Unit 9 Health 教师.doc

Unit 9Health Learning ObjectiveAt the end of the unit, students will be able to:1. have some general knowledge about health issues;2. talk about some bad habits that affect ones health;3. use related sentence patterns and expressions to start a conversation about how to keep fit;4. show their mastery of the words and expression related to health issues. Part I Warm-up ActivitiesA Directions: Following is a healthy diet pyramid. The foods on each layer of the pyramid are also provided. Please match the foods with the picture on each layer of the pyramid.( )( )( )( )() Meat, fish, and dairy Carbohydrates, such as bread, noodles, pasta, and so on. Fruit and vegetables, such as apple, lettuce and so on. Foods high in fats and sugars, such as fried chicken and soda drinks.B Directions: Below are four types of unhealthy life styles and their effects on our health. Please name each lifestyle and match the picture with the effects of each unhealthy life style.b) It is high in fat and oil with too much food additive, preservatives and artificial pigment, which are bad for our health. Eating it frequently for a long time can lead to malnutrition, which will cause life long health problems and fatal disease.a) It is one of the leading causes of preventable death. It may also cause premature death. The risk is higher among those that sit still more than 4 hours per day. The more still, the higher risk of chronic diseases it will be. It can also contribute to anxiety, depression, high blood pressure, obesity, and kidney stones.d) The chronic exposure to it will damage the body and cause serious psychological problems. It may also contribute to various diseases, such as headaches, skin rashes, hair loss, back pain, and muscle aches.c) It will increase the risk for cancer of the mouth, frequent headache, and lung caner. It can also cause gum disease, tooth decay and bad breath. The teeth become unsightly and yellow. Lack of oxygen and narrowed blood vessels to the brain can lead to strokes. 1. sedentary 2. be in great stress 3. eating junk food 4. smoking Useful Words and Expressionscereal 谷物dietary fiber 膳食纤维oat 燕麦high-cholesterol diets 高胆固醇饮食high-fat 高脂肪stay up late 熬夜low-salt diet 低盐饮食stroke 中风overweight 超重sedentary lifestyle 久坐不动excessive drinking 酗酒stress symptoms 压力症状low-carbon life 低碳生活immune system defenses 免疫力well-balanced diet 均衡饮食processed-food 加工食品organic food 绿色食品organic food 有机食品high-salt diet 高盐饮食metabolism 新陈代谢malnutrition 营养不良obesity 肥胖psychological diseases 心里疾病indigestion 消化不良symptoms of depression 抑郁症状sub-health 亚健康diabetes 糖尿病antibiotics 抗生素fitness center 健康中心 immune system 免疫系统GM food (genetically modified food) 转基因食品passive smoking / second- hand 被动吸烟 Part II Listening1. Stress in the WorkplaceA Directions: Listen to a report about the stress in the workplace. Choose one item among A, B, C and D which best matches each of the following questions. 1) Which situation is not mentioned when people feel the stress ( B )A. at home with the kids and family B. Playing computer games C. watching your favourite football team lose D. be stuck in a traffic jam2)The current economic climate can be described as _. ( C )A. terrible B. stable C. tough D. good3) Which of the following statement is true according to the dialogue (D) A. The price of food is rising while the salary of the staff remains unchanged B. Civil servants and teachers are seen as jobs-for-life. C. Staffs seldom worry about losing their jobs because they can usually find another one D. Jobs in public sectors are seen more stable than those in the private sector.4) Which of the following sentences is not the cause of stress in workplace ( C )A. staff numbers being cut downB. workloads C. lack of trust from the employersD. concerns over job security5) Which job is the most stressful job ( A )A. commercial airplane pilots B. school teacherC. surgeon D. lawyerTranscriptRob: Hello, Im Rob. Neil: And Im Neil.Rob: Today were talking about stress.Neil: Yes, stress. Its becoming a common problem in our modern society. Most of us have felt it at some point in our life. perhaps at home with the kids and family or maybe when you are watching your favourite football team lose. Or when youre stuck in a traffic jam.Rob: Well Britain is facing increasing stress-related issues at work and this is what we are going to talk about today. But first Neil, Ive got a question for you to answer. According to a survey carried out this year, what is considered to be the most stressful job? Is it:a) A commercial airline pilot b) A schoolteacher c) A surgeonNeil: Its got to be a teacher, a schoolteacher. You cant escape for the hour length of that lesson.Rob: Thats true! OK, well, well see if youre right at the end of the programme. Now lets talk more about stress and a report by the Chartered Institute of PersonnelDevelopment. Its found that the number of people who are suffering fromstress in the UK is increasing.Neil:So why is that?Rob:It seems that the economic problems we are all facing are mainly to blame.Neil:To blame in other words, the economic problems are the cause of the stress. So Rob, I guess its the high prices of things like food and petrol thatsworrying people? Rob:Well not just that. Its stress in the workplace that is the biggest issue. Thisreport discovered that its become the number one cause of long-termworkplace absence. Neil:So people are off sick or absent from work. And whats causing this stress? Rob:Again, its the financial situation as we can hear from the BBCs John Moylan.Listen out for the word he uses to describe how bad the economic situationis.John Moylan, BBCThe world of work is rarely stress-free. But now there is fresh evidence of the impact that the tough economic climate is having on employees. According to this annual report of workplaces across Britain, the downturn is taking its toll. Theres a particular problem in the public sector. 50% of public sector firms say that stress-related absence has increased in the past year.Rob:John Moylan describes the workplace as being rarely stress-free. Its often a stressful place but now hes saying the current economic climate is tough its hard and this is having an impact on employees or staff - and businesses.Neil:John uses another phrase, taking its toll its taking its toll on the workplace.Rob:So the picture is not good and half of the UKs public sector companies have reported a rise in employee absence caused by stress.Neil:Thats interesting because jobs in the public sector are traditionally seen as more stable and secure than those in the private sector.Rob:Yes its surprising. Public sector jobs, such as civil servants and teachers, were seen as jobs-for-life but perhaps thats not the case anymore. Its a worrying time.Neil:So how exactly is the poor economic situation affecting the workplace? Rob:Well lets hear more from John Moylan on what the report says are the reasons for this increase. Listen out for the phrase he uses to describe the main causefor concern by employees.John Moylan, BBCThe main causes they cite are organisational change. With staff numbers being cut, workloads are also a problem, as are concerns over job security. The survey found that employers planning to make redundancies are more likely to report an increase in mental health problems among their staff.Neil: So its organisational change or changes in the structure of the workplace that is the main problem.Rob: This includes cutting the number of staff and that leads to increased workloads for others. And everyone is worried about how secure their job is or what we call job security.Neil: The other worrying factor is employers who are planning to make redundancies have reported an increase in mental health problems in their staff.Rob: Thats not good. And staff are also concerned that if they lose their job they wont find another one.Neil: Yes, it might mean they are unemployed for longer than they had expected. So what can be done to reduce this stressful situation?Rob: Well the report has made some recommendations for managers on how to help their staff. It says companies should have a plan or a strategy in place to help staff. Offering counselling is one option.Neil: Well the economy doesnt look like improving very soon so the problem ofstress in the workplace looks set to stay.Rob: OK Neil. I think its time we revealed the answer to todays question.Neil: Am I right or am I wrong?!Rob: Lets see. Earlier I asked you: According to a survey carried out this year, what is considered to be the most stressful job? Is it: a) A commercial airline pilotb) A schoolteacher c) A surgeonNeil: And I said a schoolteacher.Rob: Well, its a stressful job but its actually wrong. According to a survey by employment website Careercast, commercial airline pilots are the most stressed. They are not only expected to guarantee the safety of passengers, but also to keep their flights on-time, even when flying in bad weather.Neil: Its not a job for me then!Rob: Nor me! 2. Female Coffee Drinkers Are Less DepressedRead the new words below before listening.decaffeinate /dikfineit/ v. 除去.的咖啡因beverage /bevrid/ n. any liquid suitable for drinking 饮料psycho-stimulate 强效的精神刺激制剂dopamine /dupmi:n/ n. 多巴胺(一种治脑神经病的药物)serotonin /sertunin/ n. 含于血液中的复合胺neurotransmitter /njurtrnsmit/ n. 生化神经传递素A Directions: In this section you will hear a report about the relationship between female coffee drinkers and the lower risk of depression. Listen and answer the following questions.1) What can depression contribute to?Suicide2) How many nurses were included in the Nurses Health Study?About 500,0003) What are the possible reasons that caffeine may lower the risk of depression? It can increase a sensation of well-being and regulation.B. Directions: Listen to the report again. Complete the summary. Researchers are doing a research on the 1) possible links between coffee and suicide. In the new study they used data from an ongoing project called “Nurses Health Study.” Women in this research periodically answer questionnaires about their 2) healthAnd life style. Researchers found that women who drank more coffee were less likely to be 3) diagnosed with depression. This study can not prove that caffeine reduces the risk of depression, but only suggests the possibility of such 4) protective effect. The lower risk of depression was not observed in people who drink 5) decaffeinated coffee. Also, nurses in the study who reported drinking tea and other beverages with caffeine didnt show a 6) significant change in their risk of depression. Lucas says caffeine is also associated with regulation of dopamine and serotonin, chemical neurotransmitters linked to 7) mood and depression. Research may further prove whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship between coffee-drinking and a lower risk of depression.TapescriptSeveral recent studies have looked at a possible link between coffee and suicide, and found that coffee drinkers were less likely to kill themselves. Depression can contribute to suicide, so a logical question might be, does coffee lower the risk of depression? In this new study, published in the Archives of Internal Medicine, researchers used data from an ongoing project called the Nurses Health Study. Women in the study periodically answer questionnaires about their health and lifestyle. Some 50,000 nurses who reported their coffee consumption and depression status were included in this study. Researchers found that women who drank more coffee were less likely to be diagnosed with depression. However, the association is not necessarily a cause-and-effect relationship.This study can not prove that caffeine reduces the risk of depression, says Michel Lucas, of the Harvard School of Public Health, but only suggests the possibility of such protective effect. The lower risk of depression was not observed in people who drink decaffeinated coffee. Also, nurses in the study who reported drinking tea and other beverages with caffeine didnt show a significant change in their risk of depression, possibly because of the much lower levels of caffeine in those drinks. Lucas say the study cannot answer whether coffee possibly helps protect against depression, but he says caffeine does have biochemical effects that might explain why coffee-drinkers or, more accurately, caffeine-users are less likely to be depressed. We cannot assume causality in this study. It suggests some possibilities. As we know, caffeine is a well-known psycho-stimulant, which increases also a sensation of well-being and energy. Lucas says caffeine is also associated with regulation of dopamine and serotonin, chemical neurotransmitters linked to mood and depression. Future research may prove whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship between coffee-drinking and a lower risk of depression. But for now, the Lucas says, If youre worrying about your drinking cups of coffee, then I think this study is a little bit reassuring for people that like coffee. Michel Lucas of the Harvard School of Public Health and his colleagues published their study on the link between coffee consumption and depression in the journal, Archives of Internal Medicine.3. Human Health Depends on BiodiversityRead the new words and phrases below before listening.buffer /bf/ n. something that prevents two things from harming each other 起缓冲作用的人（或物）ethical /eikl/ adj. relating to beliefs about right and wrong 伦理学的；道德的pathogen /pd()n/ n. 病原体microbe /maikrub/ n. 微生物esthetic /i:setik/ adj. concerning or characterized by an appreciation of beauty or good taste审美的bacterium /bktirim/ n. 细菌Lyme Disease 莱姆关节炎Ebola /ibul/ n. 埃博拉病毒A Directions: You will hear a passage about how biodiversity will affect human health. Listen and answer the following questions.1) Why should people be concerned about having a healthy environment containing lots of animal and plant species? The loss of biodiversity may make humans more vulnerable to infectious diseases.2) What is biodiversity according this speech? Biodiversity is the diversity of genes, species and eco-systems that occupy the earth.3) What contribution does biodiversity provide to protect the atmosphere? Biodiversity helps provide clean water, cycles nutrients through the eco-system, and absorbs carbon from the atmosphere.B Directions: Listen to the passage again and fill in the blanks. Keesing says in diverse systems the species that are present either 1) reduce the number of disease bearing organisms by competing with them. Or they suck up pathogens, sort of vacuum up pathogens, and then dont 2) transmit them again. Biodiversity faces many threats all over the world. The biggest is 3) land conversion. Were 4) destroying habitats, so there are fewer places for organisms to live. But there are also a lot of other threats. The key ones are also climate change. So as the climate changes species are struggling and in some cases 5) going extinct because they cant adapt quickly enough or they have nowhere to go that has the appropriate environmental conditions. Other threats to biodiversity include the spread of 6) invasive species of plants and animals, as well as 7) overhunting or overharvesting of species. Keesing rejects the idea that the loss of biodiversity is simply a matter of 8) survival of the fittest, with humans being the most fit. She says our survival is actually linked to the survival of these other species. So, neither our short term nor our long term survival 9) prospects are increased because were destroying other species. Tapescript Theres a good reason why people should be concerned about having a healthy environment containing lots of animal and plant species. A new study says the loss of biodiversity may make humans more vulnerable to infectious diseases. Biodiversity is one of the ways to measure the health of an eco-system. And the healthier an eco-system is, the better off we are. Thats because animals, plants and even microbes can act as a buffer between people and pathogens. Associate Professor Felicia Keesing, an ecologist at Bard College in Annandale, New York, is the lead author of the study. Biodiversity is the diversity of genes, species and eco-systems that occupy the earth. Most of the time when we talk about biodiversity, we mean the diversity of species, she says. Keesing says the study adds a new reason to protect the environment. People have always recognized that theres some sort of esthetic value in having all of these different creatures living on earth with us. Many people feel that theres