浦发银行笔试英语专项.doc

Part I Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:If the salinity of ocean water is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporationconversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind; this, by the way, is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it well tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water. In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of oceans of the world.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. Where do we get our table salt?B. Oceanic salinity in tropical regionsC. Three basic processes that alter oceanic salinityD. Variations of salinity in different parts of the ocean2. According to the author, the oceanic salinity is usually lower in _.A. tropical regionsB. coastal regionsC. places in which warm currents and cold currents meetD. the Antarctica3. All of the following are processes that decrease ocean salinity except _.A. precipitation B. runoff C. melting D. evaporation4. What does the word “subtraction in the fourth line of the first paragraph mean?A. reduction B. influx C. transformation D. freezing5. Which of the following is NOT a result of the formation of ice in oceans?A. The surrounding water sinks.B. The water becomes denser.C. Water salinity decreases.D. The surrounding water becomes colder.参考答案Part I Reading Comprehension1. D。文章的主要内容是在不同的地区和地理、温度、气候条件下海洋的盐度。2. B。根据文中信息，在沿岸地区，因为有淡水河流的注入，所以盐度较低。3. D。文中第一段指出，蒸发使海洋失去水分，留下了盐分，盐的浓度就此增加。降水、径流、溶化都是减少盐分的过程。4. A。subtraction的意思是“减少，抽走”。5. C。文中很明确指出，海洋中冰的形成会引起盐度的增加。所以C显然不是海水结冰的结果。Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage: More than a century ago, the relationship between glacial ice and the amount of water in the ocean basins was first seen. When the great ice sheet covered vast land areas, the sea level was lowered because the normal return of water from land to the ocean was reduced. As a result, the sea level rose as Ice Age glaciers melted allowing the melted waters to flow into the ocean. If all the glacial ice on the surface of the earth today should melt, the sea level might rise by more than 150 feet. Shoreline variations are also produced through elevation or depression of the land. During times of glacier formations the great weight of the ice slowly depressed the earths crust. Removal of the weight through glacier melting allowed the slow return of the crust to its former position. Changes in the Great Ice climates from cool and wet to warm and dry produced climate changes far from the glaciated area. For example, at times of cool-wet glacial climates, levels of inland lakes rose, in contrast to the depression of sea level. During the warm-dry interglacial climates, lake levels were lowered. The ancient lake Bonneville, largest of the glacial lakes in Western United States, once covered more than 20,000 square miles. It had a maximum depth of more than 1,000 feet. Great Salt Lake in Utah is the shrunken remnant of this once large lake.Although the first time that early man walked on the earth is uncertain, he is largely a product of the Great Ice Age. Present information shows that during this time he evolved rapidly both physically and culturally. His most primitive tools and skeletal remains have been found in some of the oldest deposits contemporary with the Great Ice Age in Africa, Asia and Europe. These are often associated with remains of extinct animals. With the disappearance of the great ice sheets, the Bronze and Iron Age cultures evolved. About this time many animals suited to cooler climates died.Although much remains to be learned, the story of the Great Ice Age is being unfolded through the efforts of specialists in many fields. Recording field observation, new theories and methods, and worldwide studies of existing glaciers are bringing a clearer understanding of the Great Ice Age.6. Which of the following is NOT implied in the passage?A. Man has a lot more to learn about the Great Ice Age. B. The art of making tools was instrumental in bringing about the evolution of human brain.C. Many species were not suited to the warmer climates of the Bronze and Iron Age.D. The relationship between glacial ice and the amount of water in the ocean basins was not seen until more than a hundred years ago.7. According to the article, which of the following will induce the depression of sea level?A. formation of great masses of ice sheet on the landB. precipitationC. shoreline variationsD. the advent of warm-dry interglacial climates8. Why does the author cite the example of the Great Salt Lake in Utah?A. to show that it is a lake created in the Great Ice AgeB. to show that it once was the largest lake in the United StatesC. to show that it evolved from the Bronze and Iron AgeD. to show that it is what remained of the once large lake Bonneville9. Which of the following can be learned about early man based on the information provided in the passage?A. The exact time of his appearance on the Earth is uncertain.B. He evolved rapidly physically and culturally during the Bronze and Iron Age.C. The ability to make primitive tools distinguished man from other animals.D. Early man lived mainly on animals hunted.10. The best source of information about the Great Ice Age is obtained from _.A. rock formationsB. fossil remainsC. primitive tools used by early manD. Antarcticas ancient glacier参考答案6. B。工具的制造对人脑的进化起到了至关重要的作用，这一点并未在文中提到。 7. A。文中开头提到当大片的陆地面积被冰所覆盖时，因为注入海洋的地表径流量减少，使得海平面下降。8. D。作者在第一段的结尾处举大盐湖的例子是为了说明它是一度覆盖2000平方英里的波那维尔湖因为在间冰期的温暖干燥时期湖面下降而逐渐缩小面积而形成的。9. A。文中第二段的开头指出，人类最初出现在地球上的时间还不能最后确定。10. C。文中第二段指出，发现的人类在冰河时代的工具和人骨可以帮助人们对冰河时代的情况有更多的了解。Questions 15 to 20 are based on the following passage:Although we already know a great deal about influenza, and although the World Health Organization is constantly collecting detailed information from its chain of influenza reference laboratories throughout the world, it is extremely difficult for epidemiologists (流行病专家), who study infectious disease, to predict when and where the next flu epidemic will occur, and how severe it will be.There are three kinds of influenza virus, known as A, B and C. Influenza C virus is relatively stable and causes mild infections that do not spread far through the population. The A and B types are unstable, and are responsible for the epidemics that cause frequent concern. Following any virus attack, the human body builds up antibodies which confer immunity to that strain of virus, but a virus with the capacity to change its character is able to by-pass this protection. Variability is less developed in the influenza B virus, which affects only human beings. An influenza B virus may cause a widespread epidemic but will have little effect if introduced into the same community soon afterwards, since nearly everyone will have built up antibodies and will be immune. The influenza A virus, which affects animals also, is extremely unstable and is responsible for some of the worst outbreaks of the disease, such as the unparalleled pandemic, or world epidemic, of 1918-1919, when about half the worlds population were infected and about twenty million people died, some from pneumonia caused by the virus itself and some from secondary complications(并发症) caused by bacteria.Accurate prediction is difficult because of the complication of the factors. A particular virus may be related to one to which some of the population have partial involved immunity. The extent to which it will spread will depend on factors such as its own strength, or virulence, the ease with which it can be transmitted and the strength of the opposition it encounters. Scientists, however, have a reliable general picture of the world situation. Influenza A attacks us in waves every two or three years, while influenza B, which travels more slowly, launches its main assaults every three to six years. The outbreaks vary from isolated cases to epidemics involving a tenth or more of the population. We may confidently prophesy that sooner or later large numbers of people will be feeling the unpleasant effects of some kind of influenza virus.15. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?A. Symptoms of InfluenzaB. Man Versus VirusC. World Health Organization: Forefront against Influenza VirusD. Variability of Influenza Virus16. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true about influenza?A. Man has obtained a great deal of knowledge about influenza.B. The occurrence of influenza is still unpredictable.C. Influenza is being studied extensively and systematically in many countries in the world under the guidance of World Health Organization.D. No reliable treatment of influenza has yet been found.17. What does the author say about the influenza B virus?A. B virus is relatively stable and causes mild infections that do not spread far through the population.B. B virus is unstable, and is responsible for the epidemics that cause frequent concern.C. B virus is extremely unstable and is responsible for some of the worst outbreaks of the disease.D. B virus has a very developed variability, and it affects only human beings.18. Which of the following is the most dangerous virus according to the passage?A. influenza A virus B. influenza B virusC. influenza C virus D. it cannot be determined by the information provided19. What does the word “assault” in the eighth line of the last paragraph mean?A. influence B. attack C. symptom D. damage20. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to the extent to which a virus spreads?A. the strength of the virusB. the strength of the opposition the virus encountersC. the ease with which the virus can be transmittedD. the immunity the virus can induce参考答案16. D。文章并没有提到人们还没有找到任何治疗感冒的良方。17. B。文章第二段开头指出，B型病毒不稳定，而且往往会引起大范围的传染病的传播。18. A。通过文章的介绍，可以看出，A型病毒是这三种病毒中对人类危害的一种，因为它不稳定，并会造成危害性极大的流感的传播。19. B。assault的意思是“袭击”。20. D。文章最后一段说明，病毒传播的程度和它本身的强度，它遇到的抵抗力，和它传播的难易程度都是密切相关的。但是文章没有提到病毒能带来的免疫力。Text 1Two related paradoxes also emerge from the same basic conception of the aesthetic experience. The first was given extended consideration by Hegel, who argued roughly as follows: our sensuous attention and that gives to the work of art its peculiar individuality. Because it addresses itself to our sensory appreciation, the work of art is essentially concrete, to be understood by an act of perception rather than by a process of discursive thought. At the same time, our understanding of the work of art is in part intellectual; we seek in it a conceptual content, which it presents to us in the form of an idea. One purpose of critical interpretation is to expound this idea in discursive formto give the equivalent of the content of the work of art in another, nonsensuous idiom. But criticism can never succeed in this task, for, by separating the content from the particular form, it abolishes its individuality. The content presented then ceases to be the exact content of that work of art. In losing its individuality, the content loses its aesthetic reality; it thus ceases to be a reason for attending to the particular work and that first attracted our critical attention. It cannot be this that we saw in the original work and that explained its power over us. For this content, displayed in the discursive idiom of the critical intellect, is no more than a husk, a discarded relic of a meaning that eluded us in the act of seizing it. If the content is to be the true object of aesthetic interest, it must remain wedded to its individuality: it cannot be detached from its “sensuous embodiment” without being detached from itself. Content is, therefore, inseparable from form and form in turn inseparable from content. (It is the form that it is only by virtue of the content that it embodies.)Hegels argument is the archetype of many, all aimed at showing that it is both necessary to distinguish form from content and also impossible to do so. This paradox may be resolved by rejecting either of its premises, but, as with Kants antinomy, neither premise seems dispensable. To suppose that content and form are inseparable is, in effect, to dismiss both ideas as illusory, since no two works of art can then share either a content or a form-the form being definitive of each works individuality. In this case, no one could ever justify his interest in a work of art by reference to its meaning. The intensity of aesthetic interest becomes a puzzling, and ultimately inexplicable, feature of our mental life. If, on the other hand, we insist that content and form are separable, we shall never be able to find, through a study of content, the reason for attending to the particular work of art that intrigues us. Every work of art stands proxy for its paraphrase. An impassable gap then opens between aesthetic experience and its ground, and the claim that aesthetic experience is intrinsically valuable is thrown in doubt.21. Hegel argued that .A it is our sensuous appreciation that gives peculiar individuality to the work of artB it is the content of the work of art that holds our attentionC the work of art cannot be understood without a process of logical thinkingD the form of the work of art is what our sensuous appreciation concentrates on22. It can be inferred from this passage that .A the paradox that it is both necessary to distinguish form content and also impossible to do so cannot be resolved by rejecting its premisesB both content and form of the work of art are illusoryC the content and form of the work of art are separableD aesthetic experience is not intrinsically valuable23. Which of the following is NOT what Hegel believed?A The content and form of the work of art cannot be separated from each other.B The content of the work of art is always the true object of aesthetic interest.C The content presented without any individuality is not the content of the work of art.D The content understood by means of a process of discursive thought is no more than a husk.24. Premises that are related to each other seems to be dispensable because .A Kant thinks they are indispensableB either of them can resolve the paradoxC the premises are separatedD the premises can account for the theory25. This passage is mainly about . A the sensuous appreciation of artB the basic conception of the aesthetic experienceC how to appreciate the work of artD the relationship between form and content of the work of art参考答案Text 121.D本题的答案线索可以在第一段的最后一句话中找到。A项应该是sensuous attention. B项没有提到，C项正是黑格尔所反对的。22.A根据第四段的内容，康德对开始两句话的否定，表明对两个前提中的一个予以否定是不可能的，这与A项的内容相符合。23.B本项可以根据第二段中的内容得到答案，第二句话开始人们试图对艺术品找到一个实在东西表达其含义，但是失败了。所以B项的内容是错误的。24.B因为二者对解决这个paradox没有作用，所以他们是可有可无的。25.D通读全文即可知道，主要是黑格尔对艺术的内容和形式之间的关系进行的论述。所以很明显正确答案为D。译文两个相关的自相矛盾也产生于同一个基本概念即美学经验。黑格尔对第一个矛盾做了详尽的论述，他大抵认为：我们的感觉注意及表现在艺术品方面的感觉注意是极其个性化的。因为艺术品将自己置入我们的感官鉴赏，所以它本质上是具体的，是被我们的感觉而不是游离的思想所理解。同时，我们对艺术品的理解也需要部分智力，我们从中寻求概念化的内容，它以观念的形式呈现给我们。批判性解释的一个目的就是用游离的形式详细地解释这个观念将艺术品的内容用非感觉的方式呈现出来。但是批评永远都不会成功，因为在将内容和某一形式分离的过程中已经破坏了其个性。此时呈现的内容已经不是那件艺术品的真实内容。丢失了个性，内容也就失去了其美学实体，从而它也就不会成为我们之所以注意那件作品和最初吸引我们批判注意的原因。也正是因为这样我们才会觉得与解释相比，原作带给我们的震撼力总是那么强大。因为这种被游离思想批判过的内容充其量不过就是一个躯壳，一个逃避我们扑捉被抛弃了的意义。如果内容要成为美学欣赏的真正对象，它必须保持其个性：它不与自身分离就不会同其“感觉镜像”分离。因此内容不能脱离形式，形式也不能脱离内容。（形式只能依靠内容来体现。）黑格尔的观点是很多观点的原形，所有观点都旨在说明将形式和内容分离的必要性和不可能性。抛弃他们各自的前提这一矛盾体也许可以解决，但正如康德的自相矛盾论，任何一个前提都是不可分割的。认为内容和形式不可分割，实际上就是认为这两个观念是虚幻的，因为没有两件艺术作品能够共享一个内容或形式每一个作品个性的确定形式。因此，任何人都不能通过参考艺术作品的意义来欣赏它。强烈的美学兴趣变成一种迷惑的，几乎无法说明的精神世界的特征。如果另一方面，我们坚持内容和形式是可分的，我们永远都不能通过研究内容来发现一件艺术作品吸引我们的真正原因。对每件艺术作品的解释得到的都只是它的替身。在美学经验和其本质之间就会出现不可逾越的鸿沟，而美学经验在本质上是有价值的论断也就值得怀疑。Text 2Every country with a monetary system of its own has to have some kind of market in which dealers in bills, notes, and other forms of short term credit can buy and sell. The“money