名师点评2010年高考英语考前辅导材料.doc

n 掌握NE5000E/80E/40E产品的体系结构n 掌握NE5000E/80E/40E的单板构成n 掌握NE5000E/80E/40E换板操作n 了解NE5000E/80E/40E升级操作2010年高考英语考前辅导材料 丹阳市教育局教研室 耿坚敏一、总体应试策略1、考前几天应该如何调节自己的心态，让自己发挥最好的水平？对策：进入到6月就是学习压力或者强度放松的阶段。这个时候放松调整自己的状态，一个是你的作息时间，考生要调整兴奋点。今年我省英语考试时间是6月8日下午3：005：00。（2：30考生进考场。3：00听力考试开始）。那么，下午3：00是不是一天当中最佳的状态？一般人是困倦的时候，而此时考生应该是最兴奋的，有必要在生理方面调整做一些准备，让自己的兴奋点和高考时间吻合，这也是胜利的关键因素。 这时，考生应该放松，从根本意义上讲再看什么也是徒劳的，因为毕竟不知道高考要考什么，不必要为难自己，让自己太疲劳，影响正常考试的发挥。要好好休息，调整好状态，处什么状态呢？想起什么就看点什么。达到这样的状态就可以了。 进入考场前，可听10分钟左右的英语磁带，读5分钟左右的英语文章。这叫“英语热身”。这样考试时就可迅速进入英语思维。2、是否非要按序答题？对策：不一定要这样做。试卷发下后，先集中精力看听力题，以排除部分答案，预测听力内容，明确听的重点。然后快速浏览试卷的笔试部分，初步了解考试内容和难度，再根据先易后难的原则，并结合平时做题习惯，决定答题的次序。但有一点要注意，不要在某一道题或者分值较小的题目上（特别是单项填空题）花过多的时间，既准又快是先易后难原则的具体体现。选择题先做容易的，对难题暂时放过，但可根据难的程度做上记号，以便回过头来再做时心中有数。对答案模糊的题可在旁边标上“？”。在做完全部试题后，如时间允许，还要对做过的题加以检查，重点检查那些答案把握不准的题。检查时，不要按照第一次答题的角度去考虑，应该从另外一个角度去思考，没有充分、足够的理由不要推翻第一次的选择。3、试卷来不及答怎么办？对策：首先，要知道高考是选拔性考试，30%左右的考生不能按时答完试题是正常现象，关键是要保持这样一个心态：“我难人难我不畏难，我易人易我不大意”。其次，要根据个人平时答题情况灵活安排好每个大项的答题时间。最后，要设法保证任务型阅读、写作的答题时间。建议合理划分各部分考试时间：听力20分钟、单项填空与完形填空25分钟、阅读理解35分钟、任务型阅读与书面表达25分钟（剩余时间可用按理校对和填涂答题卡）。实际上，除听力外，各人各部分用时并不完全一致，普遍是单选、完形、阅读用时较多，任务型阅读、写作用时较少，而后两种题型都是最好拿分，最有把握拿分的，因此在时间较为紧张时，要确保二卷两项的答题时间（最少要有25分钟时间）。4、何时填涂答题卡？对策：要准确、规范填涂答题卡。听力题在所有20个小题听完后立即一次性填涂。其他选择题可在考试结束前15分钟开始集中填涂。如果平时答题速度较慢，估计没有时间回过头来再检查一遍的，可以每做完一大项集中填涂一次，并且尽量做到将每5个小题作为一组进行填涂。千万不要做一小题就填涂一小题。也可根据各人的答题习惯。但要确保填涂抽样检查，是否题号填错位。5、怎样应对熟词生义的现象？对策：这类词的意思大多数都是原词义的引申意义或次要意义，完全可以根据词的本义或中心意义推测出来。示例：radio 收音机（本义）-无线电（具体到抽象）-无线电话、无线电报、无线电台、无线电广播事业（在“无线电”基础上引申）-向发无线电报、用无线电传送（名词转为动词）head（身体的顶部）头（中心意义）-（一切事物的顶部、顶端、前部）上端、首脑、源头、带头人、要点（次要意义）power能力（中心意义，泛指）-权力、体力、精力、智力、动力、电力、机械能（次要意义，专指，词义缩小）-有权力的人、有影响的机构、强国、大国（抽象转为具体）-用动力发动、推动（名词转化为动词）character特征、特点-汉字（其字形源于事物的“特征”）cock（公鸡）-水龙头（外形象公鸡的头）二、题型应试策略I. 听力1、 高考英语听力测试的具体要求 （1）理解主旨、要义任何一段对话或独白总会围绕一个主旨或者一个中心思想展开。有时，主旨会比较明确；有时则会贯穿整个对话或独白，需考生自己来归纳、概括。（2）获取事实性的具体信息为了说明和解释主旨，对话或独白中需要一些具体信息，如时间、地点、人物、事件等。这些信息是理解和把握对话主旨必不可少的内容。此类题在高考听力试题中所占比例最大。例 1：When will the woman leave for Mexico?（NME2004第 16题）A. on ThursdayB. On FridayC. On Saturday此题考生只要听到“well take off on Saturday.”就可选得答案为C。例2：How much should the man pay?（NMET2004第9题）A. 5 dollars. B. 75 dollars.C. 75.05 dollars此题在考查考生听数字的微技能的同时，还特别考查了对意思的准确掌握程度。“该付与实付的区别”。答案为C。（3）对谈话的背景、说话者之间的关系等能做出简单的推断谈话的背景及谈话者之间的关系对话语的含义有着举足轻重的作用。对谈话背景、谈话者之间关系的理解程度，在一定程度上可以体现一个人对口语的理解能力，因而也是听力测试所要考查的重点项目之一。例 1：Where does the conversation take place? (NMET2004第6题)A. In a hotel.B. At a booking office.C. At a friends house.此题要求考生根据谈话内容来判断谈话发生的场所。从 “well try to get you the same room”很容易得到答案为A.例 2：What will the man probably do in a few days? (MET2004第7题)A. Fly to another countryB. Come to the same hotel.C. Drive here to visit friends.此题考查考生在整体理解的基础上作相应判断。根据 “We are driving to the south of Spain in the next couple of days. And we may come back this way.” 可得答案B（4）理解说话者的意图、观点或态度一般来讲，说话者总会有说话的意图，或提出、回答问题，或阐述自己的想法，或表明自己的态度或意见。这在很大程度上有助于对整个对话的理解。有时，说话者的意图或观点是明说出来的，有时则隐含在对话的字里行间，需要听者自己去揣摩。推断。例：How does the woman feel at the beginning of the conversation? (NMET 2004第14题)A.Angry. B.Surprised C. Sad该段对话讲述了一位女士邮购了一只包，结果收到的却不是她要的那只，后来打电话抱怨。了解这一点就很容易选到答案A。2、听力障碍 在听力过程中，考生常会碰到心理、语言（语音、词汇、语法）、文化背景、记忆等障碍。如：学生常遇到这样的情况：听时什么都懂，但听了后面忘了前面，全部听完后，主旨、大意弄明白了，可具体细节却记不清或记不准了。因而遇到提问有关细节的题时，只好凭感觉或模糊记忆去猜测答案。由此看来，记忆障碍在很大程度上影响听力解题的正确率。同时考生应注意避免对重复信息的过度关注。有时听力材料中会重复出现一些词语，但并不一定是答题的关键。考生往往会误认为这是重点词句，反而会影响答题的正确性。3、高考英语听力应试技巧和解题方法高考英语听力测试与其它测试相比，有其特殊性，它要求考生从头到尾按顺序往下听，听完每段对话和独白后，要在规定的时间内做出选择，没有“回头看”的可能性。因此，掌握一些听力应试技巧，对于在考场上正常发挥水平，取得理想的成绩尤为重要。（1 ）学会预测 预测是在做听力理解之前根据各种暗示，如所给答案选项，段落或对话标题等已有知识，对即将听到的段落或对话内容进行预测。 从答案选项中预测 . 从说话人口气预测： ( 2 ) 做简要笔记 听录音时快速、准确、简要地记下有关信息（包括数字、人名、地名、关键词），前提是不要影响跟听速度，采用自己习惯的符号。 例：How much will the man pay for the tickets? A.$18 B. $24 C. $30 原文：W: Tickets for the movie are $ 6 for adults, half price for children. M: All right, Id like three tickets for adults and two tickets for children, please. 如笔记可简化为：$ 6 A（A代表adult），C代表children,3A+2C或6 A(3)+ half C(2) ( 3 ) 听清数据，简要记下，加以运算。数字类问题分辨别类和计算类两种： 要注意区分-teen和-ty及four和five的发音；辨别多位数，如电话号码，门牌等。 计算时间、钱款、距离、年龄、人或物的数量等；听出数字间的关系，更要听清问题，因为对运算方法的要求通常寓于问题中；注意more, less, as much(many)as, another, double, a couple of; to, past, quarter; 记住时间是60进制 (4 ) 抓住关键，对症下药 听力考试常出现以Where提问的问句，考生要通过对话的具体情节和背景判断对话发生的地点。一般来说，特定场景的用语和关键词是基本固定的，考生要对此多了解，熟悉明白。在遇到Where does the conversation take place?/ Where does sb. work?/ Whats his job?之类的问题时，就会派上用场。 (5 ) 较长对话和短文的理解 抓听首句和首段有助于整体理解文章 结尾部分所给出的信息不一定是题目的正确答案，可能只是一个陷阱 推理思路要正确 语境中抓要点 独白部分（即第十段材料）可分为四种类型： * 人物与故事型：叙述人物的经历和成就，要抓住故事发展线索，所问问题多属事实细节题* 普通知识型： 内容涉及面较广，问题以事实细节题居多* 社会科学型： 涉及到文化教育、社会治安、代沟问题、就业问题、妇女问题、人口问题、环境保护、国家发展等。问题常涉及独白的主题或题目，故需作推理判断。* 科普知识型： 主要涉及自然科学、如生物、物理、海洋、计算机、医学、气象、科学发明等。如遇技术词汇和术语，可利用语境线索猜词义。 (6 ) 果断选题，学会放弃 相信第一感觉，当机立断，决不能反反复复，不可因一题失多题，影响后面的答题。II. 单项填空:（15分，15小题，力争78分钟内完成）1、命题特点：综观近几年的高考英语试题，单项填空题的命题有如下特点：1进一步强化语境因素，增加了语法知识与语言环境的综合运用，体现了高考试题“注重语境，强调运用”的指导思想。2涉及知识面广，涵盖了交际、时态、语态、冠词、形容词、副词、动词（词组）、非谓语动词、定语从句以及状语从句等。其中动词一直是单项填空题考查的重点。3总体难度略有下降，基本剔除了以前的偏题、怪题。4语境设置更为真实、自然、巧妙。词汇、语法知识越考越活。 2、解题技巧：1）注意分析句子结构，注意句式变化，确定选择方向。一个句子所使用的标点符号、有无连词，往往起着决定性的作用；而插入语、省略语等，在一定程度上干扰考生的思维。请比较以下各题：【例1】George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. （2004北京第26题） A. the real nameB. what his real name C. his real nameD. whose real name 【分析】根据题干中的逗号，但无连词的特点，排除A、C项。再根据定语从句的结构，确定答案为D。【例2】 some of this juiceperhaps youll like it. （2000年北京春季第23题） A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried【分析】根据题中所给信息，可以断定这里的破折号用于解释说明。去掉破折号后面的附加信息，可以看出是个祈使句。因此，答案为B。【例3】The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of _ over 600 years old. A. themB. whichC. itD. that （自SB2 Lesson 22改编）【分析】考生很有可能选B，但仔细分析这个句子，我们不难发现，主句与后面的内容用逗号隔开，而逗号后又不是个完整的句子，不能构成定语从句，只能通过同位语的方式完成句子。因此，答案为A。【例4】If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills coming.A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget （2004广东第32题）【分析】此题最大的干扰项是D，考生误以为“Its better to do sth.”的句型结构。实际是better前省略了you d，考查“had better do sth.”的固定结构。因此，答案为A。【例5】Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others , , of course , made the others envy him . （2004天津第23题）A. who B. that C. what D. which【分析】从此题的选项及标点符号可确定为定语从句的选择，只是在定语从句中插入了of course。因此，答案为D。More exercises1. On Saturday afternoon, Mr. Green went to the market, _ some bananas and visited his cousin. (91) A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. buy2. Is this factory _ you visited last Friday? A. which B. where C. the one D. there3. It was only when I reread his poems recently _ I began to appreciate their beauty. A. until B. that C. then D. so4. Is the man _you were seen on that evening your boyfriends? A. who B. whom C to whom D. with whom5. Who did the teacher _ an article for the newspaper? A. has write B. has written C. have write D. have written6. It was said _ was all _ he said. A. that that; that B. that that; what C. which it; that D. that what; that7. A mans worth lies not so much in _ he has as in _ he is. A. what; who B. what; what C. that; what D. that; which8. A. modern city has been set up in _ was a wasteland ten years ago. (04Tianjin) A. what B. which C. that D. where9. _ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account. (05 Shanghai) A. What is required B What requires C. It is required D. It requires10. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. (94) A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding11. - I havent heard from Henry for a long time. (Shanghai 97) - What do you suppose _ to him？ A. is happened B. has happened C. happened D. is happening12. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry outKeys 1-5 A C B D C 6-10 A B A C C 11-12 B C2）认真分析语境，准确理解和把握信息。在单项填空中，一些词或词组常常含有某个特定的信息，而这些信息往往对分析问题、解决问题起着暗示作用。【例1】- You havent lost the ticket, have you?- _. I know its not easy to get another one at the moment. （2004江苏第28题）A. I hope not B. Yes, I have C. I hope so D. Yes, Im afraid so【分析】根据答语的第二句“目前弄到一张票很不容易”的信息提示，答案为A。【例2】Everyone was on time for the meeting - Chris, whos usually ten minutes late for everything. A. but B. only C. even D. yet （2004湖南第27题）【分析】Everyone是本句的信息词，说明 Chris 也准时参加会议。因此， 答案为C。【例3】- Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.- Where was I?- You _ you didnt like your fathers job.（2004北京春季第24题）A. had saidB. saidC. were sayingD. had been saying【分析】此题考查时态的活用。根据语境得知，后者的回答应该针对停止的那一刻在说什么，故应用过去进行时。因此，答案为C。More exercises:1. -When shall we meet again? - Make it _ day you like; its all the same to me(96) A. one B. any C. another D. same2. -Hey, look where you are going? - Oh, I am terribly sorry._(99)A. I am not noticing B. I wasnt noticing C. I havent noticed D. I dont notice3. - Would you mind if I have some time off? - _ - Monday and Tuesday of the week A. Certainly not. B. I dont mind. C. Whats the date? D. When exactly?4. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying5. - Has Sam finished his homework today? - I have no idea. He _ it this morning. A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done6. - Isnt that Anns husband over there? - No, it _ be him. Im sure he doesnt wear glasses. A. cant B. must not C. wont D. may not7. My mind wasnt on what he was saying so Im afraid I _ half of it.(04) A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed8. - Are the new rules working? - Yes. _ books are stolen. (99)A. Few B. More C. Some D. None9. - Can you come on Monday or Tuesday? - I am afraid _ day is possible. (98) A. either B. neither C. some D. any10. You were silly not _ your car. (04 湖南) A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having lockedKeys 1-5 B B D A C 6-10 A D A B B 3）正确理解句意，避免定势思维。在学习过程中，尤其是复习阶段，教师往往就一些常见的、重要的词、词组及句型加以反复强调，以加深学生的印象，学生因此而可能形成思维的定势。【例1】Were going to _ with some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us? （2004北京春季第27题）A. get in B. get over C. get alongD. get together【分析】考生很可能选择C项，get along with sb.“与相处”。但根据句意，此处应为“欢聚”之意。因此，答案为D。【例2】-I cant find Mr. Smith. Where did you meet him this morning?- It was in the hotel _ he stayed. A. whereB. whichC. the oneD. that【分析】此题最大的干扰项是D，考生很可能把它看作强调结构。但根据句意，它要表达的是“在他呆的宾馆里找到他的”。所以，实际上是在stayed后省略了that I found him，即全句可完整地表达为It was in the hotel where he stayed that I found him。因此，答案为A。 More exercises:1.- Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morning. - Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a2. She cant help _ the house because she is busy making a cake.(Shanghai 97) A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned3. - Alice, you feed the bird today, _? - But I fed it yesterday. (99) A. do you B. will you C. didnt you D. dont you4. I agree with most of what you said, but I dont agree with _. A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothingKeys D A B A 4）排除母语干扰，规范英语表达。英汉两种语言在表达上存在很大的差异，考生很可能会用汉语的思维方式去认识和解决英语中的问题，掉入命题人设置的陷阱。【例1】Were all the three people in the car injured in the accident? No, only the two passengers who got hurt.A. it wasB. there wasC. there wereD. there had【分析】考生很可能误选C。因为，考生想表达“不，只有两个人受伤”，很可能用“There be”结构表达自己的思想。但是，本句实际采用了强调结构，强调“only the two passengers”。因此，正确答案为A。【例2】- Excuse me, _? - Thats $35.76 altogether , madam.A. how much is the meal weve hadB. but can I take your orderC. could I have the bill, pleaseD. would you please take the money【分析】根据中国人的表达习惯，考生很可能会选择A，“我们一共吃了多少钱？”。但在英美文化中，往往会说“请结帐，好吗？”。因此，答案为C。【例3】_, tears came to his eyes.A. Reading the letterB. He was reading the letterC. When he was reading the letterD. The letter was being read【分析】句意要表达的是“读着这封信，眼泪都出来了”，每一个选项都有可能成为考生的选择对象。根据解题技巧1，排除选项B、D。又根据分词的结构特点，排除A项。因此，正确答案为C。5）注意学会还原法(1) 被动语态还原为主动语态. 1. John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. wash C. washing D. to be washing(2) 复合句分解成简单句. 2. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had _ went wrong again. A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired(3) 疑问句还原陈述句. 3. a. Is this the school _ we visited last year? （B） b. Is this school _ we visited last year? (A) A. the one B. that C. at which D. one(4) 感叹句还原成陈述句. 4. Oh, John! _ you gave us! A. How a pleasant surprise B. How pleasant surprise C. What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise(5) 倒装语序还原成正常语序5. So difficult _ it to live in an English speaking country that I determined to learn English well. A. I have left B. have I left C. I did feel D. did I feel(6)强调结构还原成常见的陈述结构。6. It was for this reason _ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village. A. which B. why C. that D. how(7)简单句还原成复合句7. Will those _ the children from abroad come to the headmasters office? A. teaching B. teach C. who teaches D. who teaching8. The old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked6）情景会话单选题解题四忌 忌上词下用 上词下用指的是答句部分延用了题干句子的重点词、信息词，按表层意思似乎合情合理，但往往为错误的虚象，需经进一步分析后才能确定正确选项。 典型的例子如用I dont应答Dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow ，用Dont be sorry回答Im sorry I broke your mirror，以及用No thanks回答 Thank you ever so much for the book you sent me.。如何避免上词下用这样的错误呢? 一是确认题目涉及的功能项目；二是确认句子上下文语境；三是确认正确的话语方式。【例1】-I wonder if I could use your telephone. - _ . (1996上海) A.I wonder how B.I dont wonder C. Sorry, its out of order D. No wonder, here it 【分析】尽管该题中反复出现wonder一词，但通过仔细审题可确定其考查的功能项目为征求对方意见，问句相当于Could I use your telephone?，综合语境和话题的分析，正确的答话方式一般为Of course you can.(肯定)或Sorry, you cant.(否定)，所以只有C项符合题意，A、B、D项均属典型的上词下用现象，而且D项中的No wonder意思为难怪，更是和题干内容相差甚远。 忌中文思维 与上词下用比较，这一误区更具迷惑性，因为无论按题目内容或是按思维方式来考虑，都十分符合中国学生的习惯。显然，掌握英汉两种语言和文化之间的相同和相异之处，对于准确解题至关重要。学生解题失误之一是按汉语的表达方式和结构去套英语，去选答案，这属于语言知识的负迁移。 【例2】 -Do you think its going to rain over the weekend? - _ . (NMET 1994)A. I dont believe B. I dont believe it C. I believe not so D. I believe not 【分析】 答案为D。以Do you think.?这样的句子来提问，用D项来回答表示否定，显然不符合中文的表达习惯，这也正是许多学生选了A、B、C项的原因。 另一个更常见的失误是套用中国文化模式。违背英语国家的思维方式和文化习俗，这属于文化方面的负迁移。此类例子有： 1. -Id like to invite you to dinner tomorrow. -Oh, no. Thatll be too much trouble. (正确答话为：Im very sorry, but.) 2. -Thank you ever so much for the book you sent me. -Please dont say so. (正确答话：Im glad you like it.) 3. -Hi, havent seen you for ages! You look fine! -Oh, no. (正确答话可为：Thanks. You look well, too.) 忌直接回绝 这主要是指在对方要求得到帮助，提出请求或邀请时，回答过于直接，不够委婉，尽管从语义角度分析是没毛病的，但不符合英语语言国家的交际习惯。请求方面的问话有May I.?/Can I.?/I wonder if I could./Do you mind if I.?等，邀请方面的问话有Will you.?/Would you like to.?/Id like to invite to.等。在作否定回答时，为了表示礼貌和委婉，通常要用一些委婉词，如but, Im afraid, Im sorry, thanks, please, had better等。【例3】-I didnt know this was a one-way street, officer. -_. (2000,上海) A. Thats all right. B. I dont believe you. C. How dare you say that? D. Sorry, but thats no excuse. 【分析】许多考生可能选了B、C项，这是没有注意到西方人生活、工作中交往的必要礼节，答话时过于生硬，没有顾及他人感情，而正确答案D项正是在充分考虑到说话双方的身份，彼此之间的关系以及说话人的立场和态度的基础上做出的正确选择。 忌答非所问 应该说答非所问的错误比较容易察觉，如果问话与答话的内容风马牛不相及的话，我们可以迅速排除。但有时双方会话内容有所关联，但仔细推敲发现其实答语并不切题。最典型的例子是With pleasure.和Its a pleasure.。前者一般在事前回答 ，表示没问题，非常愿意。后者一般在事后回答，表示不必感谢，不用客气。类似的例子有：1. -Let me introduce myself. Im Albert. -What a pleasure. (正确答话可为：Pleased to meet you.) 2. -Im sorry I broke your mirror. -Oh, really? Its OK with me. (正确答话可为：It doesnt matter.) 要避免此类错误，一要掌握常用的功能意念会话项目，特别是一些口语式的固定搭配；二要理解对话场合和意图，理出答题总之，高考单项填空题虽说只有15个小题，但是考查内容涉及面广，并突出了综合性和语境化的特点。解题时，应结合语境，灵活使用语法、词汇知识，透过现象看本质，从而达到分析问题和解决问题的最终目的。More exercises1. Hi, havent seen you for ages! You look fine. _. You look well, too.A. Great B. Thanks C. Oh, no D. Not at all2. Waiter! _.- I cant eat this. It salty. A. Yes, sir? B. What? C. All right? D. Pardon?3. I am sorry I broke your mirror. Oh, really? _. A. Its OK with me B. It doesnt matter C. Dont be sorry D. I dont care4. Do you think I could borrow your dictionary? _. A. Yes, you may borr