环境生态学复习主要内容.doc

环境生态学（双语）考试主要内容第一章：Introduction :what is ecology专业名词解释：Ecology（生态学） can be defined as the study of relationships between organisms and environment.Ecology（生态学） is indeed the study of relationships between organisms and the environment.Biosphere (生物圈): The portions of earth that support life, also refers to the global ecosystem.Ecosystem (生态系统): A biological community plus all of the abiotic（非生物） factors influencing that community.Nutrient (营养): Chemical substance (物质) require for the development, maintenance and reproduction of organisms.Epiphytes (附生植物): A plant, such as orchid, that grows on the surface of another plant but is not parasitic. Ecotone (群落交错带): A spatial (空间的) transition from one type of ecosystem to another, for instance, the transition from woodland to grassland.简述题：1) Explaining why the nutrient of soil under tropical rain forest is poor, and where the nutrient stored in tropical rain forest?第2章：Population distribution and abundance专业名词解释：Biomes are distinguished primarily by their predominant plants and are associated with particular climates. Soil is a complex mixture of living and nonliving material upon which most life depends. Climate diagrams（气候图解） summarize a great deal of useful climatic information, including seasonal variation in temperature and precipitation , the length and intensity of wet and dry seasons, and the portion of the year during which average minimum temperature is above and below 0. Tropical rain forest（热带雨林）:Tropical savanna（热带稀树草原）:Temperate forest（温带森林）:Tundra（冻原）:简述题：1） Draw a typical soil profile, indicating the principal layers, or horizons. Describe the characteristics of each layer.2） Indicating the distribution of tropical rain forest on the world, and describe the environmental characteristics. Tropical rain forests straddle the equator in three major regions: Southern Asia, West Africa, and South and Central America (Fig.2.10). Most rain forests occurs within 10 of latitude north or south of the equator. Outside this equatorial band are the rain forests of Central America and Mexico, southeastern Brazil, eastern Madagascar, southern India, and northeastern Australia. 1) Indicating the distribution of tropical savanna on the world, and describe the environmental characteristics. 2) Indicating the distribution of temperate forest on the world, and describe the environmental characteristics. 3) Indicating the distribution of temperate grassland on the world, and describe the environmental characteristics. 第3章：Life in water专业名词解释：Kelp forest（巨型藻林）:Coral reef（珊瑚礁）:Salt marshes（盐生沼泽）:Mangrove forest（红树林）:Salinity（盐度）: The amount of salt dissolved in water is called salinity.Dissolved oxygen（溶解氧）: The amount of oxygen dissolved in water is called dissolved oxygen.简述题：1) Indicating the distribution region of kelp forest, and environmental characteristics;2) Indicating the distribution region of coral reef, and environmental characteristics;3) Indicating the distribution region of salt marshes, and environmental characteristics;4) Indicating the distribution region of mangrove forest, and environmental characteristics;第4章：Temperature relations专业名词解释：Macroclimate（宏气候） is what weather station report and what we represented with climate diagrams in chapter 2. Microclimate（微气候） is climate variation on a scale of a few kilometers, meters, or even centimeters, usually measured over short periods of time. Photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to the chemical energy of organic molecules, is the basis for the life of plantstheir growth, reproduction, and so on. Acclimation involves physiological, not genetic, changes in response to temperature; acclimation is generally reversible with changes in environmental conditions. Transpiration简述题：Microclimate is influenced by landscape features such as altitude, aspect, vegetation, color of the ground, and presence of boulders and burrows. 第5章：Water relations专业名词解释：Relative humidity（相对湿度）: a measure of the relative water content of air. Relative Humidity= water vapor density/ Saturation water vapor densityWater potential（水势）: we can define water potential as the capacity of water to do work, and we also can define the free energy of water in solutions; Vapor pressure deficit（水汽压亏缺） is calculated as the difference between the actual water vapor pressure and the saturation water vapor pressure.Soil moisture简述题：Try to explain why a tall tree can absorb water up to teens of meters from soil by water potential view.第6章：Energy and nutrient relations专业名词解释：Autotroph（自养生物）: an organism that can synthesize organic molecules using inorganic molecules and energy from either sunlight (photosynthetic autotrophs) or from inorganic molecules, such as hydrogen sulfide (chemosynthetic autotrophs).Heterotroph(异养生物): an organism that used organic molecules both as a source of carbon and as a source of energy.Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR光合有效辐射): wavelengths of light between 400 and 700 nm that photosynthetic organisms use as a source of energy.Photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD, 光合作用光量子通量密度): the number of photons of light striking a square meter surface each second.C3 photosynthesis（C3光合途径）: the photosynthetic pathway used by most plants and all algae, in which the product of the initial reaction is phosphoglyceric acid, or PGA, a three-carbon acid. C4 photosynthesis（C4光合途径）: in C4 photosynthesis, CO2 is fixed in mesophyll cells by combining it with phosphoenol pyruvate, or PEP, to produce a four-carbon acid. Plants using C4 photosynthesis are generally more drought tolerant than plants employing.CAM (grassulacean acid metabolism景天酸代谢途径) photosynthesis: a photosynthetic pathway largely limited to succulent plant in arid and semiarid environments, in which carbon fixation takes place at night, when lower temperatures reduce the rate of water loss during CO2 uptake. Herbivore: a heterotrophic organism that eats plants.Carnivore（食肉动物）: an organism that consumes flesh; approximately synonymous with predator.PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; with wavelengths between about 400 and 700 nm, carries sufficient energy to drive the light-depend reaction of photosynthesis but not so much as to destroy organic molecules. Detritivores: organisms that feed on nonliving organic matter, usually the remains of plants. 简述题：Three different biochemical pathways are known: C3 photosynthesis, C4 photosynthesis, and CAM photosynthesis. These are found in ecologically different plants. 第7章：Social relation专业名词解释：Mate choiceMate choice by one sex and/or competition for mates among individuals of the same sex can result in selection for particular traits in individuals, a process called sexual selection（性选择）. Darwin used the term secondary sexual characteristics to mean characteristics of male or female not directly involved in the process of reproduction. Intrasexual selection（性内选择）: the process of same sex individuals contested for mating. Intersexual selection（性间选择）: one sex consistently choose mates from among members of the opposite sex on the basis of some particular trait. 简述题：第8章：Population genetics and natural selection专业名词解释：Natural selection, which changes genotypic and phenotypic frequencies in populations, can result in adaptation to the environment 简述题：1、Describing Darwins theory of natural selection;第9章：Population distribution and abundance专业名词解释：Population（种群）: Ecologist usually define a population as a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area.简述题：How do the individuals of a species distributed in the population?The distribution pattern observed by ecologist is strongly influenced by the scale at which a population is studied. What is “large” or “small” depend on the size of organism or other ecological phenomenon, On small scales, individuals within populations are distributed in patterns that may be random, regular, or clumped; on large scales, individuals with a population are clumped.Distributions of individuals on small scales: Three basic patterns of distribution are observed on small scales: random, regular, or clumped. Random distribution: equal chance of living; Regular distribution: uniformly spaced; Clumped distribution: individuals gathered some areas than others areas; 第10章：Population dynamics专业名词解释:A survivorship curve summarizes the pattern of survival in a population. Cohort life table（同生生命表）: A life table established on a group of individuals born at same time; Static life table（静态生命表）: to record the age at death of large number of individuals that were born at different times; Age distribution（年龄分布）: The distributions of different age portion of individuals within a population; Ongoing dispersal can join numerous subpopulations to form a metapopulation（玛他种群）; A group of subpopulations living on several patches connected by exchenge of individuals among patches make up a metapopulatons; 简述题：1) Three types of survivorship curvesMost survivorship curves fall into three major categories; Type I survivorship curve: lower rates of mortality among young; Type II survivorship curve: a constant rates of mortality among individuals; Type III survivorship curve: very high rates of mortality among the young; 第11章：Population growth专业名词解释: Many environmental factors that influenced a population size can be concluded into abiotic and biotic factors.Biotic factors are often referred to as density-dependent factors.Abiotic factors are often called density-independent factors.Logistic population growth: as resources are depleted, population growth rate slows and eventually stops, this population growth pattern is called logistic population growth.简述题：1) The population growth was without generation overlapping. Nt = N0 t In this model, Nt is the number of individuals at time t, N0 is the initial number of individuals, is the geometric rate of increase, and t is the number of time intervals or generations.2) Continuous population growth in an unlimited environment can be modeled as exponential population growth: dN/dt = r NThe exponential growth equation expresses the rate of population growth, dN/dt, which is the change in numbers with change in time, as the per capita rate of increase, r, times population size, N. 第13章：Competition专业名词解释: interspecific and intraspecific competition are pervasive in nature.Self-thinning（自疏作用）: as individuals of seedlings developed, the more and more biomass is composed of fewer and fewer individuals. The niche（生态位） are defined as an n-dimensional hypervolume, where n equals the number of environmental factors important to survival and reproduction by a species. the niche summarizes the environmental factors that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of a species.The fundamental niche（基础生态位）: the values of the n environmental factors permitting a species to survive and reproduce; The realized niche（实际生态位）: a species may live and referred to these more restricted environmental factors; 第14章：Exploitation, Predation, herbivory, Parasitism, and Disease专业名词解释:Exploitation weaves populations into a web of relationships that defy easy generalization. Predators, parasites, and pathogens influence the distribution, abundance, and structure of prey and host populations. Predator-prey, parasite-host, and host-pathogen relationships are dynamic. To persist in the face of exploitation, hosts and prey need refuges. PredationParasitism简述题：第16章：Species abundance and diversity专业名词解释: A community（群落） is an association of interacting species inhabiting some defined area. Ecologists define species diversity on the basis of two factors: (1) the number of species in the community, which ecologists usually call species richness(种的丰富度). (2) the relative abundance of species, or species evenness (种的均匀度). Species abundance简述题：A commonly applied measure of species diversity is the Shannon-Wiener index: H = -pi loge pi pi代表第i种个体（个体数，或其他参数）在群落中所占比例； A combination of the number of species and their relative abundance defines species diversity. 简述题：1) Lotka-Volterra model: Lotka-Volterra competition model.For two species with interspecific competition : dN1/dt = rm1N1(K1-N1-12 N2) /K1); dN2/dt = rm2N2(K2-N2-21 N1) /K2); 2) Gauses competitive exclusion principle, which states that two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely.第17章：Species interactions and community structure专业名词解释: A food web summarizes the feeding relations in a community. A summary of the feeding interactions within a community is the food webs. Keystone species are those that, despite low biomass, exert strong effects on the structure of the communities they inhabit.简述题：Please describing Chinese farmers have used ants as keystone predators to control pests in citrus orchards for over 1,700 years.第18章：Primary production and energy flow专业名词解释:An ecosystem is a biological community plus all of the abiotic factors influencing that community. Primary production（初级生产） is the fixation of energy by autotrophs in an ecosystem. The rate of primary production is the amount of energy fixed over some interval of time. Gross primary production（总初级生产） is the total amount of energy fixed by all the autotrophs in the ecosystem. Net primary production（净初级生产） is the amount of energy left over after autotrophs have met their own energetic needs. The rate of primaryAnnual actual evapotranspiration (AET，年实际蒸腾蒸散量) is the total amount of water that evaporates and transpires off a landscape during the course of a year and is measured in millimeters of water per year. “Liebigs Law of the Minimum”（李比西最小因子定理）: Justus liebigs pointed out that nutrient supplies often limit plant growth. A trophic level（营养水平） is a position in a food web and is determined by the number of transfers energy from primary producers to that level. ProductionMinimum简述题：1) Please explaining the mechanism of bottom-up control and top-down control using case studies;2) Please describing relation between terrestrial primary production and precipitation or actual evapotransipiration;第19章：Nutrient cycling and retention专业名词解释: Nutrient cycling（营养循环）: the use, transformation, movement, and reuse of nutrients in ecosystems.Mineralization（矿化作用）: the breakdown of organic matter from organic to inorganic from during decomposition.Decomposition（分解作用）: the breakdown of organic matter accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide and other inorganic compounds; a key process in nutrient cycling. 简述题：1）、Describe the nitrate cycle in global ecosystem;2)、Describe the phosphorus cycle in global ecosystem;3)、Describe the carbon cycle in global ecosystem;4)、Describe the water cycle in global ecosystem;复习题主要内容汇总第一部分：专业名词解释第一章EcologyBiosphereEcosystemNutrientEpiphyteEcotone第二章Climate diagramsBiomesTropical rain forestTropical savannaTemperate forestTundra第三章Kelp forestCoral reefSalt marshesMangrove forestSalinityDissolved oxygen第四章MicroclimateMacroclimateAcclimation第五章Relative humidityWater potentialVapor pressure deficit第六章AutotrophHeterotrophPhotosynthetic active radiation (PAR)Photosynthetic Photon flux density （PPFD）C3 photosynthesisC4 photosynthesisCAM photosynthesisHerbivoreCarnivoreDetritivores第七章Mate choicesexual selection.Intrasexual selectionIntersexual selection第八章Natural selection第九章Population第十章A survivorship curveCohort life tableStatic life tableAge distributionmetapopulation第十一章Biotic factorsAbiotic factorsLogistic population growth:第十三章interspecific competitionIntraspecific competitionSelf-thinningnicheThe fundamental nicheThe realized niche第十四章ExploitationPredationParasitism第十六章communityspecies richnessspecies evennessSpecies abundance第十七章A food webKeystone species第十八掌Primary productionGross primary productionNet primary productionThe rate of primary productionLiebigs Law of the MinimumA trophic levelAnnual actual evapotranspiration (AET)第十九章Nutrient cyclingMineralizationDecomposition第二部分：综合题第一章Explaining why the nutrient of soil under tropical rain forest is poor, and where the nutrient stored in tropical rain forest?第二章Draw a typical soil profile, indicating the principal layers, or horizons. Describe the characteristics of each layer.Indicating the distribution of tropical rain forest on the world, and describe the environmental characteristics. Indicating the distribution of tropical savanna on the world, and describe the environmental characteristics. Indicating the distribution of temperate forest on the world, and describe the environmental characteristics. Indicating the distribution of temperate grassland on the world, and describe the environmental characteristics.第三章Indicating the distribution region of kelp forest, and environmental characteristics;Indicating