12.名词性从句.doc

望子成龙学校（高中英语语法） 12.名词性从句 by Bryson ZHAO 名词性从句(NOUN CLAUSES)【基本知识】1. 名词性从句包括4个从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句2. 名词性从句中的引导词： that, if, whether （that不作成分,不翻译。if可以译为“如果”或“是否”，whether译为“是否”） who, whom, whose, what, which when, where, how, why ,wh-ever （这些特殊疑问词保留自身的含义，引导从句）3. 名词性从句中的语序:陈述句语序！【知识要点】1、 主语从句首先，要弄清楚什么是主语！主语是指一个句子的主题！那么如果一个句子在主句中做主语，那么这个句子就是主语从句。比方说：他要来参加会议使我们每个人都很激动。 明天会有一场暴风雪，是很可能的。这两句话译为英语分别是： That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us. It is likely that there will be a snowstorm tomorrow. 问题：上述这两句话为什么这样表达？1. that 引导的主语从句 这里的that在主语从句中不作任何成分，也没有含义，只起连接作用。 （1）that放句首 That he will come and help you is certain. （2）形式主语it 引进形式主语的目的是？ 常考句型： a. It + be + 形容词 + that- 从句 It is necessary that 有必要 It is important that 重要的是 It is obvious that 很明显 常见的形容词还有：_ b. It + be + -ed 分词 + that- 从句 It is believed that 人们相信 It is known to all that 众所周知 It has been decided that 已决定 常见动词的-ed形式还有：_ c. It + be + 名词 + that- 从句 It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that 事实是 常见的词（组）还有：_ d. It + 特殊动词 + that- 从句 It appears that 似乎 It happens that 碰巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起 2. if / whether 引导的主语从句 这项工作能否按时完成还没有定。 Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful. It is doubtful whether the work can be completed on time. It is doubtful if the work can be completed on time. 【注意】：_引导的主语从句可置于句首，_引导的主语从句不能放置句首！3. wh- 类词引导的主语从句 这些特殊疑问词要保留自身的含义，同时作引导词引导从句。 例：谁来负责这项工程还没有定。 Who will be in charge of the project hasnt been decided yet. 这条公路什么时候开通还没有公开。 When the road is open has not been made clear. 【注意】：也可转化为由形式主语it引导的句子 _ _ 4. 及时巩固主语从句种类关联词例 句说 明 连 词that That he will come and help you is certain. that在句首不可省去whether Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 主语从句中只能用whether放句首，不可用if。主语从句连接代词whowhatwhichwh-ever What he wants to tell us is not clear. Who will win the match is still unknown. Whoever breaks the law will be punished.主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般连接副词whenwherewhyhow It is known to us how he became a writer. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。二、宾语从句： 英语中有个基本常识：动宾&介宾 那么如果动词后或介词后加一个句子，那么这个句子就是宾语从句！ 1. 动词后的宾语从句 We all expect that they will win because the members of their team are stronger. I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. We should keep in mind that sports can help us develop both our bodies and characters. 【注意】：需要引入形式宾语it的宾语从句 （1）动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe等后有宾补时，要加入it 其基本结构为：_ 例句：我认为每天多喝水是有必要的。 此句的主语是I , 谓语是 think, 宾语是 we take plenty of water every day, 宾补是necessary 那么依据上述的基本结构，本句的英文翻译是： _ （2）有些动词或词组带宾语从句时习惯上需要在宾语从句前加上it, 常见的这些动词或词组有：hate, take, owe, see to. I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food. I take it that you will agree with us. 2. 介词后的宾语从句 We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 3. 形容词后的宾语从句 Im sure that theyll make it in spite of the terrible weather. Im extremely sorry that I have troubled you so much. 4. if和whether在宾语从句中的用法区别 （1）介词后一般加whether I am not interested in whether they believe in me or not. （2）有or not时，用whether I dont care whether the work will take long or not. （3）不定式前用whether I am just wondering whether to stay for another hour or just start off right away. 5. 宾语从句中不可以省略that的情况 a 、句中的动词后接两个或两个以上的 that 从句作宾语时，连词that不可省去. He said that he couldnt tell you right away and that you wouldnt understand. b 、当主句的谓语动词与 that 宾语从句之间有插入语时， that 一般不可省。 Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap. c 、当 that 从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时， that 不可省。 I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth. d 、当 that 宾语从句前有 it 作形式宾语时， that 不可省。 I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan. 6. 宾语从句的时态 基本原则：主句如果是现在或将来时，从句可用任何所需要的时态 主句如果是过去时态，从句要用与过去时态相关的某种时态 例句：I know (that) he will study English next year. The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. 7. 宾语从句的否定转移 I dont think they will stick out to the last minute. I dont suppose its his fault, is it? They dont think its his fault, do they? 从上述的例句中可以看出_ _ 8. 及时巩固宾语从句种类关联词例 句说 明宾语从句陈述意义thatI believe(that) he is honest. We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。疑问意义ifwhether I wonder whether he will come or not. Everything depends on whether we have enough money. I dont know if(whether) it is interesting. He doesnt care if it isnt a fine day. whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。从句是否定句时一般用if引导。特殊疑问意义who, whom,which,whose,what, when,where, why,how,whoever,whatever,whichever Please tell me what you want. She always thinks of how she can work well. She will give whoever needs help a warm support.宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。注1 We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将从句后置。注2We dont think you are here.I dont believe he will do so. think, believe, imagine, suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移动主句中。3、 表语从句1. 基本概念；在系动词之后的句子叫表语从句例句：The fact is that we have lost the game. Thats just what I want. This is where our problem lies. That is why he didnt come to the meeting. It looks as if it is going to rain. 需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because！The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning 2. 及时巩固表语从句种类关联词例 句说 明表语从句连词thatwhetheras if The problem is(that) they cant get here early enough. It looks as if its going to rain. 在非正式的文体中that可以省去。连接代词whowhatwhich Thats just what I want. The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 表语从句位于主句系动词之后连接副词whenwherewhyhow This is where our problem lies. That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 4、 同位语从句：1. 用来解释某一名词内容和实质的句子叫同位语从句！ The news that we won the game is exciting. I have no idea when he will come back home.The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word 2. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别： that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 I had no idea that you were here Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？ We expressed the hope (that) they had expressed. We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.区分下列句子中哪个是定语从句，哪个是同位语从句： There is a popular belief among parents that schools dont pay any attention to handwriting. The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. The news that he told me just now is true. The idea that he gave surprises many people The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. The question that he raised puzzled all of us. This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 3. 及时巩固同位语从句种类关联词例 句说 明同位语从句由连词that引导，不担任成分，陈述中心词的内容。 The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope, thought, order , word, proof, belief, truth, suggestion,story, danger,doubt,question,problem, puzzle, fear,等。也可由when, how, where, what, who, which等引导，以示疑问。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.I have no idea when he will come back home. 望子成龙学校家庭作业科目：英语 课次：第 次课 作业等级：校区： 老师：赵第一组：1.（2011天津卷）13. Modern science has given clear evidence _ smoking can lead to many diseases.A. what B. which C. that D. where2.（2011江西卷）26.The villagers have already known _ we will do is to rebuild the bridge.A.this B.that C.what D.which3.（2011四川卷）10.Our teachers always tell us to believes in we do and who we are if we want to succeed.A.why B.how C.what D.which4.（2011北京卷）31. The shocking news made me realize terrible problems we would face.A. what B. how C. that D. why5.（2011北京卷）22. Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom6.（2011陕西卷）15.Id like to start my own business thats Id do if I had the money. A.why B.when C.which D.what7.（2011辽宁卷）32. When the news came the war broke out, he decided, to serve in the army.A. since B. which C. that D. because8.（2011江苏卷）26It was never clear _ the man hadnt reported the accident sooner.AthatBhowCwhenDwhy9.（2011湖南卷）31. Before the problem can be solved, it must be obvious _the problem itself is. A.what B. that C. which D.why 10.（2011安徽卷）33.His writing is so confusing that its difficult to make out _it is he is trying to express.A. thatB. howC. whoD. what11.（2011山东卷）26. Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is _he never finishing anything.A. that B. when C. where D. why12.（2011山东卷）33.Weve offered her the job, but I dont know_ shell accept it.A. whereB. whatC. whetherD. which13.（2011重庆卷）34. It is not always easy for the public to see _ use a new invention can be of to human life.A. whose B. what C. which D. that14.（2011重庆卷）22. It is still under discussion _the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.A. Whether B. when C. which D. Where第二组：1.（10福建35） We should respect food and think about the people who dont have_we have here and treat food nicely.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. whether2.（10湖南35） Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew_ she was so angry.A. where B. whether C. that D. why 3.（10天津14）As a new graduate, he doesnt know_it takes to start a business here.A. how B. what C. When D. which 4.（北京）_ some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.A. Whether B. What C. That D. How5（10浙江1）How about camping this weekend, just for a change?OK, you want. Awhichever Bhowever CwhateverDwhoever6（10浙江9）It is uncertain_side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. Athat BwhatChow Dwhether7.（10上海36）One reason for her preference for city life is _ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.A. that B. how C. what D. why8. （10湖北74） The news _（房价将要下跌）has caused many people to sell their houses at lower prices. (fall)9. （10山东26） Before the sales start, I make a list of _ my kids will need for the coming season.A. why B. what C. how D. which10.（10上海37）When changing la