学术英语(社科)Unit8八单元原文及翻译.doc

UNIT8 Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power硬实力，软实力，巧实力People often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strenght. Is these something more to the concept of power?The answer ia in the affirmative ,at least to some who study political science. This unit explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations.人们常常把国家权力与军事或经济实力。这些东西更多权力的概念？在肯定的答案是，至少对那些政治学研究。本单位探讨复杂的权力的性质和它如何影响国际关系。The complex nature of power复杂的权力的性质1.“Until human nature change, power and force will remain at the heart of international relations,” according to a top U.S. official. Not everyone will agree with suvh a gloomy realpolitik assessment, but it underlines the crucial role that power plays in diplomacy. When the goals and interest of states conflict, which side will prevail is often decided by who has the most power.1。“直到人性变化，权力和力量仍将在国际关系的核心，”据一位美国高级官员。不是每个人都会同意这样一个令人沮丧的现实的评估，但它强调在外交中起着至关重要的作用，电力的。当目标和国家利益冲突，哪一方会获胜的往往是谁最有权力决定。2.Power is the term we will use here to represent the sum of a countrys capabilities. Because power in common usage carries the connotation of “hit-over-the -head” or “make you” capabilities, it is very important to stress that power as used here is more than that. As we will explore in the following pages,power can be based on positive persuasion as well as negative coercion. Indeed, power has many forms. Military muscle, wealth, and some others are fairly obvious and tangible. Othera such as national willpower and diplomatic skills are much less obvious and intangible.2。电力是指我们在这里使用的是一个国家的能力总和。因为在共同使用权进行“打在头”或“让你能力的内涵，它是强调力量用在这里非常重要的多。我们会在下文探讨，功率可根据积极以及消极的强制劝说。事实上，有许多形式的权力。军事力量，财富，有些是显而易见的，有形的。其他如国家意志和外交技巧是不太明显的和无形的。Power as an asset and a goal电力作为一种资产和目标3.One source of confusion in discussion about power is that it is both an asset and a goal. Our discussion of power so far has generally treated it as an asset that can be applied to help countries achieve goals. In this sense, power is akin to money as a sort of political currency that can be used to acquire things. Money buys things; power causes things to happen. There are, of course,differences between money and power. One is that political power is less liquid than money; it is harder to convert into things that you want. Another difference is that power,unlike money, has no standard measurement. Therefore it is much harder to be precise about how much power any country has.3。在讨论权力混淆来源之一就是资产和目标。我们讨论的功率到目前为止通常把它作为一种资产，可以用于帮助国家实现目标。在这个意义上，权力和金钱作为一种政治货币，可以用来获得的东西。金钱可以买到的东西；权力导致事情发生。有，当然，金钱和权力之间的差异。一是政治权力比金钱液少；很难转换成你想要的东西。另一个区别是，不像钱，没有标准的测量。因此，很难精确多少权力，任何国家。4.Power is also a goal because in a world of often-conflicting goals among countries it is only prudent to seek, acquire, or preserve sufficient power to pursue your national goals. Here again ,the analogy between power and money has merit. We all expend money as an asset , yet we also seek to acquire money and to build up a reserve against both anticipated needs and contingencies.4动力也是一个目标。因为在一个经常相互冲突的目标之间的国家只有谨慎的寻求，获得世界，或保持足够的动力去追求你的国家目标。在这里，权力与金钱之间的类比是有价值的。我们花的钱作为一种资产，但我们也寻求获得金钱和建立一个对预期的需求和应急储备。5.The duality of power as an asset and a goal creates a debate over whether more is always better. Some people believe that countries can become fixated on acquiring power, especially military power, beyoud what is prudently needed to meet possible exigencies. This, critics say, is unwise because power is expensive, it creates a temptation to use it, and it spawns insecurity in others. Critics of recent U.S. foreign policy see its massive arms spending and its misadventure in Iraq as a case in point.5。二元权力作为一种资产和目标是否在创造更多更好的辩论。有些人认为，国家可以成为专注于获取力量，特别是军事力量，超越什么是审慎需要满足可能的紧急情况。批评者说，这是不明智的，因为权力是昂贵的，它创造了一种诱惑去使用它，和它产生的不安全感的人。最近的美国外交政策的批评者认为其庞大的军费开支和伊拉克战争为例。6.To such charges, realists warn that not being willing to pay the price today to guard against future and unknown dangers leaves states vulnerable. Realists also dismiss the concern about having too much power and say that the real danger is unwise use of the power you have by wasting it on marginal goals. And realists caution against a country being too reluctant to expend its power to advance its national interests. Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, for one ,portrays Americans as sometimes too-reluctant warriors and believes that “American leadership needs to articulate for their public a concept of the national interest and explain how that interest is served by the maintenance of the balance of power” througn a forceful U.S. presence on the world stage.6。这些指控，现实主义者警告说，不愿意支付的价格今天防范未来和未知的危险状态脆弱的叶子。现实主义者也不希望有太多的权力关系说，真正的危险是不明智的利用你拥有的力量被浪费在边缘的目标。和现实主义者警告一个国家不愿意耗费电力推进其国家利益。一个美国国务卿基辛格，前国务卿，描绘美国人有时太不情愿的战士和认为，“美国领导需要来表达他们的公众一个国家利益的概念和解释，利益服务的权力的“平衡的维持在世界舞台上一个强有力的美国的存在。Hard and soft power7.As noted earlier, the most common image of power involves the ability to make someone else do something or suffer the consequences. Often called hard power,this type of power rests on negative incentives (threats, “sticks”) and on positive incentives (inducements, “carrots” ). There is also soft power, the ability to persuade others to follow your lead by being an attractive example. As one scholar puts it, “A country may obtain the outcome it wants in world politics because other countries-admiring its values, emulating its example, aspiring to its level of prosperity and openness- want to follow it.”7。如前所述，权力最常见的图像有能力让别人做某事或遭受的后果。通常被称为“硬权力，这种权力取决于负激励（威胁，“大棒”）和正激励（诱因，“胡萝卜”）。也有软权力，说服别人听从你的领导是一个有吸引力的例子的能力。正如一位学者所说，“一个国家可以得到它想要的世界政治中因为其他国家对它的值的结果，仿真实例，希望它的繁荣和开放水平要遵循它。”8.The value of these two forms of power is the source of much debate. Hard power is easier to appreciate because it is easier to see that certain coercive measures or positive incentives have been used and to observe the result. Realists also are apt to dismiss the concept of soft power,arguing that countries follow other countries lead because they share the same interests, not because of altruistic sentiments such as admiration.8。这两种形式的功率值是许多争论的来源。硬权力很容易明白因为它可以很容易的看到某些强制措施或积极的激励措施已被使用，并观察结果。现实主义者也倾向于驳回软权力的概念，认为国家效仿其他国家的领导因为它们共享相同的利益，不是因为利他情怀如钦佩。9.Rebutting this, those who belive that soft power can be potent point, as an example, to the negative impact they say the Iraq War has had on U.S. soft power by greatly diminishing the U.S. image abroad. Citing poll results showing that favorable opinion about the United States has plummeted almost everywhere in the past several years, one analyst worries that “the United States” soft power- its ability to attract others by the legitimacy of U.S. policies and the values that underlie them- is in decline as a result”. One reason this is a concern, accroding to this view, is because the United States needs the cooperation of other countries to combat terrorism and many other problems, but “When the United States becomes so unpopular that being pro-American is a kiss of death in other countries domestic politics, foreign political leaders are unlikely to make helpful concessions, reducing U.S. leverage in international affairs”. T