a sword in hand b. a sword in his hand c. being a sword in hand d. sword in hand2. the boy followed the nobleman here _.a. with a sword in his hand b. with a sword in hand c. with a sword being in hand d. a sword being in hand3. he left the office, _.a. tears being in eyes b. tears in eyes c. being tears in eyes d. with tears being in eyes4. he left the office _.a. with tears being in eyes b. with tears in his eyes c. being tears in eyes d. tears being in eyes5、逻辑主语+名词(1). a team of 15 indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400 cambodians, most of them ( being ) women. 独立主格结构, and most of them are women. 并列句; most of them are women. 并列句, most of whom are women. 定语从句(2). the doctor has two daughters, one a nurse, the other an engineer.二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：1、原因状语该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如：1). _ no bus, we had to walk home.a. there being b. as there was c. there was d. a and b2). _sunday, the library doesnt open.a. it being b. as it is c. being d. a and b3). _, i had to ask for two days leave.a. mother being ill b. mother ill c. as mother was ill d. a,b and c4). _, we have to work late into the night.a. the exam near b. the exam being near c. as the exam is near d. a,b and c2、时间状语独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when, as soon as, after等引导的时间状语从句。如：1). _, the train started. a. the signal given b. after the signal was given c. given the signal d. a and b2). _, the text became easier for us to learn. a. new words explained b. when new words were explainedc. when teacher explained new words d. all above3、条件状语独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if引导的条件状语从句。如：1). _, well go to visit the great wall.a. weather permitting b. if weather permits c. if permitting d. a and b2). _, the patient will recover himself soon.a. if the treatment is in time b. the treatment in time c. the treatment being in time d. a,b and c4、伴随状语独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如：1). we have lessons every day, _. a. sunday included b. sunday including c. sunday is including d. all the above2). the boy fell asleep,_.a. cap on head b. with a cap on head c. a cap was on head d. all the above3). father came home,_a. a dog following him b. a dog followed him c. being followed by a dog d. all the abovewith + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法 “with + 复合宾语”结构是指“with +宾语（名词或代词）+形容词或副词、非谓语动词（分词、不定式）等”所构成的一种介词短语。he likes to sleep with the door open.the man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery.with production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.the naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down.it was quiet night, with the moon high up in the sky.the woman walked along the river with his head down.she said it with tears in her eyes.he sat there thinking with his chin on his hand. with tears of joy in her eyes, she saw her daughter married. the soldier stood guard with a rifle in his hand. it being hot last summer, he slept with the windows open at night.she used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion.he died with his daughter yet a school girl.she stood there chatting with her friends, with her daughter playing beside her.he sat there alone, with tears streaming down his cheeks.with the exams coming next week, i have no time for a social life.with other conditions being equal, the pressure remains constant.without anyone noticing, he slipped out of the room.the murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.with his wallet stolen, mr hill dare not return home to face his wife.with all she needed bought, she left the supermarket happily.she listened to the music of mozart with her face bathed in tears.i sat in my room for a few evenings, with my eyes glued to a book.you can use a large plastic bottle, with its top cut off, as a pot to grow young plants in.the hero walked towards the top of the hill, with his arms tied behind himself.he cant go to see the film with a lot of work to do.with you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed. with ten minutes to go, youd better hurry.该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：1、原因状语1. with the man _ us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village.a. to guide b. guiding c. guided d. to have guide2. with a lot of work_, she doesnt have time to rest. a. to do b. to be done c. doing d. done3. with the machine _all the time, we finished harvesting crops in time.a. to work b. worked c. working d. being working2、时间状语1. the street looks more beautiful with all the lights _.a. are on b. on c. to be on d. been on2. with our problem _, we all felt happy.a. to settle b. to