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专用机床铣削头ZX32的设计

ZX32专用机床铣削头的设计【优秀含8张CAD图纸+专用机床全套课程毕业设计】

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专用机床铣削头ZX32的设计任务书.doc

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中期检查.doc

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摘  要

任务书

毕业设计题目专用机床铣削头ZX32的设计

毕业设计主要内容和要求:

综合运用所学工程图学、理论力学、材料力学、机械原理、机械设计、金属工艺学、公差与测量、金属材料、机械制造基础、AutoCAD等课程的知识,设计组合机床铣床所用ZX32铣削头。

所设计ZX32铣削头可与大一规格的HJ40机械滑台或HY40液压滑台配套使用,完成对铸铁、钢及有色金属的平面铣削。铣削精度达到表面不平度0.03/500,表面粗糙度为;为了调整对刀,主轴滑套调整量为70毫米;滑套夹紧机构为手动;切削满负荷时刀盘直径为Ф200mm,主轴与铣刀盘联接尺寸为Ф128.57mm;该铣削头ZX32能与其相应的齿轮传动装置ZX32A-F41、皮带传动装置ZX32A-F42配套使用。

设计并绘制铣削头的总图及重要零件的工作图。

毕业设计主要参考资料:

[1]、孙小平.机械制造基础.北京 国防工业出版社,1998

[2]、符炜.切削加工手册.湖南 湖南科学技术出版社,2003

[3]、陈璧光.金属切削理论与实践(中册、下册).北京:北京出版社,1985

[4]、清华大学工程图学及计算机辅助设计教研室.机械制图(第四版).北京:高等教育出版社,2000

[5]、梁熙正.工业机械及设备(第二版).北京:中国轻工业出版社,2000

[6]、李建功.机械设计(第四版).北京:机械工业出版社,2007

[7]、西北工业大学机械原理及机械零件教研室.机械原理(第七版).北京:高等教育出版社,2006

[8]、于永泗、齐民.机械工程材料(第七版).北京:大连理工大学出版社,2007

[9]、刘鸿文.材料力学(第四版).北京:高等教育出版社,2003

[10]、哈尔滨工业大学理论力学教研室.理论力学.北京:高等教育出版社,2002

[11]、王先逵.机械制造工艺学(第二版).北京:机械工业出版社,1995

[12]、唐增宝、常建娥.机械设计课程设计(第三版).武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2006

[13]、汪星桥.机床设计手册.北京:机械工业出版社,1986

[14]、冯之敬.机械制造工程原理.北京:清华大学出版社,1999

[15]、王知行.机械原理.北京:高等教育出版社,2000

[16]、吴宗泽.机械设计课程设计手册.北京:高等教育出版社,1992

[17]、胡凤兰.互换性与技术测量基础.北京:高等教育出版社,2005

[18]、Zhu Y, Zhang S, Rong Y.Experimental Study on Stiffness of T-Slot Based Modular Fixure. Transaction of NAMRI/SME, Volumn X XI,1993

[19]、Gere J  M, Timoshenko S  P. Mechanics of materials.Second SI Edition.New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1984

毕业设计应完成的主要工作:

设计并绘制专用机床铣削头ZX32的总图及重要零件的工作图;编写其设计说明书。

毕业设计进度安排:

序号毕业设计各阶段内容时间安排备注

1查阅资料,完成开题报告;2014.12.10—2015.1.20

2外文资料阅读,完成英文翻译; 2015.1.21—2015.2.10

3熟悉有关的资料,完成文献综述;20105.2.11—2015.2.25

4拟定总体方案2015.2.26—2015.3.10

5设计并绘制铣削头总图2015.3.11—2015.3.25

6设计并绘制铣削头重要的零件图2015.3.26—2015.4.20

7整理资料,编写设计说明书;准备答辩。 2015.4.21—2015.5.11

专用机床铣削头ZX32的设计

社会在不断发展的过程中对各种行业的发展需求也有了新的认识若要满足机械制造业下现在发展那么快的情况下,一些新型机床的品种也变得越来越多;其中就包括效率比较高的自动化机床和适应性比较强的特种加工机床;各大新型的难加工的材料无疑离不开机床,其中机床上的零部件所使用的铣削头是专用机床的相对比较复杂和重要的我们通过研究铣削头的结构设计对我们对未来的学习很有帮助,与此同时也会有很大的积极意义。

这篇文章再通过专用机床铣削头ZX32传动系统的结构设计的过程中,计算出了设计所需的传动比,结构式相对比较简单,对完成铣削头齿轮传动设计及轴的结构设计有了一个初步的了解和认识,通过大量的计算说明来分析齿轮的模数;并以此确定铣削头尺寸及设计传动路线。完事之后必须进行一系列的检验,验算传动轴的直径,齿轮模数,如果可以的话,也把刚度求出来。文章很顺利的完成了铣削头结构设计,通过软件的辅助制了完整的图纸。我们研究的课题在很大程度上对铣削加工有了新的理解和突破。

关键词:专用机床; 铣削头; 齿轮传动; 结构设计

ABSTRACT

Special Machine Milling Head?ZX32 Design

     Society in the process of growing demand for the development of various industries and a new understanding to meet the mechanical manufacturing industry developing so fast, now under some new machine varieties also become more and more; Including high efficiency automated machine tools and adaptability is strong special machine tools; The new type of difficult-to-machine materials will surely leave the machine tool, the machine tool are the components of the milling head used on the dedicated machine tools is relatively complex and important we through the research of the structure of milling head design of our study is very helpful for the future, at the same time also can have a lot of positive significance.

     This article through  design of special-purpose machine tools milling head ZX32 transmission system in the process of the required transmission ratio, calculated the design formula is relatively simple, to complete the milling head and shaft structure design of gear transmission design have a preliminary understanding and the understanding, to analyze gear modulus is illustrated through a lot of computation; And to determine the milling head size and design of transmission line. Done to carry out a series of inspection, check the diameter of the shaft, gear modulus, if you can, and the stiffness out. The article very smoothly completed the milling head structure design, through software of auxiliary system, a full set of drawings. Our research topic in the very great degree of milling has a new understanding and breakthrough.

Keywords:Design of special?milling; machine?head;  gear?transmission structure

目  录

摘  要II

ABSTRACT0

1  绪论1

1.1 机床的地位及发展1

1.2组合机床的重要性2

1.3  本课题的目的、内容3

1.3.1设计的目的3

1.3.2设计内容3

2 组合机床铣削头主传动设计3

2.1确定结构型式3

2.2 确定传动比4

2.3 确定各齿轮的齿数4

2.4 传动系统图的拟定5

3铣削头电动机的选择6

3.1 电动机的功率计算6

3.2  电动机参数的选择7

4.铣削头齿轮传动的设计计算7

4.1 模数的估算7

4.2齿轮分度圆直径的计算9

4.3齿轮宽度的确定9

4.4齿轮其他参数的计算9

4.5齿轮结构的设计9

4.6齿轮的校核10

5 铣削头轴的设计计算10

5.1各传动轴轴径的估算10

5.2 各轴段长度值的确定12

5.3 轴的强度校核与刚度12

5.3.1轴的强度校核12

5.3.2主轴材料的选择17

5.3.3主轴结构的确定17

5.3.4主轴的刚度验算17

6专用机床铣削头的总体结构设计25

7 结  论27

致  谢29


1  绪论

1.1 机床的地位及发展

在现在的社会发展中,各种机械装备都有了新的变化,人们对经济、高效的生产有了新的要求,从而哎后续的生产中我们会对工具的使用和高新技术的使用有了新的看法,为了研究和创造出更好的技术设备和加工设备,我们进行了大量的更新,例如我们必须具备各种金属加工零件设备,这些设备在使用的过程中都是很重要的,在锻造、铸造、冲压、焊接等加工方式中有了最大的改进,因为机械零件的尺寸精度、形状精度和表面粗糙度,都是一个严重的指标;这些都是金属切削加工所要求的,特别是形状相对比较复杂、精度比较高和零件表面粗糙度的要求并不是很高的一些加工零件,某些加工工艺不能再一步工部中就能完成,也可能需要很多步;因此在现代机械制造业中机床相对于其他的来说是最重要的加工机械设备了。在比较普通的机械加工厂里,我们通过对机床的机床加工工作量进行分析,大约承担了约为总工作量的百分之五十左右,这些在某种程度上会直接影响机械产品的加工质量和技术要求;毫不夸张的说:假如我们国家的机床没有多好的发展,将很可能不具有今天这样结构那么多的、种类那么多的改变。

国家的繁荣发展离不开机械的大发展,实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化才是国家的发展指标,这也是社会进步所必须的。在无形中我们对正在发展的制造业不得不加以重视,保证新型的加工设备和技术要求,通过对各种机器、仪器和工具的大力使用。我们清楚的发现了一些重要问题那就是一个现代化的机械制造业必须要有一个现代化的机床制造业做强大的支撑。所以,越来越多的国家也都相当重视本国机床工业的发展,只有这样才能使机床的用途有所提高,从而使我们的国家国民经济的发展进行最大的宏观调控;这些都是建立在坚实可靠的技术提高上的。

机床是进行社会生产和社会实践的必需品,人类在长期生产实践中,越来越发现生产工具在不断的更新;在社会的不断发展中科学技术的进步也慢慢地完善了起来。最原始的好像是木制的,再那个时候一般都是由人力或畜力驱动来所有运动,也可以分为好几种了例如陶瓷制品的泥坯、石料和加工木料,从某种方面来分析看它们并不是一种完整机器。通过研究发现金属机械零件的加工大概是从18世纪中期才开始慢慢发展起来的。在那个时候一些工业最发达的欧美国家也迅速的开始证明自己,开始了从工场手工业向机器大工业生产方式大力涌进,这就需要更多的时间和精力来进行研究,逐渐的推动了机床的快速发展。在以前的那个时候我们发明了车床,在其中带有刀架,这在无意之中开创了由机械代替人手控制刀具运动的最开端,人们用双手的时代过去了,这是一个飞跃的突变,同时也是机床的加工精度和工效的有力保证,在目前现代机床的发展模型也慢慢的有了新的形成。在车床进行大幅度的发展之后,随着机械制造业的发展,慢慢的也陆续被创制出来了其他各种机床。至19世纪快要结束的时候,相继形成了铣床、钻床、拉床、车床、镗床、刨床、磨床、这些机床的相继使用让我们在制造业上有了新的自信心。

参考文献

[1] 《机械设计手册》  机械工业出版社

[2]《实用机床设计手册》  辽宁科技出版社

[3]《机床设计图册》  上海科技出版社

[4]《TTL集成电路手册》

[5]《存储器手册》

[6]《机床主轴变速箱设计指导书》  机械工业出版社

[7]《机床数控系统设计设计指导书》  中国科技出版社

[8]《机电综合设计指导书》  中国人民大学出版社

[9] 原ZJK-7532数控立式钻铣床说明书一套

[10]《数控机床与编程实用教程》  化学工业出版社

[11]《数控铣床设计》   机械工业出版社

[12]《金属切削机床概论》  机械工业出版社

[13]《机械设计课程设计手册》  高等教育出版社

[14]《机电一体化系统设计手册》  国防工业出版社

[15]《金属切削机床设计手册》  机械工业出版社  

[16]《机械零件设计手册》 (第二版)(上册) 冶金工业出版社

[17]《机械设计》  濮良贵 主编    (第七版) 高等教育出版社  

[18]《数控技术》  王永章、杜君文主编    高等教育出版社

[19]《机床设计手册》 (1-3册)  机械工业出版社   1980年

[20]《单片机原理及应用》 杨恢先主编   国防科技大学出版社

[21]《异步电动机变频调速系统及其应用》邓想珍主编  华中理工大学出版社

[22]《几何量公差与检测》 甘永立主编 (第七版)上海科学技术出版社


内容简介:
中国地质大学长城学院 毕业 设计 任务书 学生姓名 孙耀 学号 05211605 班 级 机制 6 班 指导教师 李敬 职称 教授 单 位 河北农大 毕业 设计 题目 专用 机床 铣 削头 ZX32 的 设计 毕业 设计 主要内容和要求: 综合运用所学工程图学、理论力学、材料力学、机械原理、机械设计、金属工艺学、公差与测量、金属材料、机械制造基础、 AutoCAD 等课程的知识,设计组合机床铣床所用 ZX32 铣削头。 所设计 ZX32铣削头可与大一规格的 HJ40机械滑台或 HY40液压滑台配套使用,完成对铸铁、钢及有色金属的平面铣 削。铣削精度达到表面不平度 0.03/500,表面粗糙度为 ;为了调整对刀,主轴滑套调整量为 70 毫米;滑套夹紧机构为手动;切削满负荷时刀盘直径为 200mm ,主轴与铣刀盘联接尺寸为 128.57mm;该铣削头 ZX32 能与其相应的齿轮传动装置 ZX32A-F41、皮带传动装置 ZX32A-F42 配套使用。 设计并绘制铣削头的总图及重要零件的工作图。 nts毕业 设计 主要参考资料: 1、 孙小平 .机械制造基础 .北京 国防工业出版社 ,1998 2、 符炜 .切削加工手册 .湖南 湖南科学技术出版社 ,2003 3、 陈璧光 .金属切削理论与实践(中册、下册) .北京 :北京出版社 ,1985 4、 清华大学工程图学及计算机辅助设计教研室 .机械制图(第四版) .北京:高等教育出版社,2000 5、梁熙正 .工业机械及设备(第二版) .北京:中国轻工业出版社, 2000 6、 李建功 .机械设计(第四版) .北京:机械工业出版社, 2007 7、 西北工业大学机械原理及机械零件教研室 .机械原理(第七版) .北京:高等教育出版社,2006 8、于永泗 、齐民 .机械工程材料 (第七版 ).北京:大连理工大学出版社, 2007 9、刘鸿文 .材料力学(第四版) .北京: 高等教育出版社, 2003 10、哈尔滨工业大学理论力学教研室 .理论力学 .北京:高等教育出版社, 2002 11、王先逵 .机械制造工艺学(第二版) .北京:机械工业出版社, 1995 12、唐增宝、常建娥 .机械设计课程设计(第三版) .武汉:华中科技大学出版社, 2006 13、汪星桥 .机床设计手册 .北京 :机械工业出版社 ,1986 14、冯之敬 .机械制造工程原理 .北京 :清华大学出版社 ,1999 15、王知行 .机械原理 .北京 :高等教育出版社 ,2000 16、吴宗泽 .机械设计课程设计手册 .北京 :高等教育出版社 ,1992 17、胡凤兰 .互换性与技术测量基础 .北京 :高等教育出版社 ,2005 18、 Zhu Y, Zhang S, Rong Y.Experimental Study on Stiffness of T-Slot Based Modular Fixure. Transaction of NAMRI/SME, Volumn X XI,1993 19、 Gere J M, Timoshenko S P. Mechanics of materials.Second SI Edition.New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1984 nts毕业 设计 应完成的主要工作: 设计并绘制 专用机床 铣削头 ZX32 的总图及重要零件的工作图 ;编写其设计说明书。 毕业 设计 进度安排: 序号 毕业 设计 各阶段内容 时间安排 备注 1 查阅资料, 完成开题报告 ; 2014.12.10 2015.1.20 2 外文资料阅读,完成 英文翻译; 2015.1.21 2015.2.10 3 熟悉有关的资料,完成 文献综述; 20105.2.11 2015.2.25 4 拟定总体方案 2015.2.26 2015.3.10 5 设计并绘制铣削头总图 2015.3.11 2015.3.25 6 设计并绘制铣削头重要的零件图 2015.3.26 2015.4.20 7 整理资料,编写设计说明书; 准备答辩 。 2015.4.21 2015.5.11 课题信息: 课题性质: 设计 论文 课题来源: 教学 科研 生产 其它 发出任务书日期: 2014.12.10 指导教师签名: 年 月 日 教研室意见: 教研室主任签名: 年 月 日 学生 签名: nts 附录 A Spin control for cars Stability control systems are the latest in a string of technologies focusing on improved diriving safety. Such systems detect the initial phases of a skid and restore directional control in 40 milliseconds, seven times faster than the reaction time of the average human. They correct vehicle paths by adjusting engine torque or applying the left- or-right-side brakes, or both, as needed. The technology has already been applied to the Mercedes-Benz S600 coupe. Automatic stability systems can detect the onset of a skid and bring a fishtailing vehicle back on course even before its driver can react. Safety glass, seat belts, crumple zones, air bags, antilock brakes, traction control, and now stability control. The continuing progression of safety systems for cars has yielded yet another device designed to keep occupants from injury. Stability control systems help drivers recover from uncontrolled skids in curves, thus avoiding spinouts and accidents. Using computers and an array of sensors, a stability control system detects the onset of a skid and restores directional control more quickly than a human driver can. Every microsecond, the system takes a snapshot, calculating whether a car is going exactly in the direction it is being steered. If there is the slightest difference between where the driver is steering and where the vehicle is going, the system corrects its path in a split-second by adjusting engine torque and/or applying the cats left- or right-side brakes as needed. Typical reaction time is 40 milliseconds - seven times faster than that of the average human. A stability control system senses the drivers desired motion from the steering angle, the accelerator pedal position, and the brake pressure while determining the vehicles actual motion from the yaw rate (vehicle rotation about its vertical axis) and lateral acceleration, explained Anton van Zanten, project leader of the Robert Bosch engineering team. Van Zantens group and a team of engineers from Mercedes-Benz, led by project manager Armin Muller, developed the first fully nts effective stability control system, which regulates engine torque and wheel brake pressures using traction control components to minimize the difference between the desired and actual motion. Automotive safety experts believe that stability control systems will reduce the number of accidents, or at least the severity of damage. Safety statistics say that most of the deadly accidents in which a single car spins out (accounting for four percent of all deadly collisions) could be avoided using the new technology. The additional cost of the new systems are on the order of the increasingly popular antilock brake/traction control units now available for cars. The debut of stability control technology took place in Europe on the Mercedes-Benz S600 coupe this spring. Developed jointly during the past few years by Robert Bosch GmbH and Mercedes-Benz AG, both of Stuttgart, Germany, Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC). in Bosch terminology, or the Electronic Stability Program (ESP), as Mercedes calls it, maintains vehicle stability in most driving situations. Bosch developed the system, and Mercedes-Benz integrated it into the vehicle. Mercedes engineers used the state-of-the-art Daimler-Benz virtual-reality driving simulator in Berlin to evaluate the system under extreme conditions, such as strong crosswinds. They then put the system through its paces on the slick ice of Lake Hornavan near Arjeplog, Sweden. Work is currently under way to adapt the technology to buses and large trucks, to avoid jack-knifing, for example. Bosch is not alone in developing such a safety system. ITT Automotive of Auburn Hills, Mich., introduced its Automotive Stability Management System (ASMS) in January at the 1995 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. ASMS is a quantum leap in the evolution of antilock brake systems, combining the best attributes of ABS and traction control into a total vehicle dynamics management system, said Timothy D. Leuliette, ITT Automotives president and chief executive officer. ASMS monitors what the vehicle controls indicate should be happening, compares that to what is actually happening, then works to compensate for the difference, said Johannes Graber, ASMS program manager at ITT Automotive Europe. ITTs system should begin appearing on vehicles worldwide near the end of the decade, according to Tom Mathues, director of engineering of Brake & Chassis Systems at ITT Automotive North America. Company engineers are now adapting the system to specific car models from six original equipment manufacturers. nts A less-sophisticated and less-effective Bosch stability control system already appears on the 1995 750iL and 850Ci V-12 models from Munich-based BMW AG. The BMW Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) system uses the same wheel-speed sensors as traction control and standard anti-lock brake (ABS) systems to recognize conditions that can destabilize a vehicle in curves and corners. To detect such potentially dangerous cornering situations, DSC measures differences in rotational speed between the two front wheels. The DSC system also adds a sensor for steering angle, Utilizes an existing one for vehicle velocity, and introduces its own software control elements in the over allantilock-brake/traction-control/stability-control system. The new Bosch and ITT Automotive stability control systems benefit from advanced technology developed for the aerospace industry. Just as in a supersonic fighter, the automotive stability control units use a sensor-based computer system to mediate between the human controller and the environment - in this case, the interface between tire and road. In addition, the system is built around a gyroscopelike sensor design used for missile guidance. BEYOND ABS AND TRACTION CONTROL Stability control is the logical extension of ABS and traction control, according to a Society of Automotive Engineers paper written by van Zanten and Bosch colleagues Rainer Erhardt and Georg Pfaff. Whereas ABS intervenes when wheel lock is imminent during braking, and traction control prevents wheel slippage when accelerating, stability control operates independently of the drivers actions even when the car is free-rolling. Depending on the particular driving situation, the system may activate an individual wheel brake or any combination of the four and adjust engine torque, stabilizing the car and severely reducing the danger of an uncontrolled skid. The new systems control the motion not only during full braking but also during partial braking, coasting, acceleration, and engine drag on the driven wheels, circumstances well beyond what ABS and traction control can handle. The idea behind the three active safety systems is the same: One wheel locking or slipping significantly decreases directional stability or makes steering a vehicle more difficult. If a car must brake on a low-friction surface, locking its wheels should be avoided to maintain stability and steerability. SPIN HANDLERS nts The new systems measure any tendency toward understeer (when a car responds slowly to steering changes), or over-steer (when the rear wheels try to swing around). If a car understeers and swerves off course when driven in a curve, the stability control system will correct the error by braking the inner (with respect to the curve) rear wheel. This enables the driver, as in the case of ABS, to approach the locking limit of the road-tire interface without losing control of the vehicle. The stability control system may reduce the vehicles drive momentum by throttling back the engine and/or by braking on individual wheels. Conversely, if the hteral stabilizing force on the rear axle is insufficient, the danger of oversteering may result in rear-end breakaway or spin-out. Here, the system acts as a stabilizer by applying the outer-front wheel brake. The influence of side slip angle on maneuverability, the Bosch researchers explained, shows that the sensitivity of the yaw moment on the vehicle, with respect to changes in the steering angle, decreases rapidly as the slip angle of the vehicle increases. Once the slip angle grows beyond a certain limit, the driver has a much harder time recovering by steering. On dry surfaces, maneuverability is lost at slip-angle values larger than approximately 10 degrees, and on packed snow at approximately 4 degrees. Most drivers have little experience recovering from skids. They arent aware of the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road and have no idea of their vehicles lateral stability margin. When the limit of adhesion is reached, the driver is usually caught by surprise and very often reacts in the wrong way, steering too much. Oversteering, ITTs Graber explained, causes the car to fishtail, throwing the vehicle even further out of control. ASMS sensors, he said, can quickly detect the beginning of a skid and momentarily activate the brakes at individual wheels to help return the vehicle to a stable line. It is important that stability control systems be user-friendly at the limit of adhesion - that is, to act predictably in a way similar to normal driving. The biggest advantage of stability control is its speed - it can respond immediately not only to skids but also to shifting vehicle conditions (such as changes in weight or tire wear) and road quality. Thus, the systems achieve optimum driving stability by changing the lateral stabilizing forces. nts For a stability control system to recognize the difference between what the driver wants (desired course) and the actual movement of the vehicle (actual course), current cars require an efficient set of sensors and a greater computer capacity for processing information. The Bosch VDC/ESP electronic control unit contains a conventional circuit board with two partly redundant microcontrollers using 48 kilobytes of ROM each. The 48-kB memory capacity is representative of the large amount of intelligence required to perform the design task, van Zanten said. ABS alone, he wrote in the SAE paper, would require one-quarter of this capacity, while ABS and traction control together require only one half of this software capacity. In addition to ABS and traction control systems and related sensors, VDC/ESP uses sensors for yaw rate, lateral acceleration, steering angle, and braking pressure as well as information on whether the car is accelerating, freely rolling, or braking. It obtains the necessary information on the current load condition of the engine from the engine controller. The steering-wheel angle sensor is based on a set of LED and photodiodes mounted in the steering wheel. A silicon-micromachine pressure sensor indicates the master cylinders braking pressure by measuring the brake fluid pressure in the brake circuit of the front wheels (and, therefore, the brake pressure induced by the driver). Determining the actual course of the vehicle is a more complicated task. Wheel speed signals, which are provided for antilock brakes/traction control by inductive wheel speed sensors, are required to derive longitudinal slip. For an exact analysis of possible movement, however, variables describing lateral motion are needed, so the system must be expanded with two additional sensors - yaw rate sensors and lateral acceleration sensors. A lateral accelerometer monitors the forces occurring in curves. This analog sensor operates according to a damped spring-mass mechanism, by which a linear Hall generator transforms the spring displacement into an electrical signal. The sensor must be very sensitive, with an operating range of plus or minus 1.4 g. YAW RATE GYRO At the heart of the latest stability control system type is the yaw rate sensor, which is similar in function to a gyroscope. The sensor measures the speed at which the car rotates about its vertical axis. This measuring principle originated in the aviation industry and was further developed by Bosch for large-scale vehicle production. The existing gyro market offers two widely different nts categories of devices: $6000 units for aerospace and navigation systems (supplied by firms such as GEC Marconi Avionics Ltd., of Rochester, Kent, U.K.) and $160 units for videocameras. Bosch chose a vibrating cylinder design that provides the highest performance at the lowest cost, according to the SAE paper. A large investment was necessary to develop this sensor so that it could withstand the extreme environmental conditions of automotive use. At the same time, the cost for the yaw rate sensor had to be reduced so that it would be sufficiently affordable for vehicle use. The yaw rate sensor has a complex internal structure centered around a small hollow steel cylinder that serves as the measuring element. The thin wall of the cylinder is excited with piezoelectric elements that vibrate at a frequency of 15 kilohertz. Four pairs of these piezo elements are arranged on the circumference of the cylinder, with paired elements positioned opposite each other. One of these pairs brings the open cylinder into resonance vibration by applying a sinusoidal voltage at its natural frequency to the transducers; another pair, which is displaced by 90 degrees, stabilizes the vibration. At both element pairs in between, so-called vibration nodes shift slightly depending on the rotation of the car about its vertical axis. If there is no yaw input, the vibration forms a standing wave. With a rate input, the positions of the nodes and antinodes move around the cylinder wall in the opposite direction to the direction of rotation (Coriolis acceleration). This slight shift serves as a measure for the yaw rate (angular velocity) of the car. Several drivers who have had hands-on experience with the new systems in slippery cornering conditions speak of their cars being suddenly nudged back onto the right track just before it seems that their back ends might break away. Some observers warn that stability controls might lure some drivers into overconfidence in low-friction driving situations, though they are in the minority. It may, however, be necessary to instruct drivers as to how to use the new capability properly. Recall that drivers had to learn not to pump antilock brake systems. Although little detail has been reported regarding next-generation active safety systems for future cars (beyond various types of costly radar proximity scanners and other similar systems), it is clear that accident-avoidance is the theme for automotive safety engineers. The most survivable accident is the one that never happens, said ITTs Graber. Stability control technology dovetails nts nicely with the tremendous strides that have been made to the physical structure and overall capabilities of the automobile. The next such safety system is expected to do the same. nts 附录 B 汽车的转向控制 控制系统稳定性是针对提高驾驶安全性提出的一系列措施中最新的一个。这个系统能够在 40 毫秒内实现从制动开始到制动恢复的过程,这个时间是人的反应时间得七倍。他们通过调整汽车扭矩或者通过应用汽车左侧或右侧制动,如果需要甚至两者兼用,来实现准确的行车路线。这个系统已被应用于奔驰 S600 汽车了。 稳定的机械自动系统能够在制动时发现肇端,并且在驾驶人员发现能够反应以前实现车辆的减速。 安全玻璃,安全带,撞击缓冲区,安全气囊, ABS 系统,牵引力控制系统还有现在的稳定调节系统。汽车安全系统的连续升级,已经产生了一种为保护汽车所有者安全的设计模式。稳定调节系统帮助驾驶员从不可控制的曲线制动中解脱出来,从而避免了汽车的摆动滑行和交通事故。 利用计算机和一系列传感器,稳定调节系统能够检测到制动轮的打滑并且比人更快的恢复对汽车的方向控制。系统每百万分之一秒作出一次快速捕捉,以及断断汽车是否在按照驾驶员的路线行驶。如果检测到汽车行驶路线和驾驶员驾驶路线存在一个微小的偏差 ,系统会在瞬间纠正发动机扭矩或者应用汽车左右制动。过程的标准反应时间是 40 毫秒 人的平均反应时间的七分之一。 罗伯特博世工程系统负责人安东范桑特解释说:“一个稳定的控制系统能够感觉到”驾驶员想要运动的方向,通过控制转向角度,油门踏板的位置,制动板的状态来确定汽车实际运动 路线的偏航比率(汽车偏离方向轴的角度)和横向加速度”。项目负责人阿明马勒领导着范桑特的工作小组和奔驰汽车公司的工程师发明了第一个完全有效的稳定调节系统,该系统由发动机扭矩控制系统,制动系统,牵引控制系统组成以实现理想与现实运动之间的最小差距。 汽车安全专家相信稳定调节系统能够减少交通事故的发生,至少是在伤亡严重的事故方面。安全统计表明,多数的单车撞击事故伤亡(占伤亡事故发生的 4%),事故能够通过应用nts 这项新技术避免。这项新系统的额外费用主要用于一系列目前汽车日益普遍应用的制动 /牵引控制锁组件。 稳定调节系统 技术首次应用于欧洲的奔驰 S600 汽车,是由德国斯图加特市的罗伯特博世公司和奔驰公司在过去几年共同研制的。该系统在博世公司被称为汽车动力控制( VDC),而默西迪称它为稳定电控系统( ESP),作用就是在任何状况下维持车辆的稳定性。博世公司开发了这项系统,奔驰公司把它应用于车辆。工程师默西迪丝在柏林应用戴姆勒奔驰汽车虚拟驾驶模拟器在极限情况下对系统进行评估,例如极强的侧风。然后他们在瑞典的安杰普劳附近的后娜瓦安湖的冰面上进行性能测试。工作通常是在公路上进行以适用于公共汽车和大卡车,例如避免的折合问题。 稳定调节系 统将在 1995 年中应用于欧洲 S 系列产品上,随后会在 1996 年进入美国市场( 1995 年 11 月产品)。用户可以选择 750 美元的系统,就像应用于梅赛德斯的试验用的 V8发动机上的,也可以选择价格为 2400 美元的应用于六缸发动机汽车的系统。后者的系统中差不多有 1650 美元是用于牵引控制系统,该系统是稳定性系统的先决条件。 并不是只有博世公司一家在开发这样的安全系统,美国密歇根州的 ITT(美国国际电信公司)汽车公司的奥伯恩希尔,在 1995 年 1 月底特律北美国际汽车展览会上展示了管理系统( ASMS),“车辆控制器应该像空 对地导弹的控制器那样,比较而言,事实上那已经实现了,不同的是两者的费用不同”,美国国际电信公司驻欧洲空对地导弹控制工程负责人约翰尼斯格雷得说。北美 ITT 公司“汽车制动和底盘工程”主管汤姆麦兹指出,在未来十年美国国际电信公司的系统要首先出现在车辆上。很多工程师正在六辆特殊制造的精密车辆模型上调试这种系统。 一个比较简单和较低效率的博世的稳定调节系统也在 1995 年出现在慕尼黑宝马公司的AG 系列 750iL 和 850Ci V-12 两款车上。宝马公司的稳定调节系统( DSC)运用的车轮速度传感器同牵引控制系统和标准 ABS 防抱死系统一样能够识别外部情况,使车辆更容易实现曲线行驶和转弯。为了检测出车辆转弯时潜在的危险, DSC 系统检测的是两前轮在转弯时的速度差,DSC 系统添加了一个更高级的角度传感器利用现有的一个车辆速度,并且引入了它自身带有的关于完全抱死系统,牵引控制系统,稳定调节系统软件控制原理。 新的博世和 ITT 自动稳定调节系统得益于航空工业高级技术的发展,就像超音速发动机,汽车的稳定调节单元运用一个基于计算机系统的传感器来调和人与系统之间的,还有轮胎与地面之间差异。另外,系统采用了用于导弹制导系统的回旋传感器。 nts 优于 ABS 防抱死系统和牵引控制系统之处 根据范桑特和博世公司的瑞娜伊哈德,杰瑞帕夫在汽车工程师杂志所提到的,稳定调节系统是 ABS 防抱死系统和牵引控制系统的合理扩展。但是 ABS 系统的作用发生在制动时车轮转向将被锁死时,牵引控制是预防加速时的车轮滑动,稳定系统是当汽车自由转向时能独立于驾驶员作出操作。依靠不同的驾驶状况系统可以使每个车轮制动或者迅速使四个轮转速适合于发动机的扭矩,从而使车辆稳定和减少由于制动失控带来的危险。新系统不仅仅控制完全制动还可以作用与部分制动,行车路线,加速度,车轮与发动机动作的滞 后等,这些是 ABS 防抱死系统和牵引控制系统所远远不能达到的。 三种主动的安全系统的作用时刻是一致的,那就是一个车轮被锁死或者车轮渐渐失去方向稳定性或者车轮使得行驶更加困难。如果一辆车必须在较低摩擦系数的路面制动,必须避免车轮抱死以保持行驶稳定性和可驾驶性。 ABS 防抱死系统和牵引控制系统能够预防侧滑,而稳定性系统采取减少侧面受力的稳定措施。如果行驶车辆的侧力不再适当的分配在一个或者更多轮上,车辆就会失稳,尤其是车辆沿曲线行驶时。驾驶员感觉到的“摇摆”起初是转弯或者与车的轴线形成一个纺锤形时。一个独立的传感器 必须能够识别这个“纺锤”,而 AB
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