经典情态动词归纳.doc

情态动词情态动词的用法： 常用的情态动词有can，may，must，need,should, had better.1. can 的用法： 表示能力 “能，会” eg: He can speak a little Japanese.他会说一点日语。 表示请求或许可 “可以” eg: Can I help you? 要我帮忙吗? 表示猜测 “可能” eg: Where can she go now? 她可能到哪里去了呢? 2.may 的用法：表示请求或允许 “可以”“准许” eg: May I go home，please?请问我可以回家吗? 表示可能性 “ 可能”、也许” eg: I think it may rain this afternoon. 我想今天下午可能下雨。 注：might为may的过去式，但也可以代替may，语气较为婉转客气或更加不肯定。 eg: He might not come today.今天他也许不来了。(语气不肯定) You might also get a headache when you work too hard，当你工作太努力时，你也可能患头痛3. must的用法： 表示义务、必要或命令 “必须、应该” eg: You must come early tomorrow你明天得早来。 表示推测时“肯定，一定” eg: They must be at home.The light is on 他们肯定在家,灯亮着呢. must not 禁止，不许 eg: You must not tell lies. 你不许撒谎。 注意： must开头的疑问句，其否定回答通常用 dont have to 或neednt 。而不用mustnt eg: -Must I finish my homework first? 我必须先完成作业吗？ -No, you dont have to/ neednt. 不，你不必。 can 和 must在 表推测时，can一般否定句中，而must 常用于肯定句中。 eg: It can not be Li Lei 那个人不可能是李磊 It must be Li Lei 那个人肯定是李磊。4. need 的用法： 情态动词 “需要, 有必要”一般用于否定句或疑问句中。 eg: You neednt come here this afternoon.你今天下午不必来。 行为动词 “需要, 有必要” 可以用于各种句式中。eg: You dont need to go now. 你不必现在就走。 I need to have a rest. 我需要休息一下 Do we need to finish all the work today? 我们今天需要完成所有的工作吗？need的用法的助记口诀：实义动词表“需要”，后接名、代、不定式。 need后接动名词，主动形式表被动。情态动词表“需要”，没有人称 数之变。 其后直接加动原，多用疑问与否定。5.征求许可或给予许可，“我可以？”用句型“Can/May/Could/Might I.?”其中Can I.?属于非正式用法，May I .?属于正式用法。Could/Might I.?的回答通常不用could或might，而用may或can或其他表示客气的词语。6.肯定句中表推测“可能”：can,could,may,might都可以在肯定句中表“可能”。其中can的语气最强，可能性最大，其余依次递减。 肯定句中表推测“一定，肯定”用must.7.疑问句中表推测“可能”：用can,could,might,而不能用may. mustnt 不表示推测，而表示禁止。 意义为“禁止，不准”8.否定句中表推测： may not/might not：可能不 can not/could not： 不可能 eg: You may not be right你也许不对. You can not be right你不可能对.9.以may（表许可或请求）开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答用may，否定回答用mustnt或cant。10.表示“必须”时，must表示主观看法，have to强调客观需要。11.ought to和should两者都表示应该，但是ought to比should语气强。12.would rather与than连用，其结构是：would rather.than.或would.rather than.。would(rather)和than后面都接动词原形，如果用的动词相同，则than后省去该动词。would rather.than.的意义为“宁愿而不是”eg:I would rather play football than baseball.我宁愿踢足球而不愿打棒球。13. 情态动词的助记口诀： 情态动词两要点：动词原形跟后边 没有人称 、数之变 can 表能力 may许可 must来把责任担（必须） 否定回答need换。 need需要 dare敢 should应该 would like 愿(意) have to“ 不得不”表客观。14.had better用法的助记口诀： 表示“建议”和“忠告”，had better 为最好。 建议某人“最好不”，要用 had better not do。情态动词的用法要点can和could情态动词用法例句can/could表示能力1“I dont think Mike can type.” “Yes, he can.”2I can speak fluent English now , but I couldnt last year.在肯定句中，表示客观可能性，并不涉及具体某事会发生，常用来说明人或事物的特征。要表达具体某事实际发生的可能性时，不用can，需用could，may，might。As a human being, anyone can make a mistake.Im confident that a solution can be found.He can be very forgetful sometimes.I may stay at home this weekend.（实际可能性）Peter might come to join us.(实际可能性) It will be sunny in the daytime ,but it could rain tonight.(实际可能性)表示请求和允许。表示请求，口语中常用could代替can，使语气更委婉。Can we turn the air conditioner on?Any police officer can insist on seeing a drivers license.In soccer, you cant touch the ball with your hands.Could you have her call me back when she gets home, please?I wonder if I could just ask you to sign this.表示对现在的动作或状态进行主观的猜测，主要用在否定句和疑问句中。It cant be easy caring for a man and a child who are not your own.Can the man over there be our head master?表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用在否定句、疑问句和感叹句中。Can this be an excuse for not giving them help?This cant be true.How can you be so crazy.特别说明：could用来表示请求时，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不能用于肯定句，答语应用can（即：could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如：Could I use your dictionary?Yes, you can.(否定回答可用：No, Im afraid not.)can和be able to辨析can(could)和be able to都可以表示能力，意思上没有区别。但can只有现在式和过去式，而be able to则有更多的形式。如：Ive always wanted to able to speak fluent English.Those bags look really heavy, are you sure youll be able to carry them on your own?但是，表示在过去某时的某一场合经过一番努力，终于做成了某事，通常不用could，而用was/were able to来表示。这时，was/were able to相当于managed to do或succeed in doing。如：After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again.The fire was very big, but most people were able to escape from the building.(3) 惯用形式“cannot too”表示“无论怎么也不（过分）”。如： You cannot be too careful.你越小心越好。 惯用形式“cannot but+ 不定式（不带to）”表示“不得不，只好”。如： I cannot but admire her determination.我不得不钦佩你的决心。二may和 might情态动词用法例句may/might表示允许、许可。否定回答一般用must not/mustnt,表示“禁止、阻止”之意，但也可以用had better not (最好别)或may not（不可以），语气较为委婉。May I come in and wait?May I smoke here?No, you mustnt(或No, youd better not.)在表示请求、允许时，might比may语气更委婉些。用May I征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气，在日常用语中，用Can I征询对方意见更为常见。Might I borrow your pen?I wonder if I might speak to your son.表示可能性的推测，通常用在肯定句和否定句中，含有“或许”“大概”“可能”之意；用might代替may时，则语气显得更加不肯定。It may rain this afternoon.She might come to join us this afternoon.I suppose he might have missed the train.may用于祈使句表示祝愿May you succeed.Long may he live! 愿他能持续住下去。May you have many more days as happy as this one.May she rest in peace.愿她安息。惯用句式：“may well+ 动词原形”，意为“完全能，很可能”，相当于to be very likely to“may as well或might(just)as well+动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于“had better或there is no reason to do anything else.It may well change forever the way you look at Greek art.There may well be a real problem here.There is nothing to do, so I may as well go to bed.You may as well tell us now, well find out sooner or later.I suppose we might as well go home.And if you have to plough the field anyway, you might as well plant it at the same time.二must和have to情态动词用法例句must表示“必须，应该”之意，语气比should，ought to强烈。其否定形式mustnt表示“不准，不应该，禁止”等意You must come to school on time.Everybody must obey the law.You mustnt drive so fast in the street.We mustnt waste any more time.在回答带有must的问句时，否定回答常用neednt或dont have to，表示“不必”，而不用mustnt1Must I come back before ten? Yes，you must.(No, you neednt)表示有把握的推测，意为“一定、准是、相必”，只用于肯定句中It must be my mother.You must be hungry after a walk.There must be a hole in the wall. have tohave to“必须，不得不”，意义与must相近。但must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。The film is not interesting. I really must go now.I have to go now, because my mother is in hospital.must只有一种形式，即现在式与过去式都是一种形式，而have to则涉及各种人称、时态等方面的变化形式。1I had to work hard when I was your age.2I will have to learn how to use a computer.3In order to take the exam, well have to finish the whole book by the end of this month .两者的否定意义不同，mustnt表示“禁止，不许”，dont have to表示不必。You mustnt go there.You dont have to go there.补：情态动词can、may、must的横向辨析一、表示“能力”。 l只可用can（could）。may、must则无此种含义。 例：I can swim now，but I couldnt last year. Can you play me piano？Yes，I can 2can（could）适用于各种句型和人称。 例：肯定句：I（You，He）can swim. 否定句：I（You，He）cant swim. 疑问句：Can I（you，he）swim？二、表示“请求”或“许可”。can、may、must都可用，但语气和程度不同。 1can（could）用于各种句型和大部分人称。 例：肯定句：You（He，We）can go now 否定句：You（He，We）cant go now 疑问句：Can I（you，he）go now？ Yes，you can（No，you cant） 2may（might）用于各种句型，但在肯定句和否定句中不用于第一人称；在疑问句中不用于第二人称。 例：肯定句：You（He）may go now 否定句：You（He）may not go now 疑问句：May I（he）go now？ 正规回答：（表定）Yes，you may （否定）No，you may not（No，you cantNo，you mustnt） 口语化回答：（肯定）Yes，please（Certainly） （否定）No，please dont（No，of course not） 3must用于各种句型和大部分人称。 例：肯定句：I（You，He）must go now 否定句：You（He）mustnt go now 疑问句：Must（you，he）go now？ 肯定回答：Yes，you must. 否定回答：No，you neednt（No，you dont have to） 4试比较： You may not smoke here（不可以）语气轻 You cant smoke here（不能）重 You mustnt smoke here（决不可）最重三、表示“可能”、“或许”和“推测”之意。can、may、must都可用，但语气和程度不同。 lcan （could）常用于否定句和疑问句中，could表示的“可能性”更小。 例：否定句：It couldnt be him，for hes at the library疑问句：Can he have gone out？ What can they be doing now？2may（might）用于肯定句和否定句中，might表示的“可能性”更小。例：肯定句：He may be right 否定句：She might not have come yet 3must用于肯定句中。 例：You must be very hungry（对现在情况猜测） Aqiao must have met a fairy（对过去事实的猜测） Everything is clean and tidySomeone must have cleaned my room（同上） 4试比较： He might not have gone out（或许没有） He cant have gone out（不可能） He must have been in the room（一定、准是） 以上三句可能性逐渐加大至肯定。练习题：一、说明下列句中情态动词的含义。（A能力；B许可；C猜测）。 （ ） l. “You must write more neatly,” said the teacher （ ） 2. Hes not in the officeHe must have gone to the meeting （ ） 3. Visitors mustnt move and touch the exhibits （ ） 4. The girl can play the violin very well （ ） 5. Can I smoke here？二、用can（could），may（might），must填充。 1. When I was young，I_ run very fast 2. What _ I do for you，Li Hat？ 3. I wonder where Ann isShe _ be with Dick，I think 4. A：That pen _ be his B：No，it _（not）be his 5. Could I use your phone？Yes，of course you _.四shall和should情态动词用法例句shall用于第一、二、三人称构成的疑问句，表示征求对方意见或请求指示Shall I open the window?Shall we say 6 oclock, then?What shall I get for dinner?用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。Dont worry, you shall get the answer this afternoon.(允诺)He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. （警告）You shall do as I say. (命令)If you children dont do as I tell you, you shall not go to the party. (威胁) should表示劝告或建议，意为“应该”What should I do?Should I trust him?You should read his new book.表示推测，用在肯定句中，对现在的情况或可能发生的事的主观推测或期待。意为“想必，大概，或许”It should be a nice day tomorrow.Try phoning Robert, he should be home now.He should be around sixty years old.还可以用在if引导的条件句中，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全不可能，相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语用should+动词原形构成，主句都一定用虚拟语气Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him. (你万一见到汤姆，请让他给我打个电话)Should I be free tomorrow, Ill come. (万一我明天有时间，我就过来)If things should change suddenly, please let me know. (万一情况突变，请通知我)用于疑问句或感叹句中，表示意外、惊异的情绪，意为“竟会”，与why，what，how，who连用，如果是疑问句，则不需要回答。Why should anyone want to marry Tony?Dont ask me. How should I know?五will和would情态动词用法例句will/would用于表示意志或意愿。will指现在，would指过去。He is the man who will go his own way. (他首歌自行其是的人。)They said they would meet us at 10:30 at the station.表示请求、建议等，用would比用will委婉、客气。Will you please take a message for him?Would you please tell me your telephone number?表示习惯或倾向，意为“总是，惯于”。will至现在，would指过去。Fish will die without water.People will talk. (人们总会说闲话。)When we worked in the same office, we would often have coffee together.表示推测，意为“很可能，大概”。will表示推测比should把握大，比must把握小。These things will happen.That will be the messenger ringing.It would be about ten oclock when he left home.表示功能，意为“能，行”。惯用形式：will do/would do表示“解决问题”、“就行”。That will be all right.Either pen will do.It would not do to work too late.（工作太晚不行。）用于否定句中，意为“不肯”、“不乐意”1I wont listen to your nonsense.2No matter what I said, he wouldnt listen to me.特别说明：would与used to辨析would可用来表示过去反复出现的动作，但不能表示过去存在的状态，所以我们不能说：“she would be a quiet girl.”另外，would强调过去某种特定情况下的活动，是完全过去的事情，同现在没有联系。而used to则着眼于过去和现在的对比，隐含现在已不存在，动作或状态都可表示。Would可以表示不规则的习惯，used to则不可。如： He used to be a naughty boy and cause trouble. I used to get up at six in the morning. Sometimes she would take a walk in the neighboring woods. In those days, whenever I had difficulties, I would go to Mr. Chen for help.六need和dare情态动词用法例句need用于表示“需要，必要”之意。做情态动词时，仅用于否定句和疑问句，只有现在时，过去式要用neednt have，疑问式用need+人称?,否定式用need not(即neednt），1Need we leave soon? Yes, you must.(No, you neednt)2You neednt have hurried.(=It was not necessary for you to hurry，but you did).你当时不必这么匆忙。做实义动词时，其变化与一般的实义动词相同，后接带to的不定式（need doing = need to be done ）,过去式用needed、did you need?和didnt need,肯定式用needs/needed/need,疑问式用do、does、did提问，否定式要在前面加dont、doesnt、didnt1. A job like nursing needs patience and understanding.(need+名词，need understanding=need to be understood,需要被理解)2He needs to see a doctor.(need to do)3Do you still need volunteers to help clean up after the party?(need somebody to do something) 4They didnt need to start so early.(do not need to do)dare用于表示“敢于”之意。做情态动词，没有人称和数的变化，主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中1Dare you tell her the truth? Yes, I dare. /No, I darent.How dare you accuse me of lying!He darent admit this.用作实义动词时，其变化与一般的实义动词相同。在肯定句中，dare后接带to的不定式；否定句中，dare后既可接带to的不定式，也可接不带to的不定式。Only a few journalists dared to cover the story.He doesnt dare (to) go there alone.Dont you dare (to) touch it?七ought的用法：情态动词用法例句ought to do表示“应该”之意You ought to take care of him.Ought I go now?Yes, you ought to. /No, you oughtnt to.表示推测。注意与must表示推测是的区别He must be home by now. (断定他已到家)He ought to be home by now. (不十分肯定)This is where the oil must be. (比较直率)This is where the oil ought to be. (比较含蓄)说明：should与ought to 表示“应该”时的区别should 表示自己的主观看法，而ought to的语气中，含有“按道理应该”之意。若要反映客观情况或涉及法律义务和规定，一般用ought to。如： You should help them with their work. You are his father. You ought to get him to receive good education.八“情态动词+have done”用法情态动词+have done用法例句must have done 表示主观上对过去已经发生的行为进行推测，意为“想必，准是，一定做了某事”She must have gone through a lot.He must have visited the White House during his stay in the United States.may/might have done表示对过去已发生行为的推测，意为“也许/或许已经（没有）“。一般用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑问句。用might则表示语气更加不肯定。You may have learnt the news.He may not have heard his name called.Sorry Im late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.canhave donecannot have done表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑问句中。（can换成could时语气委婉）Where can she have gone?Could he have done such a foolish thing?The boy cant have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult.could have done可用于肯定句中，表示“可能已经”之意，此外，还可以表示过去能做而没做的事，有一种对过去为付诸实施的事情的惋惜。He could have killed himself driving at a dangerous speed.You could have been more considerate.You could have done better, but you were too careless.might have done表示“本来可能，但实际上没有发生的事情”。另外，还可以表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语气。You should not swum in that sea. You might have been eaten by a shark.He might have given him more help, thought he was busy.should/ought to have done用于肯定句时，表示本该做某事，而实际上未做；用于否定句时，则表示不该做的事反而做了。He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.You shouldnt have done it so carelessly.You ought to have returned the book earlier.You ought not to have refused his offer.neednt have done表示做了本来不必去做的事。注意：didnt need to do表示“没必要做而实际上也没有做某事”You neednt have watered the plants, for it is going to rain.I didnt need to buy the dictionary. I had a copy at home.had better have done用于事后的建议，含轻微责备的口吻，意为“当时最好做了某事”，其否定式had better not have done表示相反的含义。You had better have started earlier.You had better not have scolded her.would rather have done表示“当时宁愿做了某事”，其否定式would rather not have done表示相反的含义，两者都表示“后悔”之意。1I would rather have taken his advice.2I would rather not have told him the truth.补：can和could的用法1. 表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如： Can you finish this work tonight? 你今晚能完成这项工作吗？ Man can not live without air. 人离了空气不能活。 Can I go now? Yes, you can. 我现在可以走了吗？你可以。 注意：could也可表示请求，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can（即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如： Could I come to see you tomorrow? 我明天能来看您吗？ Yes, you can. （否定答语可用No, Im afraid not.） 是的，你可以。（不，恐怕不行。） can表示能力时，还可用be able to代替。如： Ill not be able to come this afternoon. 我今下午不能来。 2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中） Can this be true? 这可能是真的吗？ How can you be so careless! 你怎么能这么粗心！ This can not be done by him. 这不可能是他做的。 3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如： He can not have been to that town. 他不可能去过那个镇。 Can he have got the book? 他可能拥有这本书吗？ 4. 用在疑问句及否定句中,表示惊讶,不相信等. 5. can nottooenough表示无论怎样也不过分,越越好 6.can 可以表示体力活脑力方面的能力，能够，能，会 Can you finish the work in such a short time ? 你能在那么短的时间内完成这项工作吗？ 7. can 表示许可、允许 ， 在疑问句中表示要求，在否定句中表示不许，此时可以和may通用。 may和might的用法1. 表示许可。 表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时(口语中常用) no , you cant . or , yes, please 用mustnt表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有强烈禁止的意思)如： You may drive the car. 你可以开这辆车。 Might I use your pen? No, you mustnt. 我可以用你的钢笔吗？不，绝对不行。 用May I . 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I . 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。 2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如： May you succeed! 祝你成功！ 3. 表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。 He may be very busy now. 他现在可能非常忙。 4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如： He may not have finished the work. 他可能没有完成工作。 must和have to的用法1. 表示必须、必要。（must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些）如： You must come in time. 你必须及时过来。 回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to。 Must we hand in our exercise books today? Yes, you must. (No, you dont have to.) 我们今天必须交上练习册吗？ 是的。（不，不必。） 2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 This must be your pen. 这一定是你的钢笔。 3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 He must have been to Shanghai. 他一定去过上海。 4. have to的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同： must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。如： The play is not interesting. I really must go now. 这部剧没意思。我真的必须现在就走。 I had to work when I was your age. 当我像你这么大时，我不得不工作。 must一般只表现在，have则有更多的时态形式。 二者的否定意义不大相同。如： You mustnt go. 你可不要去。 You dont have to go. 你不必去。 询问对方的意愿时应用must。如： Must I clean all the room? 我一定要打扫整个房间吗？ 注意：have to也可拼做have got to。 5. 表示一种与说话人 愿望相反、不耐烦的感情色彩，偏偏、非要。 Why must you always bother me ? 为什么你总是来烦我？ dare和need的用法1. need表示“需要”或